1992年中国总膳食研究—化学污染物(一)不同地区的比较

继１９９０年第一次中国总膳食研究后于１９９２～１９９３年进行了第二次中国总膳食研究。本文主要报道研究的总体设计、方法以及四大区重金属和其他有害元素以及农药的膳食摄入量和污染水平，并与ＷＨＯ的ＡＤＩ（每日允许摄入量）和ＰＴＷＩ（暂时每周允许摄入量）值进行比较。重金属铅的平均膳食摄入量比１９９０年略有降低，北方两个区的摄入量明显下降，而南方两个区摄入量明显增加，镉的摄入量普遍增加，而汞的摄入量普遍降低。首次得到铝和氟的总膳食摄入量。有少数元素在个别地区的食物中污染水平超过我国允许量标准，其中，北方一区豆类中汞超标９５．７％；谷类食品中的氟除南方二区外，均超标１１．９％～９５．３％。与１９９０年引比，１９９２年六六六（ＨＣＨ）摄入量大致相近，而滴滴涕（ＤＤＴ）则有所降低。在本次检测的１５种有机磷农药中共检出７种，其膳食摄入量均很低，仅占允许量的１％左右或更低。有机磷农药残留量除南方一区谷类敌敌畏和亚胺硫磷分别占允许残留量的６３．３％和２３．１％外，其他各区各种有机磷农药残留量占允许残留量的０．０５％～５．０９％。与１９９０年不同的是检出了乙酰甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、亚胺硫磷等３种有机磷农药，但未检出敌百虫。     

上海市区居民的膳食营养状况及其对策

于１９９６年对上海市区居民进行了膳食调查。结果表明：能量的摄入比较充足，每标准人日摄入能量１０１４４ｋＪ，达供给量标准的１０１．３％；蛋白质摄入量为８４．７ｇ，为供给量标准的１１０．１％；矿物质中，钙的摄入量仅为５９８．９ｍｇ，为供给量标准的７２．０％。维生素中，老年组视黄醇当量摄入量不足，儿童和青少年组核黄素摄入量不足。膳食构成，蛋白质提供的能量占总能量的１３．９％，优质蛋白超过５０％；脂肪提供的能量占总能量的３２．８％，超过建议值的高限。上海市区居民的膳食营养状况已发生明显变化：粮食消费呈下降趋势，动物性食物增长迅速；碳水化合物摄入量减少，脂肪和胆固醇的摄入量增加；某些营养素摄入不足和过剩同时存在。迫切需要加强对居民的营养指导，调整膳食结构     

广西城乡居民的膳食营养状况

本文报告了广西第三次营养调查结果，发现城乡居民膳食营养状况差距增大，城市居民动物性食物充裕，日人均摄入蛋白质８０．６克，达我国ＲＤＡ的１０６．７％，其中优质蛋白占５３．７％；而农村居民膳食蛋白南数昨和质量仍处于较低水平。我区卵童由于长期受营养不良的影响，身高发育较差。城乡居民膳食不平衡突出表现在钙和维生素Ｂ２摄入量明显低于ＲＤＡ标准；此外，城市居民脂肪热能已略超过ＷＨＯ建议的上限。     

膳食矿物质、能量、纤维素和植酸的每日摄入量研究

采用平行双份法，收集代表一般生活水平的三组男性居民（①组，城市居民；②组，北方农民；③组，南方农民）３天的膳食进行分析，并计算他们每人每日平均摄入的各种矿物质、能量、纤维素和植酸的含量。按目前的ＲＤＡ、ＥＳＡＤＤＩ和ＡＤＩ值进行评价，Ｚｎ普遍偏低；Ｃａ达到ＲＤＡ值的２／３以上；Ｐ达到８８％～１３３％；Ｆｅ充足，但应考虑其利用率；Ｓｅ、Ｉ各有高低，Ｓｅ摄入低的②组也达到最低需要量；在全民补Ｉ的今天，Ｉ不缺乏；Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ和Ｃｒ达到或高于ＥＳＡＤＤＩ的低限；Ｍｎ超过高限；但最高摄入仅为１０．５ｍｇ远未达中毒水平；高Ｎａ低Ｋ一直是我国膳食的缺陷；Ａｓ仅③组高出ＡＤＩ值２９％，Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ和Ｐｂ距中毒水平甚远；能量充足；纤维素适宜；北方农民植酸摄入较南方农民和城市居民高，但尚不致为害。     

校准食物频数法调查广州Ⅱ型糖尿病患者膳食及脂肪酸构成比

用校准食物频数法，以直接访问方式调查广州市Ⅱ型糖尿病患者１个月的膳食及脂肪酸构成比。结果表明：与广东城市居民相比，患者膳食中粮谷类、肉类、鱼虾类及烹调油构成比小，大豆及其制品、蛋奶类、蔬菜和水果的构成比高。不同劳动强度患者能量摄入量偏高，超过９０％ＲＤＡ并超过糖尿病能量建议值的上限；钙和硫胺素的摄入量不足，均低于ＲＤＡ的８０％。极轻体力劳动者脂肪酸构成比为１：１．７７：１．２７，轻体力劳动为１：１     

中下经济水平对农村儿童膳食核黄素摄入量与铁营养关系调查

对贵州省５个中、下经济水平县（市）农村２０个乡（镇）的４３４５名０￣６岁儿童进行核黄素缺乏，血红蛋白与体格发育以及１０％的３￣５岁儿童膳食调查的结果表明：膳食构成植物性食物来源摄入量占９３．８％，核黄素摄入量仅占供给量推荐标准（ＲＤＡ）的３１．６％，铁摄入量超过ＲＤＡ达１１０％。核黄素缺乏率均达１４．４％，贫血率均达３９．１％，身材矮小率高达４３．３％，低体重儿为２６．６％（Ｆ值Ｐ〈０．０１，ｑｗ     

成都市居民膳食中重金属及有害元素摄入水平的调查及分析

目的了解成都市城乡居民重金属及有害金属元素的的膳食摄入水平。方法应用总膳食研究方法,测定了１２类混合食物样品中铅、砷、镉、铬、汞、钡、铜、锌、镍、锶、钴、锰有害重金属元素含量。结果城乡居民摄入的铅、砷、镉、汞均低于相应的ＡＤＩ值。但进一步观察其含量水平发现城市居民摄入的蛋及蛋制品、乳及乳制品铅分别为允许限量的２４４．５０％、１９３．６０％,农村居民摄入的薯及薯制品汞含量,也超过食品卫生允许限量标准。结论环境中重金属及有害元素污染食品问题不容忽视。     

我国较贫困地区农村学龄前儿童膳食状况

对１９８５～１９８９年７省较贫困的１８个乡农村儿童膳食调查资料采用平均摄入量、临界值及概率法进行了总结分析。结果表明，６～２４月龄母乳喂养儿的辅食品种单一，数量不足。断奶儿童各年龄组热能、蛋白质摄入量的平均值分别达ＲＤＡ的９２％～１０４％和７６％～８４％，但以ＲＤＡ为界值，仍有５３％～６２％及７４％～８５％的儿童热能、蛋白质摄入量低，用概率法分析蛋白质、钙、维生素Ａ、Ｂ２、Ｃ及铁摄入不足的人数比例分别是５０％～６０％、９３％～９７％、５１％～８７％、７４％～８６％、５８％～６６％和１２％～４７％。热能、蛋白质摄入量低于ＲＤＡ值儿童的身高、体重明显低于摄入量高于ＲＤＡ值的儿童。     

中下经济水平农村儿童膳食核黄素摄入量与铁营养关系调查

对贵州省５个中、下经济水平县（市）农村２０个乡（镇）的４３４５名０～６岁儿童进行核黄素缺乏、血红蛋白与体格发育以及１０％的３～５岁儿童膳食调查的结果表明：膳食构成植物性食物来源摄入量占９３．８％，核黄素摄入量仅占供给量推荐标准（ＲＤＡ）的３１．６％，铁摄入量超过ＲＤＡ达１１０％。核黄素缺乏率均达１４．４％，贫血率均达３９．１％，身材矮小率高达４３．３％，低体重儿为２６．６％（Ｆ值Ｐ＜０．０１，ｑ值Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示由于喂养问题，核黄素缺乏与贫血、生长发育有一定的关联性。     

我国中小学生的膳食营养状况

据１９９２年全国第三次营养调查资料对中小学生的膳食营养状况进行了分析，结果表明：中小学生能量的摄入量比较充足，平均每人每日为７５５６～１１９３３ｋＪ（１８０６～２８５２ｋｃａｌ），达供给量标准的９２．６％～１０１．３％；蛋白质的平均摄入量为５４．０～８３．９ｇ，为供给量标准的８４．６％～１０８．２％。矿物质中，钙的摄入量普遍存在着不足，平均每人每日为３４１～４７４ｍｇ，仅为供给量标准的３８．９％～５２．５％。维生素中视黄醇当量和核黄素摄入量较低，城市学生能达到供给量标准的５９．１％～７５．７％；农村学生仅达到４８．２％～５７．２％。中小学生的膳食构成，城市学生膳食能量的５６．４％～６３．３％来自谷类，１２．１％～１７．９％来自动物性食物；农村学生膳食能量的７０．４％～７５．４％来自谷类，４．０％～７．２％来自动物性食物；来自豆类的能量较低，城市、农村均在２％以下。脂肪的摄入量城市、农村学生差别明显，城市学生膳食总能量的２４．４％～２７．４％来自脂肪，已接近建议值的高限；农村学生膳食总能量的１５．７％～１８．５％来自脂肪，还应适当提高。     

2000年中国总膳食研究——不同性别年龄组人群膳食铅摄入量

目的评估中国不同性别年龄组人群铅的膳食摄入水平。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,利用中国第三次总膳食研究采集的代表性膳食样品及膳食调查数据,测定样品中的铅含量,并计算10个性别年龄组人群铅的摄入量、分布状况及膳食来源。结果中国各类食品中铅的平均含量为0.118mg/kg,中位数含量为0.052mg/kg,含量最高的食品为松花蛋,单个样品最高含量为8.964mg/kg,平均含量为2.577mg/kg。各省市的样品中,以湖北省的蔬菜样品污染最为严重,平均含量达到0.512mg/kg。中国10个性别年龄组的铅摄入量为54.9~112.7μg/d,各年龄组铅的摄入量占暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的42.8%至86.1%。2~7岁年龄组儿童铅的摄入量已经达到了PTWI的86.1%,并且有约30%的个体铅摄入量在PTWI以上。各组人群膳食铅的来源基本一致,均以谷类和蔬菜为主,贡献率为72%~80%。结论中国各性别年龄组人群的膳食铅摄入量均低于PTWI,但仍有进一步降低的必要。而且,2~7岁儿童及个别省市人群的铅摄入量过高的问题不容忽视。     

2000年中国总膳食研究——不同性别年龄组人群膳食镉摄入量

目的评估中国不同性别年龄组人群镉的膳食摄入水平。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,利用中国第三次总膳食研究采集的代表性膳食样品及膳食调查数据,测定样品中的镉含量,并计算10个性别年龄组人群镉的摄入量、分布状况及食物来源。结果中国各类食品中镉的平均含量为0.046mg/kg,中位数含量为0.006mg/kg。甲壳贝类及猪肝的镉含量远高于其它食品。中国10个性别年龄组的镉摄入量为12.0~25.9μg/d,占暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的30.3%至67.0%。2~7岁年龄组儿童约有14%的个体镉摄入水平高于PTWI。各组人群膳食镉的来源均以谷类、蔬菜和水产类为主,贡献率在80%左右。结论中国各性别年龄组人群的膳食镉摄入量均低于PTWI,但较90年代初有增加的趋势。而且,部分省市人群的镉摄入水平较高。     

Seasonal variation of food consumption and selected nutrient intake in Linxian,a high risk area for esophageal cancer in China

Linxian, China, is a region with high incidence of esophageal cancer and a history of poor nutritional status. Nutrition Intervention Trials were conducted in this area from 1985 through 1991 and found a reduction in total cancer mortality in the group receiving supplementation of beta-carotene/selenium/alpha-tocopherol. The positive results of those trials have, in part, been ascribed to the poor nutritional status of this population. To investigate more recent food patterns, nutrient intakes, and seasonal variations in the diet, dietary surveys were conducted among the residents of Linxian in 1996. Food consumption data were collected among 104 households in spring and 106 households in autumn using a method of food inventory changes. Intake of nutrients was estimated and compared to the Chinese Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). In both seasons, the five most common food groups consumed were cereals, fresh vegetables, yams, seasoning, and eggs. Low nutrient intakes were found for selenium (79% RDA and 66% RDA), zinc (72% RDA and 62% RDA), vitamin B2 (64% RDA and 52% RDA), and calcium (53% RDA and 39% RDA) in both spring and autumn. A large seasonal variation was seen in the consumption of leafy vegetables, root vegetables and eggs, all of which might have contributed to the lower intake of vitamin A (25% RDA), vitamin C (75% RDA), protein (76% RDA), and vitamin E (78% RDA) in autumn. These indicate that the nutrient intake in Linxian is inadequate for a number of vitamins and minerals including those shown to be associated with esophageal cancer.     

Mineral content of foods and total diets: the Selected Minerals in Foods Survey, 1982 to 1984

The 234 foods of the FDA's Total Diet Study were collected four times per year form mid-1982 to mid-1984 and analyzed for 11 essential minerals. Daily intakes of the minerals were estimated for eight age-sex groups of the U.S. population. Levels of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese were low (less than 80% of the RDA or below the low end of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake range) for some or all age-sex groups. Those most at risk of low intakes were young children, teenage girls, adult women, and older women. Non-discretionary sodium intake exceeded the upper Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake range for two age-sex groups, and iodine was considerably above the RDA for all age-sex groups. Levels of potassium, phosphorus, and selenium were adequate for all groups.     

Appropriate calcium fortification of the food supply presents a challenge

Fortification with calcium to increase dietary intakes of this mineral is currently under evaluation in Canada. To model the potential dietary consequences of food fortification, data from a large national survey of Canadians (n = 1543) were used. Food fortification scenarios were based on reference amounts for labeling requirements. Consumption of milk, cheese and other dairy products was associated with high calcium intakes, and there was a low prevalence of inadequacy in men < 50 y old; however, other age-sex groups had lower intakes. The aim of the fortification modeling was to determine which scenario would most effectively reduce the proportion of the population with low intakes of calcium while minimizing the proportion of individuals who exceeded the tolerable upper intake level (UL). Given the correlation between energy and calcium (r = 0.60, P < 0.01), it appeared that any fortification scenario sufficient to increase the mean intake for women to near the adequate intake led to 6-7% of the men having calcium intakes above the UL. The results suggest that fortification of widely consumed foods is not a realistic way to address the issue of low calcium intakes and illustrate the need for concern about the growing use of fortification practices.     

Supplement use: is there any nutritional benefit?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of dietary supplements in improving total nutrient intakes in adults. DESIGN: Dietitian-administered 24-hour recalls (of intake including supplements) were conducted in 1997 and 1998. Supplement users were categorized into groups based on the types of supplements used and nutrient intake was examined. SUBJECTS: Using a multistage, stratified random sampling, 1,530 Canadian adults aged 19 to 65 years were surveyed. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Intakes from diet, supplements, and diet plus supplements were examined by age/gender stratification. RESULTS: Supplement users had dietary intakes, from food alone, similar to nonusers with mean intakes in some age/sex groups below the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)/Adequate Intake (AI) for iron, calcium, and folate. Multivitamin users had mean intakes (from diet plus supplement) of folate above the RDA and iron intakes also increased to RDA levels among women aged 19 to 50 years. Calcium supplement users had lower calcium and vitamin D intakes than nonusers from diet alone in some age/sex groups. Calcium tablets increased mean calcium intakes to AI levels among all age/sex groups. Many supplement users exceeded the new Upper Limits of safe intake; 47% in the case of niacin. APPLICATIONS: Supplements are commonly used and can help some persons adhere to Dietary Reference Intake recommendations concerning intake of folate, calcium, vitamin D. and iron. We found multivitamin users to have higher total intakes of folic acid, iron, calcium, and vitamin D. Also, targeted use of calcium supplements effectively enhanced intakes. However, concurrent vitamin D supplementation is important and awareness of product composition with respect to Upper Limits is essential.     

南京市居民膳食中甜蜜素暴露的风险评估

目的 评估南京市居民膳食中甜蜜素暴露水平及可能存在的健康风险,为加强食品中甜蜜素监督管理提供理论依据。方法 根据国家食品安全风险监测工作要求,按照标准操作程序检测市售食品中甜蜜素含量,结合南京市居民各类食品的实际消费量状况数据,使用@RISK软件建立膳食中甜蜜素累积暴露模型,对甜蜜素的暴露风险进行评估。结果 各类食品中甜蜜素总体检出率为24.3%,居民膳食中甜蜜素平均摄入量值为0.361 mg/kg.bw,占ADI的5.15%,高暴露人群（P99）甜蜜素摄入量为5.587 mg/kg.bw,占ADI 79.81%。各年龄组人群甜蜜素摄入量占ADI介于1.74%～107.27%之间,其中6～10岁和11～17岁人群每日甜蜜素摄入量高于其他年龄组人群,甜蜜素平均摄入量分别为0.487 mg/kg.bw和0.475 mg/kg.bw。对甜蜜素摄入量贡献率较高的食品分别是带壳熟制坚果、蜜饯凉果类、糕点面包、饮料和果冻。结论 南京市居民甜蜜素暴露总体处于安全水平,对带壳熟制坚果、饮料、糕点面包和蜜饯凉果等摄入量较高的人群甜蜜素暴露引起的健康风险需引起关注。     

葡萄糖调节受损患者膳食营养状况调查分析

目的 评价葡萄糖调节受损患者的膳食质量,为膳食干预提供理论依据.方法 从常规健康体检中选取符合空腹血糖受损(IFG)和/或糖耐量减低(IGT)的患者63例(统称为葡萄糖调节受损IGR),其中男性29例,女性34例,根据体质指数(BMI)分为正常体型组38例(BMI 21.0±1.11),超重体型组25例(BMI 26.6±0.95).采用食物频率问卷法和膳食史法相结合,分析患者的膳食能量、三大产热营养素摄入量及来源比例.结果 正常体型组能量、碳水化合物摄入量与标准供给量相比差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05),但其摄入量均超过标准供给量10％以上;蛋白质摄入量低于标准供给量10％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);脂肪摄入量超过标准供给量10％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在营养素来源分配比例中,谷类食物、动物性蛋白质、动物性脂肪和植物性脂肪摄入量均超过标准供给量,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);非谷类食物和植物性蛋白质摄入量低于标准供给量,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).超重体型组能量、碳水化合物和脂肪摄入量均超过标准供给量,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在营养素来源分配比例中,谷类食物、动物性脂肪和植物性脂肪摄入量均超过标准供给量,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);非谷类食物和植物性蛋白摄入量均低于标准供给量10％;动物性蛋白摄入量超过标准供给量10％.两组的胆固醇摄入量均高于300 mg/d,膳食纤维摄入量明显低于推荐剂量20～35 g/d.结论 糖调节受损患者膳食结构不合理,需要科学合理的营养干预.     

济宁市城乡社区成人四个季节膳食类胡萝卜素的摄入量

目的测定部分城乡成年居民膳食类胡萝卜素摄入量水平。方法从三个不同类型的社区中,选择184名30～60岁成人(男84,女100)作为被调查对象,采用"双份饭法"分别于夏、秋、冬、春四个季节收集被调查者连续3 d的全部膳食,用HPLC测定其中β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、番茄红素、叶黄素和玉米黄质六种类胡萝卜素的含量。结果被调查者夏季膳食中β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、番茄红素和叶黄素+玉米黄质的平均每日摄入量分别为2.48±2.71 mg、276.6±469.4μg、86.9±241.4μg、2.16±3.38 mg和1.48±1.65 mg;秋季分别为3.39±4.10 mg、271.7±462.8μg、339.9±1016.8μg、0.25±1.34 mg和2.07±3.00 mg;冬季分别为2.85±3.76 mg、302.7±622.6μg、108.8±142.3μg、0.36±1.46 mg和1.97±3.00 mg;春季分别为3.76±3.35mg、162.4±413.9μg、42.1±93.8μg、0.86±1.39 mg和6.10±6.26 mg。各种类胡萝卜素摄入量均随季节而变化,夏季摄入番茄红素较多,秋季摄入β-隐黄质较多,春季摄入叶黄素+玉米黄质较多,而β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素摄入量的季节波动较小。城市中心社区居民类胡萝卜素摄入量一般较高,城市周边社区和农村社区居民摄入量较低;农村社区居民只有春季叶黄素+玉米黄质摄入量高于城市中心社区居民。结论本研究报告了三种不同社区居民类胡萝卜素摄入量数据,为类胡萝卜素营养研究提供部分资料。