调离铸钢粉尘作业人工肺功能的研究

本文对１４３名调离铸钢粉尘作业工人肺功能损害及呼吸系统症状阳性率与慢性支气管炎的患者病进行了研究，结果表明，无论吸烟与否，离尘组工人的ＦＶＣ１，ＦＥＶ１．０，ＦＥＦ２５－７５％，Ｖ７５，Ｖ５０及ＦＥＶ１．０／ＦＶＣ％等肺功能指标的实测值占地值百分比均较对照工人组显降低，肺功能异常率则显著增高，除个别指标外，其差别均有非常显著的意义，配对比较显示，离尘组工人肺功能各项指标的实测值显著低于对照组，异常     

某镍矿接尘不吸烟退休矿工肺通气功能的测定与分析

本文在某镍矿对２０１名接尘不吸烟退休矿工和１０８名不吸烟对照工人进行了肺功能的测定与分析。结果表明：接尘不吸烟退休矿工ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＦ２５％￣７５％的实测值、实测值占预计值的百分比均显著低于对照工人，异常率则高于对照工人，且差异具有显著性。配对研究结果显示：接尘不吸烟退休矿工ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＶ２５％￣７５％的平均实测值低于对照工人，异常人数则较对照工人明显增高，经检验均具有统计学意义     

铸钢接尘与离尘工人肺功能及呼吸系统症状的配对研究

本文对沈阳某重型机器厂铸钢车间２５９名接尘工人与７４名调离铸钢粉尘作业工人进行了肺功能与呼吸系统症状的配对分析。结果表明：无论是接尘人工，还是调离粉尘作业工人，其ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ、ＦＥＦ２５－７５％、Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０等肺功能指标的实测值均较对照组明显降低，肺功能异常人数以及呼吸系统症状阳性人数与慢性支气管炎的患病人数则较对照组显著升高。     

镍矿退休矿工肺通气功能的7年追踪观察

为探讨离尘矿工肺通气功能的变化情况，在某镍矿对１１０名退休接尘矿工进行了肺通气功能的７年追踪观察。结果显示：无论是一般追踪观察，还是配对追踪观察，退休组ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１．０的年均下降值较对照组高（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；１９８８年与１９８１年相比，退休组异常率的增高、异常程度的加重均有显著或非常显著意义，对照组则未见差别。提示：离尘工人的肺通气功能损害未因脱离粉尘作业而消除或减轻。     

焦炉逸散物对作业工人呼吸系统影响的研究

目的　为探讨焦炉逸散物（ＣＯＥ） 对作业工人呼吸系统的影响。方法　对４６５ 名焦炉作业工人和３６５ 名对照工人进行了体格检查、胸部Ｘ 线摄片和肺功能测定。结果　与对照相比,作业工人呼吸道炎、咽喉炎发生率明显增高;Ｘ 线异常改变主要表现在肺纹理与肺门的变化,工龄超过２０ 年的有统计学意义;ＦＥＶ１ ．０ 、ＦＥＶ１ ％ 、ＭＭＦ、ＦＥＦ５０％ 、ＦＥＦ７５ ％ 等肺功能指标明显下降,工龄＜ １０ 年者ＦＥＦ７５％ 差异具有极显著性,工龄１０ ～２０ 年者ＦＥＦ５０ ％ 差异有显著性;工龄＞ ２０ 年者ＦＥＶ１ ％ 、ＭＭＦ、ＦＥＦ５０ ％ 、ＦＥＦ７５％ 的差异具显著性或极显著性意义。结论　提示接触ＣＯＥ 可引起肺通气功能减退和呼吸系统的损害,且随工龄延长有加重的趋势。     

铸造工人肺功能和呼吸系统症状的配对分析

对４３４名铸造工人与３６名脱离铸造粉尘作业的工人进行了肺功能以及呼吸系统症状与慢性支气管炎患病情况的配对分析。结果表明：接尘与脱尘组ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＦ２５－７５％、Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０、等肺功能指标的实测值均较对照组明显降低．肺功能异常人数则均较对照组显著升高。接尘组呼吸系统症状的阳性数与慢性支气管炎的患病数均显著高于对照组；与对照组相比，脱尘组呼吸系统症状的阳性数与慢性支气管炎患病数也均有增高的趋势。     

接触镍尘的退休矿工肺功能动态观察

为研究退休接尘矿工肺通气功能损害及其变化规律，在某镍矿对１９８１、１９８８、１９９５年３次均接受肺通气功能测定的３４名退休接尘矿工和２８名对照矿工进行了动态分析。结果表明，退休组每次测定的用力肺活量（ＦＶＣ）和第一秒时间肺活量（ＦＥＶ１）平均值均比对照组低，无论是退休组还是对照组，随着年代的后移，ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１平均值的下降均有统计学意义，但无论是１９８８与１９８１年间，１９９５与１９８８年间，还是１９９５与１９８１年间，退休组ＦＶＣ和ＦＥＶ１年均下降值均比对照组大，退休组ＦＶＣ和ＦＥＶ１异常率的增加、异常程度的加重也均比对照组显著。     

养路工人的肺通气功能分析

养路工人的肺通气功能分析本文对１５８名养路工人及１５０名非粉尘作业工人进行肺通气功能测定。结果表明，养路工组肺通气功能各项指标均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＦＥＶＬ＿（１．０）、ＦＥＶ＿（１．０）％、ＭＭＥＦ指标异常检出率分别为２９．７５％、２７...     

对苯二甲酸粉尘接触量与肺通气功能的关系

目的研究对苯二甲酸（ＴＰＡ）对职业人群肺通气功能的影响。方法对１１６名ＴＰＡ作业工人和同一地区年龄、性别、身高、体重、吸烟情况类似的５４名正常对照工人进行肺通气功能的测定分析。结果接触组ＶＣ、ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１．０、ＰＥＦＲ、Ｖ·７５和Ｖ·５０显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）,且肺通气功能变化与接触ＴＰＡ浓度有关。肺通气功能异常者以阻塞型为主;吸烟因素与接尘因素可能产生协同作用。结论作业人群肺通气功能的变化与接触对苯二甲酸有密切关系。     

某火力发电厂接触煤尘工人肺通气功能测定分析

本文通过对某火力发电厂２４８名接触低浓度煤尘的工人进行肺通气功能测定分析,发现即使接触低浓度煤尘,无论对男性还是女性,都可造成肺通气功能一定程度的损伤,ＶＣ值低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;接尘工人吸烟可使肺通气功能损伤程度加重,ＶＣ、ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１及ＦＥＶ１／ＦＶＣ％值均低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。另外,接尘工人的肺通气功能操作有随接尘工人工龄的延长而加重的趋势。     

Emphysema and airway obstruction in non-smoking South African gold miners with long exposure to silica dust.

OBJECTIVE--Occupational exposure to silica dust is associated with significant impairment of lung function. The present study investigates which pathological changes in the lung are associated with impairment of lung function in silica dust exposed workers who were life-long non-smokers. METHODS--242 South African white gold miners who were lifelong non-smokers and who had a necropsy at death were studied. The pathological features identified at necropsy were the degree and type of emphysema, the presence of airway disease, and the degree of silicosis in the lung parenchyma and pleura. These features were related to lung function tests done a few years before death, to type of impairment (obstructive or restrictive), and to cumulative silica dust exposure. RESULTS--The degree of emphysema found at necropsy was not associated with a statistically significant impairment of lung function or with dust exposure. The degree of silicosis in the lung parenchyma and the large airways disease (based on mucus gland hyperplasia) were associated with a statistically significant impairment of lung function. The large airway disease was, however, not positively associated with dust exposure or silicosis. In miners with a moderate or a higher degree of limitation of airflow the main findings were silicosis, heart disease, and obesity. The presence of small airways disease could not be established from the necropsy material. CONCLUSION--The results indicate that the level of exposure to silica dust to which these miners were exposed, without a confounding effect of tobacco smoking, is not associated with a degree of emphysema that would cause a statistically significant impairment of lung function. Silicosis of the lung parenchyma was associated with loss of lung function. Other factors that may play a part in impairment of lung function in these miners are obesity and heart disease.     

Mortality experience of haematite mine workers in China

The mortality risk of iron ore (haematite) miners between 1970 and 1982 was investigated in a retrospective cohort study of workers from two mines, Longyan and Taochong, in China. The cohort was limited to men and consisted of 5406 underground miners and 1038 unexposed surface workers. Among the 490 underground miners who died, 205 (42%) died of silicosis and silicotuberculosis and 98 (20%) of cancer, including 29 cases (5.9%) of lung cancer. The study found an excess risk of non-malignant respiratory disease and of lung cancer among haematite miners. The standardised mortality ratio for lung cancer compared with nationwide male population rates was significantly raised (SMR = 3.7), especially for those miners who were first employed underground before mechanical ventilation and wet drilling were introduced (SMR = 4.8); with jobs involving heavy exposure to dust, radon, and radon daughters (SMR = 4.2); with a history of silicosis (SMR = 5.3); and with silicotuberculosis (SMR = 6.6). No excess risk of lung cancer was observed in unexposed workers (SMR = 1.2). Among current smokers, the risk of lung cancer increased with the level of exposure to dust. The mortality from all cancer, stomach, liver, and oesophageal cancer was not raised among underground miners. An excess risk of lung cancer among underground mine workers which could not be attributed solely to tobacco use was associated with working conditions underground, especially with exposure to dust and radon gas and with the presence of non-malignant respiratory disease. Because of an overlap of exposures to dust and radon daughters, the independent effects of these factors could not be evaluated.     

Mortality experience of haematite mine workers in China.

The mortality risk of iron ore (haematite) miners between 1970 and 1982 was investigated in a retrospective cohort study of workers from two mines, Longyan and Taochong, in China. The cohort was limited to men and consisted of 5406 underground miners and 1038 unexposed surface workers. Among the 490 underground miners who died, 205 (42%) died of silicosis and silicotuberculosis and 98 (20%) of cancer, including 29 cases (5.9%) of lung cancer. The study found an excess risk of non-malignant respiratory disease and of lung cancer among haematite miners. The standardised mortality ratio for lung cancer compared with nationwide male population rates was significantly raised (SMR = 3.7), especially for those miners who were first employed underground before mechanical ventilation and wet drilling were introduced (SMR = 4.8); with jobs involving heavy exposure to dust, radon, and radon daughters (SMR = 4.2); with a history of silicosis (SMR = 5.3); and with silicotuberculosis (SMR = 6.6). No excess risk of lung cancer was observed in unexposed workers (SMR = 1.2). Among current smokers, the risk of lung cancer increased with the level of exposure to dust. The mortality from all cancer, stomach, liver, and oesophageal cancer was not raised among underground miners. An excess risk of lung cancer among underground mine workers which could not be attributed solely to tobacco use was associated with working conditions underground, especially with exposure to dust and radon gas and with the presence of non-malignant respiratory disease. Because of an overlap of exposures to dust and radon daughters, the independent effects of these factors could not be evaluated.     

脱尘矿工肺通气功能损害及其影响因素的调查分析

本文对３２６名脱尘矿工和６９名不接触尘毒的健康工人分别进行了肺通气功能测定，并对影响脱尘矿工肺通气功能损害的因素进行了分析，结果表明：无论是肺通气功能的实测值、实测值占预计值的百分比，还是肺通气的异常率，或是最大呼气流速容量曲线的比较分析，均显示脱尘矿工的肺气功能损害较对照工人为严重。多因素分析结果表明：接尘起始年代、慢性支气管炎对脱尘工人肺通气功能损害的影响尤为明显。即接尘起始年代越早或有慢性支     

肺癌病因研究中接尘量计算的真实性评价

为评价肺癌病例对照研究中接尘剂量估算方法的真实性,对广西锡矿病因研究对象进行了重新计算。广西锡矿队列发现男性肺癌死者１３０例,配对照６２７例。共７５７人。其中接法工人５７２名,发现各期矽肺共２４３例,根据在斩工业卫生监测资料估算所有接尘工人的累积总粉尘接触量,再计算不同接尘水平下矽肺的发病率。结果显示,随接尘水平上升,矽肺发病率升高,两者存在明显的接触剂量反应关系。完全符合矽肺发病特点。从而间接证     

煤矿新工人早期肺通气功能的变化

目的　研究煤矿粉尘对新工人肺通气功能的早期影响。方法　选择徐州矿务集团新招收的男性工人2 87人为矿工组,选择该集团技工学校在校男生132人为对照组。调查内容包括个人基本资料、家族疾病史、职业史、吸烟史、作业场所粉尘浓度、肺通气功能随访测定。前瞻性队列调查为期3年,每半个月测定作业场所的总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘浓度;定期测定两组人群的用力肺活量(FVC)和第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)。结果　矿工作业场所的总粉尘平均浓度为2 3.8mg/m3 ,呼吸性粉尘平均浓度为8.9mg/m3 ,均超过国家卫生标准。接尘第1年,矿工组FVC(5 .19L)高于对照组(4.92L) ,差异有统计学意义(P <0 .0 1) ,第2年和第3年的差异均无统计学意义(P >0 .0 5 )。接尘前矿工组FEV1[(4.4 8±0 .4 9)L]高于对照组[(4.2 8±0 .4 8)L];接尘1年时FEV1下降至4 .2 5L ;第2年和第3年FEV1(4.34L)低于对照组(4.5 6L) ,差异有统计学意义(P <0 .0 1)。矿工组FEV1呈下降趋势。矿工吸烟者3年中的FVC、FEV1损失量(15 4、184ml)高于不吸烟者(83、91ml)。FVC、FEV1与年龄、身高和体重存在一定相关。结论　粉尘对煤矿新工人的早期肺通气功能有明显影响,FEV1下降比FVC更为明显;吸烟可加重粉尘对肺通气功能的损害。     

Respiratory ill health among coal miners and telecommunication workers in south Wales

As part of a large cross sectional epidemiological study of respiratory disease in coalminers, the respiratory health of miners in one colliery in south Wales has been compared with the health of nearby telecommunication (telecom) workers. The studies were carried out in 1981 and 1982. The answers to questionnaires on respiratory symptoms and results of lung spirometry indicate a much greater frequency of respiratory ill health among the miners than the telecom workers. The frequency of symptoms of chronic bronchitis among the current employees was 31% in the miners and 5% in the telecom workers, and these symptoms were reported as frequently by younger as by older miners. Reports of other respiratory symptoms showed similarly large differences between current miners and telecom workers. These differences were seen both within non-smoking and smoking groups. Comparisons of FEV1 with predicted values (several different predictions were used) confirmed that the differences in reported symptoms were accompanied by differences in lung function; of the order of 20% of current miners had an FEV1 less than 80% of predicted compared with 10% of current telecom workers. The excess of respiratory disease shown among these miners is not necessarily a consequence of the dust concentrations currently experienced underground, nor is the colliery necessarily representative of the coal industry generally. The findings, however, indicate the continued need for measures to improve the respiratory health of these men.     

Respiratory symptoms and lung function in jute processing workers: a primary investigation

This paper presents the results of an investigation of respiratory symptoms and lung function of 404 workers who had been exposed to jute dust in a jute mill. Measurement of total dust concentration and analysis of dust composition were also conducted. Most workers in the jute mill were exposed to jute dusts containing less than 5% silica, whereas a few workers were exposed to dusts containing approximately 10-15% silica. Male smokers and nonsmokers in the dust-exposed group had a higher prevalence of cough and chest tightness compared with those in the control group. Among dust-exposed workers, female nonsmokers had a significantly higher prevalence of cough, chronic bronchitis, chest tightness, and dyspnea than those in the control group. Lung function tests showed that dust-exposed workers had a greater incidence of abnormal lung function than did control workers, as measured by percentage of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), and FEV1.0/FVC. Dust exposure was the main cause of respiratory symptoms and abnormal values of FEV1.0, but both cigarette smoking and dust exposure contributed to the abnormal values reported for FEV1.0.     

Respiratory ill health among coal miners and telecommunication workers in south Wales.

As part of a large cross sectional epidemiological study of respiratory disease in coalminers, the respiratory health of miners in one colliery in south Wales has been compared with the health of nearby telecommunication (telecom) workers. The studies were carried out in 1981 and 1982. The answers to questionnaires on respiratory symptoms and results of lung spirometry indicate a much greater frequency of respiratory ill health among the miners than the telecom workers. The frequency of symptoms of chronic bronchitis among the current employees was 31% in the miners and 5% in the telecom workers, and these symptoms were reported as frequently by younger as by older miners. Reports of other respiratory symptoms showed similarly large differences between current miners and telecom workers. These differences were seen both within non-smoking and smoking groups. Comparisons of FEV1 with predicted values (several different predictions were used) confirmed that the differences in reported symptoms were accompanied by differences in lung function; of the order of 20% of current miners had an FEV1 less than 80% of predicted compared with 10% of current telecom workers. The excess of respiratory disease shown among these miners is not necessarily a consequence of the dust concentrations currently experienced underground, nor is the colliery necessarily representative of the coal industry generally. The findings, however, indicate the continued need for measures to improve the respiratory health of these men.     

Dust exposure, respiratory symptoms, and longitudinal decline of lung function in young coal miners.

OBJECTIVES: To study the role of dust exposure on incidence of respiratory symptoms and decline of lung function in young coal miners. METHODS: The loss of lung function (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow (MEF), carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO)) with time and the incidence of respiratory symptoms in 909 Sardinian coal miners (followed up between 1983 and 1993 with seven separate surveys) has been compared with the past and current individual exposures to respirable mixed coal dust. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used simultaneously controlling for age, smoking, past occupational exposures, and other relevant covariates. RESULTS: According to the relatively low dust exposures experienced during the follow up few abnormal chest x ray films were detected. In the cross sectional analysis of initial data, significant associations between individual cumulative exposure to dust, decrements in FEV1 and MEFs, and increasing prevalence of respiratory symptoms were detected after allowing for the covariates included in the model. The yearly decline of FVC, FEV1, and single breath carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO/VA) was still significantly related to the individual exposure to dust experienced during the follow up, even after allowing for age, smoking, initial cumulative exposure to dust, and initial level of each functional variable. In logistic models, dust exposure was a significant predictor of the onset of respiratory symptoms besides age and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that even moderate exposures to mixed coal dust, as in our study, significantly affect lung function and incidence of symptoms of underground miners. Although the frequency of chest x ray examination might be fixed at every three or four years, yearly measurements of lung function (spirometry, MEFs, and TLCO) are recommended for evaluation of the respiratory risk from the coal mine environment to assess the need for further preventive interventions.