呼吸机持续加水与间断加水方法的效果观察

[目的]对比观察呼吸机湿化器间断加水与持续加水的效果。[方法]将100例呼吸衰竭需行机械通气的病人随机分为对照组和实验组,实验组采用持续加水法,对照组采用间断加水法,对比观察病人气管痉挛、痰痂、肺不张的发生情况及痰液性状和湿化液温度的变化。[结果]实验组与对照组在气管痉挛、痰痂、肺不张发生、痰液黏稠度方面均存在差异;实验组湿化液温度维持在34℃-37℃,对照组维持在29℃-36℃;且实验组病人痰液相对稀薄,易于吸出。[结论]持续加水法相对于间断加水法,进入病人气道的湿化液温度保持在预设温度,且病人痰液易于吸出,呼吸系统相关并发症发生率较低。     

呼吸机湿化器两种加水方法效果比较

目的 比较间断呼吸机湿化器加水法和持续呼吸机湿化器加水法临床效果.方法 100例心脏直视术后机械通气患者随机分为对照组和实验组进行对照比较.结果 2种呼吸机湿化器加水法,从憋气感、低氧血症、痰阻、肺部感染4方面比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 持续加水法明显优于间断加水法.     

呼吸机湿化器两种加水方法效果比较

目的比较间断呼吸机湿化器加水法和持续呼吸机湿化器加水法临床效果。方法100例心脏直视术后机械通气患者随机分为对照组和实验组进行对照比较。结果2种呼吸机湿化器加水法,从憋气感、低氧血症、痰阻、肺部感染4方面比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论持续加水法明显优于间断加水法。     

微量注射泵持续气道湿化临床效果观察

[目的]观察气道开放后持续泵入湿化液后气道湿化的效果.[方法]将40例气道开放病人随机分为实验组和对照组各20例,实验组采用0．9％氯化钠50mL沐舒坦15mg配成湿化液持续泵入2mL／h～5mL／h。对照组采用相同方法配制的湿化液,每隔30min～60min沿套管或插管壁滴入2mL～5mL,时间为5min。观察两组吸出痰液及痰痂形成、刺激性咳嗽、气道黏膜出血等情况。[结果]实验组痰液黏度明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,痰痂形成、刺激性咳嗽、气道黏膜出血发生率显著低于时照组（P〈0．05）。[结论]气道开放病人气管内持续泵入湿化液可预防气道干燥和消除痰痂形成,对改善和保持病人呼吸道通畅有明显效果。     

气管内间断湿化法与输液管持续湿化法效果比较

目的比较气管内间断湿化法与输液管持续湿化法的临床效果.方法实验组50例气管切开病人应用输液管持续湿化,对照组50例用气管内间断湿化进行回顾性对照研究.结果实验组痰痂形成、发生刺激性咳嗽、气道黏膜出血的例数明显少于对照组(P＜0.01),肺部感染发生率亦低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论输液管持续气道湿化可以明显减少痰痂形成、刺激性咳嗽、气道黏膜出血及肺部感染的发生.     

气管切开术后两种气道湿化方法的效果评价和分析

目的：比较气管内间断湿化法与输液式持续湿化法的临床效果和所需护理人力的情况。方法：将气管切开术后需气道湿化的病人80例，随机分成实验组和对照组各40例，实验组气管切开病人应用输液式持续性气管内滴药湿化；对照组用气管内间断性滴药湿化，对比观察两组气道湿化的效果并统计其护理操作消耗的时间。结果：实验组痰痂形成、发生刺激性咳嗽、气道黏膜出血的例数明显少于对照组，肺部感染发生率亦低于对照组（P〈0．05），为病人气管内滴药护理操作人平均每天所需的时间，实验组为10min，对照组为96min。结论：输液式持续气道湿化法明显优于传统的气管内间断滴药湿化法，且可明显节省气道湿化的护理工作量。     

气管切开术后微量输液泵持续滴注法湿化人工气道的效果观察

[目的]探讨气管切开术后微量输液泵持续滴注法湿化人工气道的效果。[方法]将102例气管切开病人随机分为两组,实验组采用输液泵持续向人工气道滴注湿化液,对照组采用传统的间断气管内滴注法湿化气道。[结果]实验组并发症发生率低于对照组（P〈0．05）,湿化效果优于对照组（P〈0．05）,差异具有统计学意义。[结论]输液泵持续向人工气道滴注湿化液优于传统的间断气管内滴注法。     

气管切开术后微量输液泵持续滴注法湿化人工气道的效果观察

[目的]探讨气管切开术后微量输液泵持续滴注法湿化人工气道的效果.[方法]将102例气管切开病人随机分为两组,实验组采用输液泵持续向人工气道滴注湿化液,对照组采用传统的间断气管内滴注法湿化气道.[结果]实验组并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),湿化效果优于对照组(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义.[结论]输液泵持续向人工气道滴注湿化液优于传统的间断气管内滴注法.     

洁霉素对湿化气道作用的护理体会

目的：探讨气管切开术后患者定时应用洁霉素气道湿化的临床疗效。方法：选择2013年1月至2013年7月五官科70例气管切开的患者,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组各35例。对照组采用常规湿化液间断滴入气道湿化,实验组在常规湿化液间断滴入气道湿化基础上定时给予洁霉素滴入气道,观察病人的痰痂形成情况,痰液粘稠的变化,痰培养结果和副作用的情况。结果：实验组患者痰痂形成明显减少,痰液稀释,痰培养阳性率也明显下降,未见明显不良反应。结论：洁霉素的应用可减少了气管切开病人痰痂的形成,减少了感染发生率。     

两种气道湿化法在气管切开术病人应用中的效果观察

[目的]比较氧气雾化湿化法和持续微量注射泵气管内滴注湿化法在气管切开术病人气道湿化效果及并发症发生情况。[方法]将60例气管切开病人随机分为实验组（30例）和对照组（30例）。实验组采用氧气雾化湿化法，对照组采用持续微量注射泵气管内滴注湿化法。观察两组气道湿化效果和并发症发生情况。[结果]两组气道湿化效果、吸痰次数和并发症比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]间断氧气雾化湿化法在气管切开病人气道湿化中效果明显优于持续微量注射泵气管内滴注湿化法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.