不同糖耐量孕妇胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能的变化

目的观察不同糖耐量孕妇胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能变化。方法 248例孕妇于孕早期(孕5~12周)和孕中晚期(孕24~32周)检测空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS),计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)及胰岛β细胞分泌指数(HOMA-β);根据孕中晚期OGTT结果将孕妇分为妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM组)和无糖耐量受损组(NGT组),比较两组FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR及HOMA-β。结果 GDM组孕前BMI高于NGT组,P<0.05;两组年龄、采血孕周、新生儿体质量、巨大儿发生率比较,P均>0.05。与NGT组比较,GDM组孕早期FPG及孕中晚期FPG、HOMA-IR均升高,孕中晚期HOMA-β降低;与孕早期比较,GDM组孕中晚期FPG、HOMA-IR均升高(P均<0.05),NGT组孕中晚期FPG降低而FINS、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β升高(P均<0.05)。结论与NGT孕妇相比,GDM患者存在胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能缺陷,孕中晚期表现更显著。     

孕中期妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素分泌功能变化及临床意义

目的探讨孕中期妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者胰岛素抵抗(IR)、胰岛素分泌功能变化及临床意义。方法选择孕中期孕妇60例,根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果,分为GDM组28例、正常糖耐量(NGT)组32例。检测两组各时间点的血糖、胰岛素,计算IR指数(HOMA-IR),评价IR程度;计算胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)、动态胰岛素分泌指数(MBCI)、血糖曲线下面积(AUCGLU)/胰岛素曲线下面积(AUCINS),评价胰岛素分泌功能。结果与NGT组比较,GDM组的各时间点血糖、胰岛素、HOMA-IR、AUCGLU、AUCINS、HOMA-β明显升高(P均<0.05),MB-CI、AUCINS/AUCGLU明显降低(P<0.05或<0.01)。结论 GDM患者存在IR及胰岛素分泌功能降低,胰岛素分泌不能代偿IR是GDM发生的主要原因。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清Vaspin水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的探讨GDM患者血清Vaspin水平与IR的关系。方法选取2013年4~10月于我院产科行常规产前检查的孕妇176名,按75 g OGTT结果分为GDM组84例和糖耐量正常妊娠组(GNGT)92名,同时选取糖耐量正常未孕(NGT)者80名。检测各组血清Vaspin、瘦素(Leptin)、APN水平。行OGTT后检测各时点血糖、胰岛素、HbA_1c和血脂水平,稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)。结果与NGT组比较,GDM组和GNGT组Vaspin水平升高,且GDM组较GNGT组高[(2.72±2.20)vs(1.84±1.57)ng/ml,P0.05]。Pearson相关分析显示,GDM组Vaspin与HOMA-IR、TG呈正相关(r=0.387、0.218,P0.05或P0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,GDM组BMI-2(入组时BMI)、Vaspin、Leptin与HOMA-IR独立相关。二元Logistic回归分析表明,Vaspin和HOMA-IR是GDM的影响因素。结论 GDM患者Vaspin水平与IR相关,可能在GDM的发病机制中发挥重要作用,亦是GDM患者IS的重要标志。     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清IRS-1表达及其与胰岛素抵抗相关性分析

目的检测妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者血清中胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)的表达水平,同时分析其与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性。方法选择该院2019年5月—2020年5月收治的分娩期孕妇86例,根据OGTT试验结果分为GDM组44例和正常糖耐量组(NGT组)42例,使用ELISA的方法检测两组患者血清IRS-1的表达水平,同时检测患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后1 h血糖(1 h PG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹C肽、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)指标。结果 GDM组患者FPG、1 hPG、2 hPG、FINS、空腹C肽、HOMA-IR、HbA1c水平均高于NGT组,而IRS-1水平低于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。同时经过Pearson相关性分析显示,GDM组患者IRS-1表达水平与患者HOMA-IR、FPG、1 hPG、2 hPG、FINS、HbA1c水平呈明显负相关(P0.05)。结论GDM孕妇存在明显的IR,其与患者血清IRS-1的表达呈负相关,因此低IRS-1在GDM的发生发展中起到一定的作用,这一结果为将来GDM的治疗提供了依据。     

糖化血红蛋白、胰岛β细胞功能在妊娠糖尿病诊断中的临床价值

目的:探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素释放水平和胰岛β细胞功能指标在妊娠糖尿病(GDM)诊断中的临床价值。方法:选取2016-01—2017-04在西安市第四医院产科门诊就诊的405例孕24~28周产前检查妇女为研究对象,将其分为GDM组289例,糖耐量正常(NGT组)116例,行75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)和胰岛素释放试验,分别测定HbA1c、血糖、胰岛素水平。根据血糖结果,将GDM组进一步分为GDM1组:空腹血糖≥5.1mmol/L;GDM2组:1h血糖≥10.0mmol/L;GDM3组:2h血糖≥8.5mmol/L;GDM4组:多点血糖异常(2点或2点以上血糖异常)。比较不同时间点血糖特点患者的稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、葡萄糖曲线下面积(AUCG)、胰岛素曲线下面积(AUCI)和胰岛素敏感性(ISI)。结果:(1)与NGT组比较,GDM组的HbA1c、血糖、胰岛素均显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);(2)GDM组的AUCG、AUCI、HOMA-IR与NGT组比较均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05),HOMA-β、ISI与NGT组比较均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05);(3)其中GDM1-4组的AUCG,GDM1、2、4组的AUCI,GDM1、3、4组的HOMA-IR均高于NGT组(P0.01或P0.05);GDM2、3、4组的HOMA-β,GDM1-4组的ISI均低于NGT组(P0.01或P0.05);(4)相关性分析结果显示,各时间点血糖均与HOMA-IR呈正相关,其中空腹血糖(FPG)与HOMA-IR的相关性最大(r=0.51),同时FPG与HOMA-β呈负相关(r=-0.28),餐后各时间点血糖与HOMA-β关系不大,各时间点血糖均与ISI呈负相关(P0.01)。结论:HbA1c能更好地反映GDM患者的血糖水平且结果稳定,胰岛素释放试验能反映GDM患者的胰岛β细胞功能,GDM患者的胰岛素抵抗较NGT增高,胰岛分泌功能下降,不同时间点的血糖孕妇其基础状态及糖负荷后的胰岛素分泌功能均有不同程度受损。     

妊娠期糖尿病血清肿瘤坏死因子-α、内脂素水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性分析

采用稳态模型评估法评估正常糖耐量孕妇(NGT)、糖耐量减低孕妇(GIGT)和妊娠期糖尿病孕妇(GDM)的胰岛素抵抗指数,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测其血清TNF-α、内脂素及胰岛素水平。结果 GDM组和GIGT组HOMA-IR显著高于NGT组,GDM组HOMA-IR显著高于GIGT组。血清TNF-α、内脂素水平由NGT组到GIGT组和GDM组均呈显著增高,TNF-α、内脂素与空腹胰岛素、孕晚期体重指数、HOMA-IR均呈显著正相关。结论 TNF-α、内脂素水平与GDM患者IR程度密切相关,其水平可作为预测妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素敏感性的指标,将来可能是治疗妊娠期糖尿病的新靶点。     

胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞分泌功能对妊娠糖尿病的影响

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗(IR)和β细胞分泌功能对妊娠糖尿病(GDM)的影响。方法观察妊娠中晚期孕妇糖耐量正常(NGT)者35例、糖耐量减低(IGT)者33例和GDM者38例在不同糖耐量状态下的IR和β细胞分泌功能,采用HOMA-IR和HOMA-β分别评价IR和β细胞分泌功能。结果IGT组的HOMA-IR明显高于NGT组(P<0·05),两组的HOMA-β的差异无统计学意义;GDM组的HOMA-IR明显高于NGT和IGT组(P<0·05),HOMA-β明显低于NGT和IGT组,差异均有统计学意义。结论妊娠中晚期孕妇IGT阶段胰岛素早期分泌功能受损,到GDM阶段兼有严重的IR和β细胞缺陷。从NGT、IGT到GDM,随着糖代谢紊乱的不断进展,IR逐渐加重,胰岛β细胞功能进行性减退。     

糖调节受损和2型糖尿病患者抵抗素、瘦素和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1的水平及与胰岛素抵抗的关系

广西30例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者、26例糖调节受损（IGR）患者和30例糖耐量正常（NGT）者的研究显示，T2DM组的血清抵抗素和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1（PAI-1）水平明显高于IGR和NGT组。IGR组的PAI-1和瘦素水平明显高于NGT组。T2DM组的瘦素水平高于NGT组。胰岛素抵抗指数与瘦素、TG、PAI-1水平正相关。     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白与胰岛素抵抗的关系探讨

目的 探讨孕期血清脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白(A-FABP)水平变化与妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 96例孕妇,根据75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果 分A-FABP为正常葡萄糖耐量妊娠组(NGT组)和妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM组).用ELISA方法 测定患者血清A-FABP浓度,同时测定患者身高、体重,计算体重指数(BMI),化验血糖、血脂、空腹胰岛素,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA - IR)和胰岛素敏感性指数( ISI),分析各指标与A-FABP的关系.结果 GDM组血清A-FABP、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、HOMA -IR均高于NGT组,而ISI低于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).多元线性回归分析表明,A-FABP与 BMI(β=0.186,P=0.027)、TG(β=0.182,P=0.024)、HOMA -IR(β=0.214,P=0.014)呈正相关,与ISI成负相关(β=-0.212,P=0.014).结论 GDM 患者血清A-FABP水平明显升高,并与胰岛素抵抗密切相关.     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清脂联素和TNF-α与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者血清脂联素和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平与胰岛素抵抗(IR)关系.方法 检测48例GDM患者(GDM组)、30例正常葡萄糖耐量妊娠者(NGT组)血清脂联素、TNF-α,分析两者与IR指数的相关性.结果 与NGT组比较,GDM组血清脂联素水平下降(P<0.01),TNF-α升高(P<0.01).脂联素与IR呈负相关(P<0.01),TNF-α与IR呈正相关(P<0.01).体质量指数(BMI)、脂联素和TNF-α是影响GDM患者IR的独立危险因素.结论 GDM患者血清低脂联素水平、高TNF-α水平与IR密切相关,是GDM发生发展的重要影响因素.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.