肾错构瘤破裂出血的急诊处理

目的：探讨肾错构瘤(RAML)破裂出血的诊治方法。方法：回顾性分析11例RAML破裂出血的急诊处理过程。结果：11例患者均经病理明确诊断，4例行患肾切除术，2例行肾部分切除术，5例行肿瘤切除术。11例患者均恢复良好。结论：B超和CT检查为术前确诊主要依据；对RAML破裂出血应采取积极的治疗态度；手术治疗仍为主要治疗方法。     

肾嗜酸细胞瘤的诊治(附12例报告)

目的：探讨肾嗜酸细胞瘤的诊断和治疗。方法：报告12例肾嗜酸细胞瘤，结合文献资料复习讨论。结果：8例肿瘤行肾癌根治性切除，1例行肾输尿管切除术，3例行肾部分切除术。随访5个月～6年，均无转移或复发。结论：肾嗜酸细胞瘤系肾脏的良性倾向肿瘤，瘤体中心区星形瘢痕是本病的特征性影像学改变。术前诊断较困难，诊断主要依据病理组织学。治疗以保肾丁术首选，但应密切随访，因为本病易并发肾恶性肿瘤。     

原发性输尿管恶性肿瘤（附34例报告）

为探讨原发性输尿管肿瘤的诊断方法和治疗效果，报道原发性输尿管恶性肿瘤３４例，其中移行细胞癌３１例，鳞癌２例，平滑肌肉瘤１例。男性２３例，女性１１例；年龄２５～８４岁，平均５４．５岁。１７例行患侧肾及输尿管全切及膀胱袖状切除术，３例行患侧肾及输尿管部分切除术，４例行输尿管节段切除术，１例行患侧肾输尿管及膀胱全切术。２６例获随访，死亡８例。认为尿路造影、膀胱镜检查是最重要的诊断手段，患侧肾输尿管全切及膀胱袖状切除术是首选术式，本组５例存活５年以上者均为采取此术式患者。     

黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎9例报告

目的：探讨黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎（ＸＧＰ）的早期诊断方法。方法：对１９８７￣１９９７年收治的９例ＸＧＰ患者的临床特征、实验室检查及影像学检查结果进行回顾性分析。８例患者接受切除或肾部分切除术治疗,１例作双Ｊ管引流和抗生素治疗。结果：随访至今,８例手术患者未见复发,肾功能正常;１例行双Ｊ管引流及抗生素治疗患者病情及肾积水基本得到控制。结论：常规ＣＴ或肾穿刺活检有助于本病的早期诊断,应避免广泛的肾切除及     

肾错构瘤自发性破裂10例报告

目的：探讨肾错构瘤自发性破裂出血的诊断与治疗。方法：10例肾错构瘤自发性破裂的患者。均行B超检查,9例行CT或MRI检查。结果：8例术前CT或MRI提示为肾错构瘤破裂出血,1例MRI诊断为肾肿瘤破裂出血,1例B超诊断为肾占位病变并肾周血肿。所有患者肿瘤直径均大于6cm,9例行患侧肾切除术。结论：CT和MRI是诊断肾错构瘤破裂出血的较好方法,并能提示病变的性质以及确定出血的范围。对于肿瘤直径大于4cm,且靠近肾包膜生长的肾错构瘤应积极治疗,手术治疗时应尽量保留有功能的肾组织。     

肾错构瘤的诊断与治疗(附32例报告)

目的：探讨肾错构瘤（AML）的诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析32例AML患者的诊治情况。结果：32例中，22例CT检查提示有脂肪组织，其中17例CT值为－9－98Hu,5例为20－40Hu；10例作MRI检查，T1加权像较低，T2加权像极高。22例手术标本经病理检查证实。对10例肿瘤直径＜4cm患者作门诊观察，10例作肾切除术，4例作肾部分切除术，8例作原位冷冻肿瘤剜除术。结论：CT对高密度的AML的分辨性较B超更敏感，MRI对AML的诊断有较高价值；对肿瘤直径＜4cm患者可作门诊观察；对肿瘤直径＞4cm的患者可作肾部分切除术及原位冷冻下肿瘤剜除术。     

肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗(附22例报告)

目的：探讨提高肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析22例肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗结果：男10例，女12例，年龄16～67岁。肿瘤位于右侧9例，左侧13例；肿瘤大小0．4cm×0．6cm×0．7cm～13．5cm×14．3cm×15．2cm。主要临床症状为腰部不适、胀痛、包块、出血性休克等。结果：B超诊断准确率为86．4％（19／22），CT诊断准确率为90．9％（20／22），肿瘤小于4cm而无症状的7例采用B超、CT定期随访。手术15例，其中肿瘤直径小于4cm伴患侧腰痛或肉眼血尿的7例行肿瘤剜除术；直径大于4cm者8例，行肾部分切除术4例，肾切除术2例，因误诊为肾癌而行肾根治性切除术2例。结论：B超、CT、MRI等影像学检查对肾错构瘤的诊断准确率较高，必要时可作针刺活检及术中冷冻病理检查，关键是治疗方法的选择，即如何尽最大可能选择保留肾单位手术，其中选择性肾动脉栓塞术、肿瘤剜除术、肾部分切除术应作为首选。     

妊娠期嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断和治疗(附2例报告)

目的：总结对妊娠期嗜铬细胞瘤的诊治经验。方法：结合文献回顾性２例本病患者的临床资料。结果：术前１～２周均口服苯苄胺控制血压。对１例中期妊娠者在全麻下行肿瘤摘除术，对１例晚期妊娠者，行剖宫产后行肿瘤切除术。术后母、婴均健康；结论：本病对孕妇及胎儿危害性极大，产前确诊并及时治疗可降低母、婴病死率。     

肾错构瘤破裂出血的诊断及外科治疗(附9例报告)

目的提高肾错构瘤破裂出血的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析9例肾错构瘤破裂出血的诊治过程。结果9例患者均行外科手术治疗,其中3例行患肾切除术,2例行肾部分切除术,4例行肿瘤切除术。术后病理诊断均为肾错构瘤,无恶变。9例患者均恢复顺利,5例患者获随访,时间2个月~14年,平均91.6个月,无肿瘤复发。结论肾错构瘤破裂出血在临床上无典型临床表现,B超和CT检查为术前确诊主要依据,尽早手术探查是首选治疗手段,术中尽可能选择保肾手术。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗（附36例报告）

报告肾血管平同脂肪瘤３６例，其中随访观察７例，手术治疗２９例，手术治疗包括肾切除１３例，肾部分切除５例，单纯肿瘤剜除１０例，１例双侧病变，左侧行肾切除，右侧行肿瘤剜除，术后全部手术病例均经病理检查证实，文中对临床应用Ｂ超及ＣＴ诊断本病的准确率及重要性进行了分析讨论，认为Ｂ超结合ＣＴ扫描是诊断本病的主要方法，早期明确诊断２是保存正常肾实质功能，降低肾切除率的关键，治疗上应根据不同情况区别对待。     

Asymptomatic Infantile Cystic Nephroma: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Cystic nephroma, also called multilocular cystic nephroma, is a relatively rare, nongenetic, benign, unilateral, renal multicystic lesion. The non-specific clinical findings and the poor contribution of imaging examinations make the preoperative diagnostic dilemma from other cystic renal neoplasia; thus nephrectomy seems to be the most preferable treatment. We report a case of cystic nephroma in 11 months old male child presented with asymptomatic lump in abdomen. After a series of examinations including abdominal ultrasound, intravenous pylography and computed tomography, he underwent radical nephrectomy and diagnosis is confirmed on histopathology.     

多房性囊性肾瘤的诊断与治疗

目的提高对多房性囊性肾瘤的认识,探讨其合理的诊治原则。方法回顾分析4例本病患者的临床资料,结合文献讨论其诊断与治疗。结果4例均行手术治疗,肾部分切除1例,肾切除3例。术后随访2~10年,残肾及对侧肾脏均未见肾瘤。结论本病术前诊断依靠B超、CT,手术是治疗主要手段。病变超过半肾,对侧肾功能正常者,建议做一侧肾切除术;病变局限小于半肾可选择肾部分切除术,但切缘宜超出病变至少0.5cm。     

Renal cell carcinoma presenting as multilocular cystic mass

We report a case of a multilocular cystic mass that was erroneously labeled multilocular cystic nephroma at ultrasound and computerized tomography, thus leading to a partial nephrectomy; however the final histologic diagnosis was a multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma. Only 1 similar case has been reported previously. The radiologic and surgical implications are discussed.     

A case of renal oncocytoma with multilocular cyst

A 63-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for a left renal tumor with multiple cystic lesions. Computed tomography and renal angiography revealed a hypovascular tumor 9 cm in diameter and multilocular cyst with a thick wall. Renal cell carcinoma and multilocular cystic nephroma were suspected, and left nephrectomy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis of this tumor was renal oncocytoma.     

Spontaneously ruptured multilocular cystic nephroma

Multilocular cystic nephroma is a relatively rare benign tumor of the kidney. An adult case of spontaneously ruptured multilocular cystic nephroma was reported. A 33-year-old woman who presented with a right flank colic attack. The preoperative diagnosis was spontaneously ruptured renal tumor. A right nephrectomy was performed. A multilocular cystic lesion, 10 cm in diameter, was found in the removed specimen, which had a hematoma inside and direct tumor extension into the renal pelvis. On microscopic examination, the surface of loculi was covered by a layer of hobnail epithelium, and septa were composed of fibrous tissue with dilated vessels, lacking in normal renal components. There were no signs of malignancy. The lesion extending into the renal pelvis showed the same microscopic findings. The final diagnosis was multilocular cystic nephroma. Two respects, spontaneous rupture and tumor extension into the renal pelvis, were unique to the present case. There has been no report of spontaneously ruptured mutilocular cystic nephroma. The tumor extension into the renal pelvis, however, has been found in several reports. This growth pattern might be one of the characteristics of this benign renal tumor.     

多房性囊性肾癌一例报告及文献复习

目的 提高多房性囊性肾癌的诊治水平.方法多房性囊性肾癌患者1例,男,49岁.体检B超偶然发现右肾下极多囊性肿物1个月.囊内无回声区,其间混杂低回声区;CT检查右肾下极见多囊性低密度病变,边界清楚、光整,内见薄壁分隔,增强扫描分隔可见强化;MRI检查示右肾下极多囊性病变,增强扫描囊壁可见强化.行右肾部分切除术,完整切除肿瘤.结果 病理报告:肾被膜下见多房状肿物,大小约3.0 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm,囊壁光滑,腔内含清亮的浆液性及血性液体,囊壁厚约0.1～0.2 cm,与肾周脂肪粘连.镜下多数囊腔内衬单层或复层立方状透明细胞,细胞核小而圆,位于细胞中央,无明显核仁;有的囊腔内衬扁平上皮细胞或无内衬上皮,偶见由透明细胞覆盖的小乳头;囊腔间隔由胶原纤维组成,部分间隔内可见灶状透明细胞,但未形成肉眼可见的结节.病理诊断:多房性囊性肾癌.术后随访20个月未见复发和转移.结论 多房性囊性肾癌是肾癌的一种罕见亚型,发病率低,是一种完全由囊腔构成的肿瘤;影像学检查可提供直接依据,确诊需依靠病理学检查;外科手术治疗预后良好.     

Treatment of cystic nephroma and cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma--a report from the SIOP/GPOH study group

PURPOSE: Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma is a rare variant of Wilms tumor, and might be confused with cystic nephroma. Definitive diagnosis can only be made by histological examination. Therefore, initiation of therapy, either primary nephrectomy or preoperative chemotherapy, might create a dilemma when radiological diagnosis is doubtful. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To define treatment strategies for these entities, we reviewed the records of 1,245 patients enrolled in SIOP (International Society of Pediatric Oncology) trials 93-01 and 2001 GPOH (German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology) between July 1993 and August 2004. Data were collected retrospectively. Therapy, outcome and preoperative management were evaluated. To confirm diagnosis of cystic nephroma/partially differentiated nephroblastoma, all patients underwent review by the Reference Pathology Center of SIOP/GPOH. RESULTS: A total of 14 patients with diagnoses of cystic nephroma (7) and cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma (7) were identified. Median patient age at diagnosis was 1 year (0.46 to 3). Two patients received preoperative chemotherapy. Primary nephrectomy was performed in 12 patients. Two patients underwent partial nephrectomy. In 1 child postoperative chemotherapy was administered. None of the patients had progression of disease or recurrence. Overall survival was 100%. Median followup was 2.41 years (0.3 to 9). CONCLUSIONS: In cystic renal tumors radiological findings should always be reviewed by the reference radiologist of the treatment protocol study group. Irrespective of the chosen therapy, outcome of cystic nephroma and cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma is favorable. Even in large international trials the number of patients with cystic nephroma or cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma is too small for statistical analysis.     

Nephron-sparing surgery for multilocular cyst of the kidney in a child

Multilocular cyst of the kidney is an uncommon benign renal neoplasm. Because of its benign nature, this lesion is best managed by nephron-sparing surgery. This report describes a child who underwent a partial nephrectomy for a multilocular cyst of the kidney. After reviewing other cases, we discuss the clinical characteristics of multilocular cyst of the kidney and emphasize the cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma as a differential diagnosis.     

Cystic multilocular nephroma. Report of a case

We present a new case of multilocular cystic nephroma, and a review of literature. If C.T. diagnoses a cystic disease we apply the Bosniak classification. Multilocular cystic nephroma appears as a cystic disease, separately fibrous thin walls, with or without calcifications. We have to make a distinctive diagnosis between RCC and multilocular. Definitive diagnosis is always histological.     

Multilocular cystic nephroma: A case report and review of the literature

Multilocular cystic nephroma is a rare cystic renal tumor, which is benign and has an excellent prognosis. However, preoperative diagnosis is challenging and is made exclusively by pathological findings. We reported a 41-year-old woman with chronic flank pain, and abdominal computed tomography revealed a multiloculated renal cystic tumor. The possibility of a cystic variant of renal cell carcinoma could not be excluded. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was performed, and diagnosis of multilocular cystic nephroma was made. In this report, we describe the clinical presentation, radiological finding, and histopathology of this case.