大气颗粒物表面特征分析

运用扫描电镜和Ｘ射线能谱分析仪，分析太原市６个环境监测点７６３个颗粒物上元素成分和形态特征。结果显示Ａｌ、Ｓｉ、Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｋ、Ｔｉ、Ｓ等常量元素在颗粒物表面含量丰富，检出频率高，而Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｐｂ、Ｖ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ等微量元素在颗粒物表面含量少，检出频率低，但它们主要富集在小于２μｍ颗粒物表面，对人危害性大。结果还表明不同尘源颗粒物显示出不同元素含量及形态特证。     

不同粒径大气颗粒物中金属元素含量及其免疫毒性研究

运用ＤＦＪ－１型五段分级采样器采集太原市空气中颗粒物。用原子吸收分光光度法测定不同粒径颗粒物上六种金属元素Ｐｂ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ａｓ、Ｚｎ的含量。用淋巴细胞转化功能、白介素２（ＩＬ－２）活性和Ｔ细胞亚群分析观察不同粒径的颗粒物提取液对小鼠的免疫毒性。结果表明Ｐｂ、Ｍｎ、Ａｓ、Ｚｎ含量较高，Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ含量较低。７０％￣８０％的Ｐｂ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｚｎ富集在≤２．０μｍ颗粒的免疫毒性较强。     

寒区部队居室空气颗粒物中10种元素含量分析

在哈尔滨、长春、绵西三市各选新、旧营房一处，监测了冬、夏两季室内空气颗粒物中的Ａｓ，Ｈｇ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ，Ｎｉ，Ｚｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｂｅ和Ｃｕ１０种元素含量。结果表明，寒区室内空气污染冬季比夏季重；空气颗粒物中有害元素Ａｓ，Ｃｒ，Ｃｕ含量较我国西南地区和北京市略高；Ａｓ含量超过我国居住区卫生标准１倍以上，地区间比较１０种元素含量为室内高于室外，除Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｕ外，其它７种元素含量为哈尔滨＜长春＜锦西。     

不同粒径大气颗粒物中金属元素含量及其对人双核淋巴细胞微核率的影响

运用ＤＦＪ－１型五段分级采样器采集太原市居民区大气颗粒物,用原子吸收分光光度法测定不同粒径颗粒物上４种金属元素Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ和Ｃｒ的含量,以双核淋巴细胞微核试验检测不同粒径颗粒物的诱变性。结果显示：太原市居民区大气颗粒物污染严重;颗粒物越小,所含金属元素量越多,小于１．１μｍ的颗粒物含金属元素量最多;不同粒径颗粒物提取液均可诱发双核细胞微核增加,尤以１．１μｍ下颗粒物诱发微核率较强,表明颗粒物具有致突变作用     

不同粒径颗粒物中多环芳烃含量与致突变性关系的研究

用五段分级采样器采集太原市三个功能分区空气中颗粒物，用高效液相色谱测定不同粒径颗粒物上五种ＰＡＨ的含量，用ＳＣＥ试验观察不同粒径颗粒物致突变性，结果表明，三个采样点大气颗粒物五种ＰＡＨ（Ｂｅｉ、芘、苯并（ａ）蒽、苯并（ａ）芘Ｑｕ）浓度均很高，工业区明显高于住宅区及郊区（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＢａＰ含量分别超标１５８、６２、５２倍，６０～７０％ＰＡＨ富集在粒径≤２μｍ颗粒上。颗粒物粒径愈小，致突变性愈强。     

大气颗粒物的微观特征研究

为了研究大气污染中颗粒物的组分，运用扫描电镜和Ｘ射线能谱分析技术，分析太原市６个监测点７７６个颗粒物表面１５种元素分布及形态特征。结果显示：Ｓｉ、Ａｌ元素含量丰富，平均为４９．４％和２５％，表明Ｓｉ和Ａｌ是大气颗粒物的主体成分；Ｓｉ、Ａｌ、Ｋ等亲石元素在颗粒物表面的含量随着粒径减小，相对减少，而Ｖ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ等亲气性元素的含量随着粒径减小逐渐增多；Ｓｉ和Ａｌ元素不仅含量高而且检出频率高，分别为９６．５％和８９％，提示大气气溶胶中硅铝酸盐颗粒占主导地位；不同尘源颗粒物具有不同的形态特征及元素分布。     

对应分析法在大气颗粒物微量元素分布特征研究中的应用

应用对应分析方法对太原市６个环境监测点大气颗粒物表面微量元素的分布特征进行分析评价。６个监测点与１５种微量元素分为两类，与Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｅ、Ｆ点分为一类的微量元素为Ａ１、Ｓｉ及Ｆｅ，主要来自土壤扬尘和燃煤飞灰；与Ａ、Ｄ点分为一类的微量元素为Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｔｉ、Ｓ、Ｖ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｕ、Ａｓ、Ｐｂ。因Ａ、Ｄ点位于冶金企业、热电厂、化肥厂等工业较集中的地区，考虑与工业排放物较多有关。因子对应图直观地表述了采样点与微量元素之间的内在联系与分布特征．     

冬季大气中不同粒径颗粒物浓度及5种重金属成份的分析

运用ＤＦＪ－１型五段分级器和ＣＹＱ－０６型大流量采样器，采集冬季太原市一采样点大气悬浮颗粒物，分析颗粒物的浓度与不同粒径颗粒物的比重，并对颗粒物用索氏酸提取法和模拟肺泡液溶出法处理后，测定其中Ｐｂ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｄ５种重金属元素的含量。结果表明：采样点地区冬季大气颗粒物污染严重，特别是小粒径颗粒物的污染，而且其中所含有毒重金属元素可随颗粒物进入人体并部分溶出，其潜在危害值得进一步研究。     

太原市和纽约市汽车排出颗粒物表面特征比较

采用扫描电镜和Ｘ射线能谱分析仪对太原市和纽约市两地汽车排出颗粒物的表面１５种元素含量和形态特征进行观察比较。结果显示，两市汽车排放的颗粒物其表面所含主要元素不同，太原市含Ｐｂ高，平均占２２．５％，而纽约市则以Ｆｅ和Ｓｉ元素为主，二者约占４５％。太原市排放的颗粒物粒径大于纽约市；≤２μｍ的粒子，太原市占６２％，纽约市占７６％。两市颗粒物形态基本相似，多数颗粒物表面粗糙、多孔，形态不规则。     

蒸发富集—火焰原子吸收法测定饮用水中7种微量金属元素

ＧＢ5 75 0 -85及一些资料介绍 ,火焰法测定生活饮用水多种金属元素 ,在灵敏度不够时 ,常常用石墨炉 ,加入螯合剂后萃取浓缩 ,有Ｍｇ (ＯＨ ) 2 沉聚浓缩 ,及活性碳柱流动注射 ,蒸发富集等方法。通过比较 ,蒸发富集法简便、稳定、灵敏度能提高 10倍。在大批量检样同时测定多种元素时 ,优点显著。我们多次对生活饮用水中 7种 (Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ａｇ)元素测定 ,取得了满意的结果。1　实验部分1 1　仪器　ＷＦｘ— 1Ｄ型ＡＡＳ仪 ,Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ａｇ元素灯。1 2　标准物质　Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ…     

四城市成人血液中主要重金属含量分析

目的比较四城市成人血液中5种主要重金属的浓度差异及来源。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)、双道原子荧光光度计(AFS)对我国膳食类型不同的4城市(太原、天津、成都、镇江)的健康成年男性血液中五种重金属元素含量进行测定及比较。结果血铅、血镉浓度:成都、太原>天津、镇江;血铜浓度:太原>镇江;血汞浓度:太原>镇江、天津、成都;血砷浓度:镇江>太原>天津、成都。整体来看,有"东西差异"现象,即成都、太原重金属元素整体浓度高于天津、镇江;血液内部重金属元素间相关有统计学意义。结果血液重金属在城市间的差异可能与生活环境、饮食习惯的不同有关;重金属元素间的相关提示应综合其它相关元素来研究重金属的毒害作用。     

Availability and Bioaccessibility of Metals in Fine Particles of Some Urban Soils

Metals in urban soils might be transferred to humans via ingestion, dermal contact, or breathing, especially to children due to the “hand to mouth” activity during outdoor activities in playground and recreational areas. This involuntary soil ingestion depends on soil adherence to skin; it is known that the adhesion process tends to exclude particles greater than 50 μm, so the fraction below this diameter would be the most dangerous for health. The aim of this work was to study the “availability”, estimated by the EDTA extraction, and “oral bioaccessibility”, estimated by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET), of several metals in urban soils of two European cities (Sevilla and Torino), as related to the soil particle size distribution. Torino and Sevilla showed different levels of metal contents, availability, and bioaccessibility. In Torino, the finer particles showed metal enrichment of Cu, Zn, and, to a lesser extent, Pb, whereas in Sevilla, all of the studied metals showed this enrichment compared to the whole soils. The whole soil cannot be used as a good general indicator of the bioaccessibility of metals in the finest fractions of the soil. Metal availability was higher in the clay fraction (<2 μm) than in other fractions or whole soils in both cities, and principal component analysis shows that availability is especially due to this fraction. In contrast, Cu and Pb bioaccessibility in the clay fraction seems to be slightly lower than, or comparable to, all of the other fractions and the whole soil. Bioaccessibility of Cr and Ni is clearly greater in the coarser fractions of Sevilla than those of Torino, despite the considerably greater total contents of both metals in the latter city. Adsorbed metal forms are assumed to be preferentially responsible for metals released by EDTA. A different origin is attributed to bioaccessible metal forms. Anthropic influence seems more important in determining metal availability and bioaccessibility in urban soils of both cities than the different geological or industrial characteristics.     

Effects of Soil Properties and Land Use Types on the Bioaccessibility of Cd,Pb, Cr,and Cu in Dongguan City,China

In order to determine the potential heavy metal contamination in soil across Dongguan City, 124 soil samples from seven land use types were collected, four heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu) were analyzed. Total Cd, Cr, and Cu contents were significantly higher than the background values for Guangdong Province. Lead bioaccessibility in urban green land was lower than that in industrial and abandoned districts. The bioaccessibility of heavy metals was affected by total metal concentrations, soil properties, and land use types. The results showed that there was a negative correlation between the bioaccessibility of heavy metals (except for Cu) and their total concentrations. Soil pH and organic matter were the main factors affecting the bioaccessibility of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu in most land use types. Furthermore, sand, P, and clay also affected Pb, Cr, and Cu bioaccessibility. With the exception of the industrial zone periphery and urban green land, the bioaccessibility of heavy metals was mainly affected by clay.

     

汽油车排出颗粒物的化学组分分析

目的 为了进一步了解汽油车尾气颗粒物的化学成分。方法 运用高效液相色谱法测定了尾气颗粒物有机提取物中6种多环芳烃含量,运用原子吸收分光光度法测定了尾气颗粒物无机提取物中5种重金属含量。结果 有提取物中6种多环芳烃按含量高低依次为：苯并（a)芘＞菲＞晕苯＞苯并（a)蒽＞Qu＋芘,其中苯并（a)芘含量占40％。无机提取物中5种重金属按含量高低依次为：铅＞镍＞铬＞镉＞锰,其中铅含量占37％。结论 汽油车尾气颗粒物含量较多的组分是苯并（a）芘和铅。     

Identification of Heavy Metal Pollution Derived From Traffic in Roadside Soil Using Magnetic Susceptibility

The study integrates surface and vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents (Pb, Cu, Zn and Fe) to characterize the signature of vehicle pollutants in roadside soils at Linfen city, China. Sites with reforestation and without vegetation cover were investigated. The results showed that magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents were higher at the roadside without trees than in the reforest belt. The variations of magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents decreased both with distance and with depth. The maximum value was observed at 5–10 m away from the roadside edge. The vertical distribution in soil revealed accumulation of pollutants in 0–5 cm topsoils. The average contents were higher than the background values and in the order Fe (107.21 g kg^?1), Zn (99.72 mg kg^?1), Pb (90.99 mg kg^?1), Cu (36.14 mg kg^?1). Coarse multi domain grains were identified as the dominating magnetic particles. Multivariate statistical and SEM/EDX analyses suggested that the heavy metals derived from traffic sources. Trees act as efficient receptors and green barrier, which can reduce vehicle derived pollution.     

Air pollution survey in Kitakyushu district

Airborne particulate samples were collected on a glass fiber filter or quartz filter using Hi-volume air sampler from November, 1980 through February, 1983 at a west part of Yahata district, Japan. The concentrations of airborne particulates, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals and dustfall were determined, and mutagenic activities of tarry materials obtained from suspended particulates were also measured. The following results were obtained. (1) The airborne particulate contents were 22.1 - 188 mg/1000 m3 (mean : 74.6 mg/1000 m3), and the values were high in spring and low in summer. (2) PAH contents in airborne particulates were in the following order: benzo(ghi)perylene greater than benzo(a)pyrene greater than benz(a)anthracene greater than chrysene greater than benzo(k)fluoranthene greater than pyrene greater than perylene. PAH contents were higher in winter that in summer. The benzo(a)pyrene contents were 1.97 micrograms/1000 m3 in 1981 and 1.92 micrograms/1000 m3 in 1982. (3) Heavy metals content was about 2.1 - 3.6 higher in winter in comparison with that in summer time. (4) Mutagenic activity showed 90 - 11900 revertants/1000 m3 for TA 98 strain with S-9 mix and 50 - 7190 revertants/1000 m3 for TA 98 strain without S-9 mix. Mutagenic activities for TA 98 with S-9 mix were higher than those for TA 98 without S-9 mix. (5) As a result of the analysis of airborne particulate samples, a significant correlation was observed between mutagenic activities and the concentrations of PAH and heavy metals. These results indicated that the mutagenic survey may be useful as an index for air pollution study.     

Bioaccessibility and content of Se in fish and shellfish widely consumed in Mediterranean countries: influence of proteins,fat and heavy metals

Twenty samples of fish and seafood products were selected for determination of total and bioaccessible Se (i.e. soluble and dialyzable). The Se contents ranged between 0.638–0.052?µg/g. The samples of fatty fish such as mackerel and tuna showed higher contents than the species of lean fish, and mainly the fresh water fish, such as salmon, trout and panga showed the lowest contents. The fraction of soluble Se ranged between 43–84% while that the fraction of dialyzable Se did not exceed 14%. No statistically significant correlation was observed between protein content and total and bioaccessible Se content. In contrast, a negative interaction was observed between bioaccessible Se and fat content, and between bioaccessible Se and presence of heavy metals like Cd.     

Risk assessment of heavy metals in finer than 63-μm dust particles from various functional areas in Xi’an,China

Heavy metals Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, and Ni in the dust particles finer than 63 μm from four functional areas of Xi’an, i.e., residential area, educational area, park area, and traffic area, were measured using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The risks of these heavy metals to urban ecosystem and human health were evaluated by the potential ecological risk index and human exposure model, respectively. Compared with Shaanxi soil, the finer dust particles have elevated metal concentrations, except for Co, Mn, and Ni. All analyzed heavy metals have different variation characteristics in four functional areas. The ecological risks of Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, and Ni in the samples were at lower levels, while the presence of Pb was high. The overall ecological risks of heavy metals measured in the samples were moderate level, which were mainly caused by Pb and Cu. Health risk assessment shows that ingestion was the main exposure route of all analyzed heavy metals in the dust particles finer than 63 μm to children and adults. The non-cancer risks of the heavy metals to children and adults were within the safe range, and the cancer risks of Cr, Co, and Ni were also within the currently acceptable range.     

Viscoelastic properties of the small intestinal and caecal contents of the chicken

We measured the coefficients of viscosity, shear rates and shear stresses of chicken small intestinal and caecal contents, including solid particles, using a tube-flow viscometer. The coefficients of viscosity of chicken small intestinal and caecal contents were correlated negatively with their shear rates, a characteristic typical of non-Newtonian fluids. The coefficient of viscosity of the small intestinal contents was lower than that of the caecal contents at a shear rate of 1 s(-1). Chicken caecal contents were more viscous than pig caecal contents. The exponential relationship between shear stress and shear rate showed that chicken small intestinal and caecal contents had an apparent Herschel-Bulkley fluid nature. These results indicate that solid particles, including uric acid crystals, are mainly responsible for the viscosity of the digesta in the chicken.