心肺复苏大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶与血脑屏障的变化及其抑制剂的作用

目的 探讨心肺复苏早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达和血脑屏障的变化规律及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT的作用.方法 将健康Sprague-Dawley(SD)雄性大鼠120只随机分为假手术对照组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,实验地点在中山大学北校区动物实验中心.动物模型采用气管夹闭窒息法,自主循环恢复定义为恢复室上性心律,平均动脉压≥60mmHg并且维持5 min以上.假手术对照组仅进行麻醉和气管插管,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复后立即腹腔内注射SB-3CT 25mg/kg.复苏对照组于自主循环恢复后不注射SB-3CT.在即刻及3,9,24 h和48 h时间点分5个时间点处死大鼠后,取样,测定脑组织MMP-9蛋白的表达和检测腩组织MMP-9 mRNA,观察脑含水量和伊文思蓝含量的变化,使用电镜观察脑组织的超微结构.统计分析采用方差分析法.结果 假手术对照组脑组织MMP-9表达、MMP-9 mRNA、脑含水量和伊文思蓝含量在各时间点均无明显变化,p 值分别为1.0000,0.6831,0.7124和0.9975.复苏对照组心肺复苏后上述指标均明显变化在24 h到达高峰,P 值分别为0.0264,0.0163,0.0000和0.0412,与假手术组比较有统计学意义.复苏治疗组心肺复苏后上述指标变化与复苏对照组相似,但变化程度较复苏对照组轻,P 值分别为0.0392,O.0373,0.O004和O.0180.脑组织损伤情况通过电镜观察得到证实.结论 大鼠心肺复苏后脑MMP-9,MMP-9 mRNA、脑含水量和伊文思蓝含量明显升高,血脑屏障受到破坏;电镜观察证实脑组织损伤明显;这些变化在心肺复苏后24 h时点达高峰.应用特异性MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可显减少MMP-9的表达,减轻脑水肿,对心肺复苏后脑缺血-再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制剂在鼻息肉中表达的临床研究

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)及其抑制剂(TIMP-2)在鼻息肉中的表达情况。方法回顾性分析2010年7月至2013年7月40例鼻息肉患者的临床资料,将其作为观察组。另外选择同期体检的健康者40例作为对照组。比较两组MMP-2与TIMP-2的表达情况及探讨二者对细胞因子的影响机制。结果①对照组与观察组MMP-2含量分别为(145.27±25.16)μg/L与(182.11±39.58)μg/L,差异具有显著性(P0.01);鼻息肉组织中MMP-2阳性细胞免疫组化染色为棕黄色,主要分布于鼻黏膜上皮全层细胞,正常鼻黏膜组织中MMP-2染色非常浅,主要分布于基底细胞层;②对照组与观察组TIMP-2含量分别为(142.11±20.22)μg/L及(159.95±26.86)μg/L,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);鼻息肉组织中TIMP-2阳性细胞免疫组化染色为棕黄色,均分布于细胞上皮全层细胞,正常鼻黏膜组织中无TIMP-2阳性细胞表达。③观察组MMP-2阳性率显著大于对照组(P0.01),但两组TIMP-2阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),且MMP-2与临床分期分型呈正相关性(r0,P0.05)。结论 MMP-2与TIMP-2在鼻息肉组织表达失衡,导致鼻上皮细胞结构破坏,可通过对MMP-2/TIMP-2活性的调控来预防与治疗鼻息肉的发生,对预防鼻息肉的临床治疗具有指导意义。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9抑制剂SB-3CT对心肺复苏大鼠血脑屏障作用的研究

目的 观察心肺复苏(CPR)早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脑屏障的变化及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT对其的作用.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,夹闭气管插管致大鼠心搏骤停,1 min后进行CPR,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复(ROSC)后立即腹腔注射MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT 25 mg/kg.各组于ROSC 0、3、9、24和48 h分别处死8只大鼠后,观察血脑屏障变化;测定脑组织MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;电镜下观察超微结构改变.结果 假手术组各时间点脑含水量、伊文思蓝含量、脑组织MMP-9蛋白及mRNA表达和电镜观察均无明显变化.复苏对照组各指标于3 h起明显升高,24 h达高峰,与假手术组比较差异均有统计学意义;血脑屏障明显改变.复苏治疗组ROSC后上述指标变化趋势与复苏对照组相似,但损伤程度较复苏对照组轻(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可明显减少MMP-9表达,减轻血脑屏障损伤,减轻脑水肿,对CPR后脑缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9抑制剂SB-3CT对心肺复苏大鼠血脑屏障作用的研究

目的 观察心肺复苏(CPR)早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脑屏障的变化及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT对其的作用.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,夹闭气管插管致大鼠心搏骤停,1 min后进行CPR,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复(ROSC)后立即腹腔注射MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT 25 mg/kg.各组于ROSC 0、3、9、24和48 h分别处死8只大鼠后,观察血脑屏障变化;测定脑组织MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;电镜下观察超微结构改变.结果 假手术组各时间点脑含水量、伊文思蓝含量、脑组织MMP-9蛋白及mRNA表达和电镜观察均无明显变化.复苏对照组各指标于3 h起明显升高,24 h达高峰,与假手术组比较差异均有统计学意义;血脑屏障明显改变.复苏治疗组ROSC后上述指标变化趋势与复苏对照组相似,但损伤程度较复苏对照组轻(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可明显减少MMP-9表达,减轻血脑屏障损伤,减轻脑水肿,对CPR后脑缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9抑制剂SB-3CT对心肺复苏大鼠血脑屏障作用的研究

目的 观察心肺复苏(CPR)早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脑屏障的变化及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT对其的作用.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,夹闭气管插管致大鼠心搏骤停,1 min后进行CPR,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复(ROSC)后立即腹腔注射MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT 25 mg/kg.各组于ROSC 0、3、9、24和48 h分别处死8只大鼠后,观察血脑屏障变化;测定脑组织MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;电镜下观察超微结构改变.结果 假手术组各时间点脑含水量、伊文思蓝含量、脑组织MMP-9蛋白及mRNA表达和电镜观察均无明显变化.复苏对照组各指标于3 h起明显升高,24 h达高峰,与假手术组比较差异均有统计学意义;血脑屏障明显改变.复苏治疗组ROSC后上述指标变化趋势与复苏对照组相似,但损伤程度较复苏对照组轻(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可明显减少MMP-9表达,减轻血脑屏障损伤,减轻脑水肿,对CPR后脑缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9抑制剂SB-3CT对心肺复苏大鼠血脑屏障作用的研究

目的 观察心肺复苏(CPR)早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脑屏障的变化及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT对其的作用.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,夹闭气管插管致大鼠心搏骤停,1 min后进行CPR,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复(ROSC)后立即腹腔注射MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT 25 mg/kg.各组于ROSC 0、3、9、24和48 h分别处死8只大鼠后,观察血脑屏障变化;测定脑组织MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;电镜下观察超微结构改变.结果 假手术组各时间点脑含水量、伊文思蓝含量、脑组织MMP-9蛋白及mRNA表达和电镜观察均无明显变化.复苏对照组各指标于3 h起明显升高,24 h达高峰,与假手术组比较差异均有统计学意义;血脑屏障明显改变.复苏治疗组ROSC后上述指标变化趋势与复苏对照组相似,但损伤程度较复苏对照组轻(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可明显减少MMP-9表达,减轻血脑屏障损伤,减轻脑水肿,对CPR后脑缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9抑制剂SB-3CT对心肺复苏大鼠血脑屏障作用的研究

目的 观察心肺复苏(CPR)早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脑屏障的变化及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT对其的作用.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,夹闭气管插管致大鼠心搏骤停,1 min后进行CPR,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复(ROSC)后立即腹腔注射MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT 25 mg/kg.各组于ROSC 0、3、9、24和48 h分别处死8只大鼠后,观察血脑屏障变化;测定脑组织MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;电镜下观察超微结构改变.结果 假手术组各时间点脑含水量、伊文思蓝含量、脑组织MMP-9蛋白及mRNA表达和电镜观察均无明显变化.复苏对照组各指标于3 h起明显升高,24 h达高峰,与假手术组比较差异均有统计学意义;血脑屏障明显改变.复苏治疗组ROSC后上述指标变化趋势与复苏对照组相似,但损伤程度较复苏对照组轻(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可明显减少MMP-9表达,减轻血脑屏障损伤,减轻脑水肿,对CPR后脑缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9抑制剂SB-3CT对心肺复苏大鼠血脑屏障作用的研究

目的 观察心肺复苏(CPR)早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脑屏障的变化及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT对其的作用.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,夹闭气管插管致大鼠心搏骤停,1 min后进行CPR,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复(ROSC)后立即腹腔注射MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT 25 mg/kg.各组于ROSC 0、3、9、24和48 h分别处死8只大鼠后,观察血脑屏障变化;测定脑组织MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;电镜下观察超微结构改变.结果 假手术组各时间点脑含水量、伊文思蓝含量、脑组织MMP-9蛋白及mRNA表达和电镜观察均无明显变化.复苏对照组各指标于3 h起明显升高,24 h达高峰,与假手术组比较差异均有统计学意义;血脑屏障明显改变.复苏治疗组ROSC后上述指标变化趋势与复苏对照组相似,但损伤程度较复苏对照组轻(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可明显减少MMP-9表达,减轻血脑屏障损伤,减轻脑水肿,对CPR后脑缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9抑制剂SB-3CT对心肺复苏大鼠血脑屏障作用的研究

目的 观察心肺复苏(CPR)早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脑屏障的变化及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT对其的作用.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,夹闭气管插管致大鼠心搏骤停,1 min后进行CPR,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复(ROSC)后立即腹腔注射MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT 25 mg/kg.各组于ROSC 0、3、9、24和48 h分别处死8只大鼠后,观察血脑屏障变化;测定脑组织MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;电镜下观察超微结构改变.结果 假手术组各时间点脑含水量、伊文思蓝含量、脑组织MMP-9蛋白及mRNA表达和电镜观察均无明显变化.复苏对照组各指标于3 h起明显升高,24 h达高峰,与假手术组比较差异均有统计学意义;血脑屏障明显改变.复苏治疗组ROSC后上述指标变化趋势与复苏对照组相似,但损伤程度较复苏对照组轻(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可明显减少MMP-9表达,减轻血脑屏障损伤,减轻脑水肿,对CPR后脑缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9抑制剂SB-3CT对心肺复苏大鼠血脑屏障作用的研究

目的 观察心肺复苏(CPR)早期大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脑屏障的变化及MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT对其的作用.方法 将动物随机分为假手术组、复苏对照组和复苏治疗组,夹闭气管插管致大鼠心搏骤停,1 min后进行CPR,复苏治疗组于自主循环恢复(ROSC)后立即腹腔注射MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT 25 mg/kg.各组于ROSC 0、3、9、24和48 h分别处死8只大鼠后,观察血脑屏障变化;测定脑组织MMP-9的蛋白和mRNA表达;电镜下观察超微结构改变.结果 假手术组各时间点脑含水量、伊文思蓝含量、脑组织MMP-9蛋白及mRNA表达和电镜观察均无明显变化.复苏对照组各指标于3 h起明显升高,24 h达高峰,与假手术组比较差异均有统计学意义;血脑屏障明显改变.复苏治疗组ROSC后上述指标变化趋势与复苏对照组相似,但损伤程度较复苏对照组轻(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 MMP-9抑制剂SB-3CT可明显减少MMP-9表达,减轻血脑屏障损伤,减轻脑水肿,对CPR后脑缺血/再灌注损伤有明显保护作用.     

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adult cardiac arrest patients

Cardiac arrest is a major cause of unexpected death in developed countries, and patients with cardiac arrest generally have a poor prognosis. Despite the use of conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), few patients could achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Even if ROSC was achieved, some patients showed re-arrest and many survivors were unable to fully resume their former lifestyles because of severe neurological deficits. Safar et al reported the effectiveness of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass in an animal model and discussed the possibility of employing cardiopulmonary bypass as a CPR method. Because of progress in medical engineering, the system of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) became small and portable, and it became easy to perform circulatory support in cardiac arrest or shock patients. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) has been reported to be superior to conventional CPR in in-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Veno- arterial ECMO is generally performed in emergency settings and it can be used to perform ECPR in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Although there is no sufficient evidence to support the efficacy of ECPR in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, encouraging results have been obtained in small case series.     

肾上腺素与血管加压素对窒息性心脏骤停大鼠早期心肺复苏的影响

目的：比较肾上腺素与血管加压素对室息性心脏骤停大鼠早期心肺复苏的影响。方法：健康SI）夫鼠48只,体重200～250g,雌雄产拘,将大鼠随机分成4组（n=12）：正常对照组（C组）、模型组（M组）、肾上腺素组（E组）和血管加雎素组（V组）。M组、E组及V绀大鼠均经气管夹闭1min,建立窒息性心脏骤停模型。肖窒息时间达1min时,分别在常规心肺复苏前：c组和M组大鼠经股静脉注射生理盐水1m1。E组及V纰大鼠经股静脉分别注射肾上腺素0．04mg／kg及血管加压素0．4u／kg,H时开始胸外心脏按压及机械通气,观察自主循环恢复情况,5min无效则放弃复苏。自主循环恢复的大鼠连续监测心电和血压30min。记录在CPR30min内自主循环恢复情况及血流动力学;记录CPR30rain后,采用免疫组织化学法检测各组实验大鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-水平、白细胞介素6及白细胞介素10水平。结果：E、V组大鼠自主循环恢复率均显著高于M组（分别为73．4％．74．6％,和15．3％,P〈0．05）．E组大鼠自主循环恢复牢与V组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;E、V组大鼠平均动脉压明显高于M绀大鼠（P〈0．05）,V组大鼠MAP高于E组大鼠。差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。M组大鼠血清中自细胞介素6及肿瘤坏死因子-水平与E、V组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;E组大鼠m清中肿瘤坏死阔子-及白细胞介素-6水平高于V组（P〈0．05）。E组大鼠血清中白细胞介素-10水平低于V组（P〈0．05）。结论：肾卜腺素与血管加压素在窒息性心脏骤停大鼠早期心肺复苏过程中复苏成功牢无明显差异,但血管加乐素町维持大鼠复苏后平均动脉搓在相对较高水平;同时血管加压素可提高复苏后大鼠血清中抗炎因子水平。     

心源性心脏骤停心肺复苏成功的分析

目的分析影响心源性心脏骤停患者心肺复苏成功的临床因素。方法选择该院收治的心源性心脏骤停患者共58例,根据复苏成功与否分成心肺复苏成功组(成功组)22例和心肺复苏失败组(失败组)36例。分析两组患者的临床资料,探讨与心肺复苏成功的相关因素。结果两组患者性别比和发病种类比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);成功组患者的年龄和入院时间明显低于失败组,院前给予抢救的比例明显高于失败组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。成功组患者的心脏停搏时间、抢救时间、心肺复苏循环平均次数、肾上腺素剂量和电除颤次数明显低于失败组,应用辅助机械通气的比例明显高于失败组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论心肺复苏成功的因素可能与发病年龄、入院时间、院前给予抢救的比例、心脏停搏时间、抢救时间、心肺复苏循环次数、肾上腺素剂量、平均电除颤次数和应用辅助机械通气有关。     

体外心肺复苏技术在成人心搏骤停抢救中的应用

目的 回顾性总结应用体外心肺复苏(E-CPR)技术救治成人心搏骤停患者的临床经验.方法 2005年7月至2009年7月,有11例心源性心搏骤停成人患者(男7例,女4例,年龄24～71岁)经常规心肺复苏(CPR)抢救10～15 min无法有效恢复自主循环,而采用E-CPR技术抢救.7例心脏手术后患者在CPR抢救同时自原胸骨切口先建立升主动脉-右心房常规体外循环辅助,再转为体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助;4例患者在CPR抢救同时直接经股动、静脉置管建立ECMO辅助.结果 11例患者CPR时间30～90 min,平均(51±14)min,10例患者可恢复自主心律.11例患者ECMO辅助时间2～223 h,中位时间126 h.6例患者成功撤离ECMO辅助,但存活出院率为36.4%(4/11).2例患者在ECMO辅助的同时加用主动脉内球囊反搏术(IABP),1例存活.3例患者因合并肾功能衰竭而需血液滤过治疗.结论 E-CPR为抢救危重的心搏骤停患者提供了一个新的手段.如何有效评估和选择病例,及时开始救治以提高成功率,值得进一步研究.     

Hemodynamic-directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines assume that cardiac arrest victims can be treated with a uniform chest compression (CC) depth and a standardized interval administration of vasopressor drugs. This non-personalized approach does not incorporate a patient's individualized response into ongoing resuscitative efforts. In previously reported porcine models of hypoxic and normoxic ventricular fibrillation (VF), a hemodynamic-directed resuscitation improved short-term survival compared to current practice guidelines. Skilled in-hospital rescuers should be trained to tailor resuscitation efforts to the individual patient's physiology. Such a strategy would be a major paradigm shift in the treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest victims.     

A rodent model of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation with different temperatures after asphyxial cardiac arrest

Background

The use of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (ECPB) resuscitation after cardiac arrest may offer hope for survival when standard ACLS therapies fail. However, whether cooling adds benefit to ECPB is unknown and we lack an ECPB rodent model for experimental studies. We sought to (a) develop a 72 h survival rodent model using ECPB to treat asphyxial cardiac arrest and (b) use this new model to evaluate early mild and moderate hypothermia versus normothermia during ECPB resuscitation.

Methods

After 8 min of normothermic asphyxia, three groups of rats were resuscitated with ECPB at 37 °C (NORM), 34 °C (MILD) and 30 °C (MOD) for 1 h (n = 10 each). During the second resuscitation hour, ECPB was discontinued, ventilatory support was provided and body temperatures were maintained at 37 °C for NORM, 34 °C for MILD, and from 30 °C gradually up to 34 °C in 1 h for MOD animals. From hours 3 to 8, body temperature was maintained at 37 °C for NORM and 34 °C for MILD and MOD animals.

Results

All rats were initially resuscitated by ECPB. After 72 h, neurological outcome and survival in the MILD (60% survival) and MOD (80%) groups were significantly better than in the NORM (0%) group (p < 0.05). Overall performance recovery in the MOD group was best (vs. the NORM group), while the MILD group had an intermediate outcome.

Conclusions

A rodent model of ECPB is feasible and useful for resuscitation studies. The addition of early mild and moderate hypothermia to ECPB resuscitation significantly improves survival compared with normothermic ECPB in rats.     

山莨菪碱对心脏骤停患者氧化应激及心肺复苏效果的影响

目的:探讨山莨菪碱对心脏骤停患者氧化应激及心肺复苏效果的影响。方法:选择急诊科抢救的心脏骤停患者119例,骤停时间≤10min,随机分为对照组和干预组。两组均按照美国心脏学会心肺复苏指南进行标准的心肺复苏,干预组在标准心肺复苏基础上静脉注射山莨菪碱,比较两组患者自主循环恢复(ROSC)率及复苏后24h存活率;分别在自主循环恢复后和复苏24h后测定血清总超氧化物岐化酶(T-SOD)活力、总抗氧化力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,比较两组间差别。结果:干预组患者自主循环恢复率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.01);复苏24h后,干预组患者存活率显著高于对照组(P<0.01);自主循环恢复后及复苏24h后,干预组T-SOD活力和T-AOC显著高于对照组,MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:早期应用山莨菪碱可能会减轻心脏骤停患者体内氧化应激,可能有助于提高复苏后24h存活率,但对于短期自主循环的恢复可能没有明显改善。     

Managing cardiac arrest with refractory ventricular fibrillation in the emergency department: Conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation

AimRefractory ventricular fibrillation, resistant to conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), is a life threatening rhythm encountered in the emergency department. Although previous reports suggest the use of extracorporeal CPR can improve the clinical outcomes in patients with prolonged cardiac arrest, the effectiveness of this novel strategy for refractory ventricular fibrillation is not known. We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation managed with conventional CPR or extracorporeal CPR in our institution.MethodThis is a retrospective chart review study from an emergency department in a tertiary referral medical center. We identified 209 patients presenting with cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation between September 2011 and September 2013. Of these, 60 patients were enrolled with ventricular fibrillation refractory to resuscitation for more than 10 min. The clinical outcome of patients with ventricular fibrillation received either conventional CPR, including defibrillation, chest compression, and resuscitative medication (C-CPR, n = 40) or CPR plus extracorporeal CPR (E-CPR, n = 20) were compared.ResultsThe overall survival rate was 35%, and 18.3% of patients were discharged with good neurological function. The mean duration of CPR was longer in the E-CPR group than in the C-CPR group (69.90 ± 49.6 min vs 34.3 ± 17.7 min, p = 0.0001). Patients receiving E-CPR had significantly higher rates of sustained return of spontaneous circulation (95.0% vs 47.5%, p = 0.0009), and good neurological function at discharge (40.0% vs 7.5%, p = 0.0067). The survival rate in the E-CPR group was higher (50% vs 27.5%, p = 0.1512) at discharge and (50% vs 20%, p = 0. 0998) at 1 year after discharge.ConclusionsThe management of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the emergency department remains challenging, as evidenced by an overall survival rate of 35% in this study. Patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation receiving E-CPR had a trend toward higher survival rates and significantly improved neurological outcomes than those receiving C-CPR.     

Imbalance between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 after cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Aims

This study aimed to determine whether (a) there was an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in a canine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF); (b) with the duration of VF, the degree of the imbalance would be greater; and (c) there was a relationship between the level of MMP-9 or TIMP-1 and the cardiac function.

Methods and Results

Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced in 24 dogs. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (sham control, n = 8; 8-minute VF, n = 8; 12-minute VF, n = 8). Echocardiographic measurement and hemodynamic variables were recorded before VF and after return of spontaneous circulation. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and MMP-9 were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Compared with sham controls, dogs under VF and CPR showed significantly decreased level of TIMP-1 (P < .001), and with the duration of VF, the level of TIMP-1 declined (P < .01). The level of MMP-9 did not achieve statistical significance in the 3 groups (P > .05); however, they were higher in VF and longer duration VF groups. The ratios of TIMP-1/MMP-9 were lower in VF groups (P < .05). There was a negative correlation between TIMP-1 and left atrium dimension and left ventricular diastolic dimensions (r = −0.83 and r = −0.96, respectively; P < .01) and a positive correlation between TIMP-1 and left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.85; P < .01).

Conclusions

There was an imbalance between TIMP-1 and MMP-9 after CPR. It may partly contribute to the postresuscitation cardiac dysfunction.