多层螺旋CT三维血管造影在腹部血管性疾病中的临床应用

目的评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维血管成像技术及其在腹部血管性疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法对45例可疑存在腹部血管性疾病的病人行MSCT造影增强检查,用GELight-speedUltra16层CT进行螺旋薄层CT扫描。扫描条件:扫描层厚1.25mm,螺距1.75∶1,转速0.5s/360°,120kV,350～400mA,扫描总时间10～15s。在独立工作站上进行三维腹部血管重组,使用不同的旋转轴观察腹部血管的空间解剖细节。结果全部病例三维腹部血管图像均能充分显示腹部血管的空间关系与解剖细节,为腹部血管性疾病病人提出明确诊断。结论MSCT三维腹部血管成像能够准确、直观地显示腹部血管的立体解剖特点,为腹部血管性疾病的诊断与治疗提供重要依据。     

MSCT多平面重建技术诊断磨玻璃密度结节样肺癌的影像学表现分析

目的分析多排螺旋CT(MSCT)多平面重建技术(MPR)诊断磨玻璃密度结节(GGN)样肺癌的影像学表现。方法选取我院2015年5月～2018年9月收治的126例GGN患者(共154个病灶),其中经手术或病理学确诊为GGN样肺癌患者共48例(51个病灶),所有患者均接受MSCT检查,回顾性对比MSCT、MSCT并MPR诊断GGN样肺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确率及病灶征象显示情况,并分析GGN样肺癌病灶MSCT的影像学表现。结果MSCT并MPR诊断GGN样肺癌的灵敏度(92.16%)、特异度(92.23%)、准确率(92.21%)均高于MSCT的诊断结果(分别为75.55%、70.87%、71.43%),MSCT并MPR诊断支气管充气症显示率明显高于MSCT诊断(68.63%vs 41.18%,P0.05)。结论 MSCT联合MPR诊断GGN样肺癌的准确率高,能清晰反映肺部病灶情况,对术前诊断及后续治疗具有重要意义。     

正常纵膈淋巴结的解剖学观测及MSCT影像学研究

目的:观测人体正常纵膈标本上各区淋巴结的形态、方位、数目和大小,并通过MSCT图像观测其数目和大小,提出MSCT正常纵膈淋巴结短径的参考值范围.方法:解剖观察38具成人尸体及70例志愿者胸部CT图像中纵膈各区最大径2mm以上淋巴结的数目、形态和最大淋巴结的长、宽和厚径,并记录其方位,并用t检验及Spearman等级相关分析诸要素的关系.结果:大体解剖显示,4R和6区的淋巴结数目较多,7区淋巴结最大,各区淋巴结的形态以类圆形为主.MSCT观测显示,纵膈各区淋巴结以4L和4R最多,分别为(3.50±2.10)枚及(3.40±1.96)枚;以7区淋巴结最大,最大横径为(4.89±1.84)mm;随着年龄的增长,MSCT显示的纵膈淋巴结数量也相应增加(P＜0.01),但年龄与淋巴结的大小没有显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论:通过尸体标本及MSCT观测,发现纵膈淋巴结分布、大小、形态及随年龄变化的一般规律,为临床相关疾病诊治提供依据.     

翼腭窝区的多层螺旋CT解剖学研究

目的：探讨正常翼腭窝区在多层螺旋CT（multislice spiralCT,MSCT）图像上的影像解剖学特征,为临床正确诊断该区病变和制定手术方案提供影像解剖学依据.方法：对10例（20侧）翼腭窝区MSCT扫描图像、多平面重建（multiplanar reconstruction,MPR）图像进行观察.结果：①在不同的层面和方位,翼腭窝形态表现多样,毗邻关系复杂;②翼腭窝各壁组成复杂,在不同层面构成不同;③翼腭窝各通道可在不同方位的MSCT及MPR图像上最佳显示.结论：MSCT轴位图像与MPR冠状位、矢状位图像相结合,可清晰、精确地显示翼腭窝及其通道的形态、结构,对提高该区疾病的诊断能力具有重要的意义.     

骨质疏松老年妇女有限元模型的建立

目的：应用骨质疏松老年妇女腰1椎体多层螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描影像建立骨质疏松椎体三维有限元模型，分析骨质疏松性椎体的应力分布情况。方法：对1例患骨质疏松症的老年女性志愿者进行L1、L2椎体MSCT扫描，将其原始数据传输至计算机工作站，经容积性QCT(vQCT)技术行BMD测量。将L1椎体经回顾性重建形成的层厚为0．625mm的CT横断面像通过ANSYS7．0软件建立骨质疏松椎体有限元模型。将其赋于生物力学参数值，经模拟施行纵向生理性载荷加压后观察椎体各部位应力特性的变化。结果：骨质疏松老年妇女椎体的三维有限元分析表明皮质骨应力水平较高，但各部位存在不均一性；小梁骨应力水平较骨皮质低，椎体中部略偏后方和上下终板附近应力水平较高，数值范围为11．6～15.4MPa。结论：经MSCT像成功建立了骨质疏松老年妇女腰椎三维有限元模型，此模型可用来进行骨质疏松性椎体应力分布情况的活体分析。     

左肺上叶前段静脉的多层螺旋CT研究

目的：探讨活体左肺上叶前段静脉（V3）在多层螺旋CT（MSCT）上的分布特点。方法：利用Volume Wizard图像后处理工作站对160例成年男性肺部MSCT图像进行重建,并分析左肺上叶前段静脉与周围结构的关系。结果：①前段静脉（V3）的属支有上、下两部,上部汇入尖后段静脉（V1＋2）或尖段静脉（V1）,下部直接汇入左上肺静脉或与低位后段静脉（V2）汇合后再注入左上肺静脉;②上部属支多为1条,下部属支一般有1-6条,其中前支较粗大。除尖支和下支外,余均呈水平或近水平位排列。结论：MSCT后处理技术可以很好地显示段和亚段级肺静脉,可为临床医生提供较为确切的影像学资料;左肺前段静脉的属支数目和配布类型与传统观点有较大差异。     

多层螺旋CT扫描三维重建后逐层显示解剖结构及临床意义

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）扫描后三维重建在临床手术中的应用价值。方法：回顾性对8例下肢、1例颈部扫描病人进行三维重建，CT机为GE公司Light Speed16螺旋CT，重建采用GE公司三维重建软件。重建后调整CT值域值逐层显示病人解剖结构。结果：9例病人在去除皮肤及皮下组织后均能清晰显示肌肉组织，增强扫描还能清晰显示肌肉与知名大血管的毗邻关系，在去除肌肉后能清晰显示骨骼结构，并能多方位观察，增强扫描能清晰观察血管与骨骼的解剖关系。结论：采用本技术可逐层显示人体各层解剖结构，如增强扫描还能显示血管与周围组织关系；可正确指导手术设计，防止术中大出血，减少对术区健康组织的损伤，还可进行手术模拟训练。     

MSCT三维重建技术对支气管扩张症诊断的临床应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)后处理技术在诊断支气管扩张症中的临床应用价值.方法 从临床受检者中选取诊断支气管扩张症患者36例,用Discovery Ultra16层螺旋CT扫描仪按肺、纵隔成像参数扫描,然后将所采集参数输入ADW4.4高级后处理工作站,利用后处理软件行三维后处理,如MPR、MinIP、MIP、CPR等.结果 36例中,柱状支气管扩张18例,囊状支气管扩张6例,静脉曲张型支气管扩张8例,混合型支气管扩张4例.MPR、MinIP都能清楚显示支气管扩张,MPR对双轨征和印戒征显示更佳.结论 MSCT三维后处理技术诊断支气管扩张特异性高,对支气管扩张范围、程度和部位诊断价值高,对临床治疗有重要指导作用.     

眶内壁骨折的CT诊断

目的：探讨眶内壁骨折的CT诊断价值。方法：50例眶内壁骨折均行常规眼眶轴位扫描，其中18例加行冠状位扫描。结果：CT显示右侧眶内壁骨折40例，左侧眶内壁骨折10例；其中直接显示骨折线及断端错位35例、断裂内陷15例。结论：CT能全面、准确地诊断眶内壁骨折，并能显示眶周结构及软组织爱损情况，是目前诊断眶内壁骨折最有效的方法。     

视神经管CT影像学测量和定位及其临床意义

目的：探索准确测量和定位视神经管的影像学方法。方法：应用多层螺旋CT以骨质鼻尖－前床突为扫描基线对20具尸头标本行薄层扫描和解剖观察,验证影像学空间处理技术所测数据的准确性与视神经管立体定位实际符合率。结果：①骨质鼻尖－前床突扫描基线与视神经管走行基本一致;②影像学空间处理技术重建的视神经管定位标记线可全程显示在三维矢状位的鼻窦外侧壁上,与解剖观察情况一致;③眶口－鼻小柱距离、颅口－鼻小柱距离和视神经管内侧壁长度的解剖学和影像学测量值分别为(77.84±3.60)mm、(77.35±3.22)mm;(84.28±4.46)mm、(84.04±4.58)mm和(10.23±1.31)mm、(10.02±1.24)mm,两种测量值的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05) 。结论：应用多层螺旋CT、骨质鼻尖－前床突扫描基线和空间处理技术能够准确对视神经管进行观测和空间定位。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.