小儿腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复足踝部软组织缺损的手术配合

目的探讨小儿腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复足踝部软组织缺损的手术配合方法,减少手术相关并发症,以提高手术疗效。方法回顾性分析15例小儿腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复足踝部软组织缺损手术配合的情况。结果15例手术顺利完成,手术配合恰当,手术用时缩短,出血明显减少。14例皮瓣术后顺利成活,皮瓣受区与供区创口愈合良好。足踝功能恢复良好。腹部外形恢复较好,腹壁功能无明显影响。结论护理人员充分的术前准备、术中密切的观察和护理及积极主动的手术配合是小儿腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复足踝部软组织缺损手术成功的重要保障。     

Three-dimensional prediction of free-flap volume in autologous breast reconstruction by CT angiography imaging

Purpose

   The diagnostic use of computer tomography angiography (CTA) to identify perforating blood vessels for abdominal free-flap breast reconstruction was extended to estimate the three-dimensional (3D) preoperative flap volume and to compare it with the real intraoperative flap weights in order to (1) evaluate the accuracy of CTA-based 3D flap volume prediction, and (2) to analyze abdominal tissue estimation for required breast volume reconstruction.

Methods

   Preoperative CTA was performed in 54 patients undergoing unilateral breast reconstruction with a free, deep, inferior epigastric artery perforator flap. 3D flap volumes ( \(\hbox {cm}^{3}\) ) based on CTA data were calculated and compared with the actual intraoperative flap weight (g). In addition, a breast volume to flap volume ratio was calculated to analyze whether the estimated 3D abdominal flap volume would match that of the breast to be removed.

Results

   40 CTA data sets (74.1 %) fulfilled the technical requirements for a reliable determination of flap volume. 3D CTA flap volume prediction showed no relevant differences to the actual flap weight (p = 0.44) and high correlations (r = 0.998, \(p < 0.001\) ), allowing a prediction accuracy within 0.29 \(\pm \) 3.0 % (range: from \(-\) 8.77 to 5.67 %) of the real flap weight. Significantly larger flap volumes were harvested compared with the actually required breast volumes ( \(p < 0.001\) ), leading to an average of 21 % of the remnant flap tissue potentially being discarded.

Conclusions

   CTA-based 3D flap volume prediction provides accurate preoperative guidelines concerning the needed amount of abdominal tissue that can be harvested to achieve acceptable symmetry.     

VirSSPA- A virtual reality tool for surgical planning workflow

Objective  A virtual reality tool, called VirSSPA, was developed to optimize the planning of surgical processes. Methods  Segmentation algorithms for Computed Tomography (CT) images: a region growing procedure was used for soft tissues and a thresholding algorithm was implemented to segment bones. The algorithms operate semiautomati- cally since they only need seed selection with the mouse on each tissue segmented by the user. The novelty of the paper is the adaptation of an enhancement method based on histogram thresholding applied to CT images for surgical planning, which simplifies subsequent segmentation. A substantial improvement of the virtual reality tool VirSSPA was obtained with these algorithms. Results  VirSSPA was used to optimize surgical planning, to decrease the time spent on surgical planning and to improve operative results. The success rate increases due to surgeons being able to see the exact extent of the patient’s ailment. This tool can decrease operating room time, thus resulting in reduced costs. Conclusion  Virtual simulation was effective for optimizing surgical planning, which could, consequently, result in improved outcomes with reduced costs.     

螺旋CT三维成像评估活体供肾血管

背景:术前供肾血管的影像学评估对选择合适供肾及决定手术方式至关重要。目的:评估16层螺旋CT血管显影对活体供肾血管的显示水平。方法:术前对59例活体供肾者进行CT血管显影检查,三维重建肾脏动脉显像,由放射科医师评估血管情况,并与术中描述的血管情况对比。分析CT血管显影检查肾脏血管的敏感性和准确度。结果与结论:螺旋CT血管显影检查肾动脉总的敏感性和准确度分别为96.6%,90.5%。50例供肾为单支动脉,螺旋CT血管显影诊断的敏感性和准确度分别为96.1%,92.9%。在6例有两支肾动脉供肾中,螺旋CT血管显影敏感性和准确度均下降为83.3%。3例供肾有3支肾动脉,螺旋CT血管显影的敏感性和准确度为66.7%。螺旋CT血管显影对多支肾动脉总的诊断准确度为77.7%。说明无创、立体直观的螺旋CT血管显影检查可以准确地预测90.5%以上供肾动脉血管情况,是供肾术前血管评估的较好手段。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣延迟带蒂转移修复前臂大面积软组织缺损

目的探讨腹壁下动脉穿支（DIEP）皮瓣延迟带蒂转移修复前臂大面积软组织缺损的临床应用价值。 方法选择2012年1月至2018年1月在兰州手足外科医院就诊的前臂大面积软组织缺损患者9例,采用DIEP皮瓣延迟带蒂转移进行修复,分析其临床效果。患者年龄18~51岁,软组织缺损范围24.0 cm×8.0 cm~32.0 cm×8.5 cm。DIEP皮瓣以外侧穿支供血,供区直接缝合。皮瓣延迟的时间6~10 d;断蒂时间18~21 d。 结果1例发生小的皮缘裂开,术后2周自然愈合,皮瓣全部成活。术后随访2.0~4.5年,平均（3.8±1.4）年。供区切口愈合好,未发生腹壁切口疝,未见明显功能障碍;受区外形、功能均恢复较好,临床效果均满意。 结论DIEP皮瓣延迟带蒂转移修复前臂大面积软组织缺损安全、可靠,可降低对供区的损伤。     

乳腺癌术后即刻转移背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建术的手术配合

[目的]总结乳腺癌术后即刻转移背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建术的手术配合。[方法]对29例乳腺癌病人行乳腺癌改良根治术,术后即刻应用手部分背阔肌肌瓣转移重建乳房,同时加强术前准备、术中配合和术后护理等。[结果]29例病人背阔肌肌瓣全部成活,患侧上肢功能恢复良好,腋前部饱满,未发生明显并发症;3个月后重建乳房效果评价良好20例,一般7例,差2例。[结论]加强乳腺癌术后即刻转移背阔肌皮瓣乳房重建术的手术配合是手术成功的保证。     

3D打印技术在髋臼骨折个性化导航模块设计中的应用

目的探讨3D打印技术结合虚拟手术设计为髋臼骨折患者制定个性化导航模块的可行性方案。方法采集20例临床髋臼骨折薄层CT扫描数据,导入Mimic17.0中进行三维重建、虚拟骨折复位、内固定植入、导航模块设计。将复位骨折模型和导航模块3D打印出实物模型进行手术模拟并进行X线照片和CT扫描,比较虚拟手术与模拟手术导航螺钉长度、方向,是否进入髋关节。结果所有病例均按照虚拟手术设计完成模拟手术,3D模拟手术螺钉进针位置和螺钉长度、方向与数字化设计高度一致,通过导航模块辅助植入螺钉107颗,螺钉长度进行配对t检验P=0.476（P < 0.05）,螺钉方向偏差1°~5°的7颗,偏差大于5°的0颗,没有螺钉进入关节腔。结论3D打印结合虚拟手术设计能为髋臼骨折患者制定个性化导航模块,能有效提高内固定植入精确性。3D打印技术结合虚拟手术技术能为髋臼骨折患者制定个性化手术方案。      

螺旋CT三维成像评估活体供肾血管

背景：术前供肾血管的影像学评估对选择合适供肾及决定手术方式至关重要。目的：评估16层螺旋CT血管显影对活体供肾血管的显示水平。方法：术前对59例活体供肾者进行CT血管显影检查,三维重建肾脏动脉显像,由放射科医师评估血管情况,并与术中描述的血管情况对比。分析CT血管显影检查肾脏血管的敏感性和准确度。结果与结论：螺旋CT血管显影检查肾动脉总的敏感性和准确度分别为96.6%,90.5%。50例供肾为单支动脉,螺旋CT血管显影诊断的敏感性和准确度分别为96.1%,92.9%。在6例有两支肾动脉供肾中,螺旋CT血管显影敏感性和准确度均下降为83.3%。3例供肾有3支肾动脉,螺旋CT血管显影的敏感性和准确度为66.7%。螺旋CT血管显影对多支肾动脉总的诊断准确度为77.7%。说明无创、立体直观的螺旋CT血管显影检查可以准确地预测90.5%以上供肾动脉血管情况,是供肾术前血管评估的较好手段。     

64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术和CT仿真结肠镜的临床应用

背景：虚拟内窥镜能够充分显示结肠的解剖形态以及病变部位,并从狭窄、梗阻处两端观察肠腔的解剖和病变。结合三维图像还可了解肠壁以及腔外的情况,更有利于肿瘤的定性以及分期诊断。目的：探讨64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术和64层螺旋CT三维成像与仿真内镜在结肠肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法：应用Philips/Brilliance 64 CT对10例术后病理标本证实的结肠癌（8例）和结肠息肉（2例）进行容积扫描。Mimics软件用Marching Cubes算法对肠管进行面绘制及用虚拟内镜法重建三维图像及基于CT造影二维图像对大肠及周围结构等各种组织进行三维重建,并与Brilliance workspace工作站三维成像和仿真内镜结果相比较。结果与结论：10例三维成像效果良好,虚拟内镜与CT仿真内镜显示基本一致。虚拟结肠镜结合多结构数字模型重建可以提供更多信息,有助于病变的准确定位,能准确反映其复杂的解剖结构及空间毗邻关系。说明64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术能达到与CT仿真内镜结合三维成像同样的敏感性和特异性,加上各种组织三维重建技术可以提供较仿真内镜更丰富的信息。     

彩色多普勒超声在腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣术前评估中的应用

目的：探讨彩色多普勒血流显像在腓肠内侧动脉穿支血管检查中的应用。方法：以术中所见为标准,采用单盲的方法比较手持式声学多普勒及彩色多普勒血流显像对腓肠内侧动脉穿支数目、位置、血管直径检查及判断血管走行中的价值。结果：本研究移植8例皮瓣,共计24支穿支动脉,彩色多普勒血流显像与声学多普勒超声分别确诊22支及17支,误诊为2支和6支,漏诊为2支和7支,二者有显著统计学差异（P＜0.05）。彩色多普勒血流显像测量血管直径与术中测量无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。穿支血管主干分叉点16处,彩色多普勒血流显像与术中所见一致,二者吻合率为100%。8例皮瓣存活良好,术后未出现明显并发症。结论：彩色多普勒血流显像对腓肠内侧动脉穿支血管检测和皮瓣设计方面具有重要价值,能够提高皮瓣移植的可靠性。     

MSCTA术前评估复杂颅颈交界区畸形

目的 评估MSCTA在复杂颅颈交界区畸形术前检查的必要性及临床意义。方法 收集接受手术治疗的30例复杂颅颈交界区畸形患者,其中16例术前仅接受常规CT及MR检查（常规组）,14例于常规CT及MR检查外接受枕颈部MSCTA检查（CTA组）。对CTA组扫描数据进行三维重建,评估骨骼畸形、椎动脉V3段走行、变异及静脉丛的异常分布情况,拟定个体化手术治疗方案;比较两组手术时间、术中出血量差异及并发症情况。结果 CTA组骨骼畸形、椎动脉V3段变异呈明显个体化特点,平均手术时间（182.86±27.37）min,术中出血量（165.71±42.19）ml,无明显并发症,随访治疗效果满意。常规组平均手术时间（205.31±29.86）min,术中出血量（246.25±155.22）ml,1例患者术中左侧椎动脉损伤,术后出现小脑梗死,积极处理后随访好转。两组手术时间差异无统计学意义（t=1.878,P=0.071）,CTA组术中出血量少于常规组（t=2.136,P=0.042）。结论 MSCTA是一种研究颅颈交界区骨骼血管解剖及变异的可靠方法,术前有必要行头颈部MSCTA检查,有利于减少并发症,降低手术风险。     

Novel contrast-injection protocol for high-resolution abdominal CT-angiography: vascular visualization improvement with vasodilator

Purpose

To evaluate the usefulness of a novel contrast-injection protocol for high-resolution abdominal computed tomography angiography (CTA) using nitroglycerin (NTG).

Methods

Abdominal CTA was performed in 80 patients using two 64-detector-row CT scanners. Forty patients were examined after administration of sublingual NTG (NTG group), while 40 were examined without NTG administration (non-NTG group). Arterial phase images were acquired with maximum intensity projection and volume rendering. Reduction rates: vessel cross-sectional areas ratio of 10 cm distal to origin at the superior mesenteric artery, contrast enhancements, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were assessed. Three reviewers evaluated degree of depiction of the peripancreatic vasculature using a four-point scale (1 = poor, 4 = excellent).

Results

Reduction rates were significantly lower in the NTG group (P < 0.001), while there were no significant differences in contrast enhancements, SNR, or CNR between groups. Visual evaluation results of the NTG group were significantly better than those of the non-NTG group (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Abdominal CTA using NTG improved visualization of the abdominal peripheral vessels. This improved arterial view may be beneficial for preoperative evaluation of the arterial anatomy.

     

Registration of a CT-like atlas to fluoroscopic X-ray images using intensity correspondences

Objective  We present a novel method for intraoperative image-based bone surface reconstruction and its validation. Materials and methods  In the preoperative stage, we construct a CT-like intensity atlas of the anatomy of interest. In the intraoperative stage, we deformably register this atlas to fluoroscopic X-ray images of the patient anatomy. We iteratively refine the atlas-to-patient registration by establishing explicit correspondences between bone surfaces in the atlas and their projections in the X-ray images. The advantage of our method is its use of CT-quality intensity data for correspondence establishment, which eliminates the edge-detection problem and diminishes the miscorrespondence problem. We validate our method on two datasets: (1) an in vitro dry femur; (2) Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs, which were generated from 17 clinical CTs, and simulate realistic in vivo femurs. Results  The mean surface approximation error of our femur atlas was 0.85 ± 0.16 mm. On Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs, the mean surface reconstruction error was 1.40 ± 0.55 mm. On a dry femur, the mean surface reconstruction error was 1.44 mm. Conclusion  The results show that our reconstruction method is on par with the state of the art in reconstruction of ex vivo femurs. In addition, the results demonstrate that our method is effective in realistic simulations of the in vivo scenario.     

3D打印技术在复杂主动脉疾病腔内治疗中的应用

目的探讨三维(3D)打印技术在复杂主动脉疾病腔内治疗中的应用。方法回顾性分析24例复杂主动脉疾病患者的资料,术前根据24例患者的CT血管造影(CTA)进行主动脉3D重建,将病变区域进行3D打印,选择中空透明材料制作3D打印模型并消毒,术中根据3D打印模型将支架"预开窗"并缝制铂金弹簧圈,重装支架后在体内完成主体支架的释放和分支支架的选择并释放。术后观察疗效、并发症和随访情况。结果 24例包括12例复杂腹主动脉瘤、11例胸主动脉夹层、1例胸腹主动脉瘤,均在术前完成病变段主动脉3D模型打印,根据模型数据辅助制定手术方案,手术均顺利。24例术前3D打印模型测量和术中造影各项数据比较差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。主动脉夹层患者术后真腔最大直径较术前增大、术后假腔最大直径较术前减小;主动脉瘤患者术后瘤体最大直径较术前减小(P均<0.05)。所有患者术后均未出现出血、脏器功能损害等严重并发症,术后3个月复查CTA显示支架位置良好,无内漏,分支动脉血供良好。结论 3D打印技术能使复杂主动脉疾病的腔内治疗更加精准。     

A partial augmented reality system with live ultrasound and registered preoperative MRI for guiding robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

We propose an image guidance system for robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP). A virtual 3D reconstruction of the surgery scene is displayed underneath the endoscope’s feed on the surgeon’s console. This scene consists of an annotated preoperative Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) registered to intraoperative 3D Trans-rectal Ultrasound (TRUS) as well as real-time sagittal 2D TRUS images of the prostate, 3D models of the prostate, the surgical instrument and the TRUS transducer. We display these components with accurate real-time coordinates with respect to the robot system. Since the scene is rendered from the viewpoint of the endoscope, given correct parameters of the camera, an augmented scene can be overlaid on the video output. The surgeon can rotate the ultrasound transducer and determine the position of the projected axial plane in the MRI using one of the registered da Vinci instruments. This system was tested in the laboratory on custom-made agar prostate phantoms. We achieved an average total registration accuracy of 3.2  ±  1.3 mm. We also report on the successful application of this system in the operating room in 12 patients. The average registration error between the TRUS and the da Vinci system for the last 8 patients was 1.4  ±  0.3 mm and average target registration error of 2.1  ±  0.8 mm, resulting in an in vivo overall robot system to MRI mean registration error of 3.5 mm or less, which is consistent with our laboratory studies.     

保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即时乳房再造的围术期护理

目的：探讨保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即时应用下腹部横行腹直肌皮瓣进行乳房再造术的围术期护理。方法：对26例乳腺癌改良根治术后即时乳房再造术的患者做好术前心理护理,术中密切配合,术后移植皮瓣的观察护理及康复锻炼。结果：26例患者手术均获成功,除2例患者皮瓣部分坏死外,其他切口均一期愈合,再造乳房形态良好。结论：加强围手术期护理是确保乳腺癌改良根治术后即时乳房再造手术成功的关键。     

Inside the beating heart: an in vivo feasibility study on fusing pre- and intra-operative imaging for minimally invasive therapy

Objective  An interventional system for minimally invasive cardiac surgery was developed for therapy delivery inside the beating heart, in absence of direct vision. Method  A system was developed to provide a virtual reality (VR) environment that integrates pre-operative imaging, real-time intra-operative guidance using 2D trans-esophageal ultrasound, and models of the surgical tools tracked using a magnetic tracking system. Detailed 3D dynamic cardiac models were synthesized from high-resolution pre-operative MR data and registered within the intra-operative imaging environment. The feature-based registration technique was employed to fuse pre- and intra-operative data during in vivo intracardiac procedures on porcine subjects. Results  This method was found to be suitable for in vivo applications as it relies on easily identifiable landmarks, and hence, it ensures satisfactory alignment of pre- and intra-operative anatomy in the region of interest (4.8 mm RMS alignment accuracy) within the VR environment. Our initial experience in translating this work to guide intracardiac interventions, such as mitral valve implantation and atrial septal defect repair demonstrated feasibility of the methods. Conclusion  Surgical guidance in the absence of direct vision and with no exposure to ionizing radiation was achieved, so our virtual environment constitutes a feasible candidate for performing various off-pump intracardiac interventions.     

What the radiologist needs to know: the role of preoperative computed tomography in selection of operative approach for adrenalectomy and review of operative techniques

Adrenalectomy is the standard of care for management of many adrenal tumor types and, in the United States alone, approximately 6000 adrenal surgeries are performed annually. Two general approaches to adrenalectomy have been described; (1) the open approach, in which a diseased adrenal is removed through a large (10–20 cm) abdominal wall incision, and (2) the minimally invasive approach, in which laparoscopy is used to excise the gland through incisions generally no longer than 1–2 cm. Given these disparate technique options, clear preoperative characterization of those specific disease features that inform selection of adrenalectomy approach is critically important to the surgeon. Because most of these features are directly assessed via preoperative abdominal imaging, in particular computed tomography (CT) scanning, a clear mutual understanding among surgeons and radiologists of those adrenal tumor features impacting operative approach selection is vital for planning adrenal surgery. In this context, we review the preoperative CT imaging features that specifically inform adrenalectomy approach selection, provide illustrative examples from our institution’s imaging and surgical archives, and provide a stepwise guide to both the open and laparoscopic adrenalectomy approaches.

     

64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术和CT仿真结肠镜的临床应用

背景:虚拟内窥镜能够充分显示结肠的解剖形态以及病变部位,并从狭窄、梗阻处两端观察肠腔的解剖和病变。结合三维图像还可了解肠壁以及腔外的情况,更有利于肿瘤的定性以及分期诊断。目的:探讨64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术和64层螺旋CT三维成像与仿真内镜在结肠肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法:应用Philips/Brilliance 64 CT对10例术后病理标本证实的结肠癌(8例)和结肠息肉(2例)进行容积扫描。Mimics软件用Marching Cubes算法对肠管进行面绘制及用虚拟内镜法重建三维图像及基于CT造影二维图像对大肠及周围结构等各种组织进行三维重建,并与Brilliance workspace工作站三维成像和仿真内镜结果相比较。结果与结论:10例三维成像效果良好,虚拟内镜与CT仿真内镜显示基本一致。虚拟结肠镜结合多结构数字模型重建可以提供更多信息,有助于病变的准确定位,能准确反映其复杂的解剖结构及空间毗邻关系。说明64层CT造影断层图像虚拟技术能达到与CT仿真内镜结合三维成像同样的敏感性和特异性,加上各种组织三维重建技术可以提供较仿真内镜更丰富的信息。     

岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造加腋前皱襞重建术的护理配合

目的探讨乳腺癌根治术后Ⅱ期应用岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣加乳房假体行乳房再造术及腋前皱襞重建手术的护理配合。方法回顾性总结13例乳腺癌根治术后1—4年胸壁严重缺损患者行Ⅱ期岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣加乳房假体行乳房再造术及腋前皱襞重建的手术配合,包括术前人员、器械、物品及病人的准备,术中护士的配合方法。结果13例手术均获得成功,未发生由于器械或配合不良耽误手术,术中、术后皮瓣成活,切口无感染、均Ⅰ期愈合,无并发症发生,乳房外形良好,患者满意。结论术前物品准备充分及做好心理护理,取得患者的最佳配合;术中熟练的手术配合技巧是手术顺利完成的重要保证。