甲旁亢的核素影像学诊断

甲旁亢的核素影像学诊断天津医科大学总医院核医学科（３０００５２）周荫保原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症（ＰＨＰＴ）中，甲状旁腺腺瘤约占８５％，腺体增生肥大约占１５％，甲状旁腺癌仅占极少数。ＰＨＰＴ的诊断主要根据血、尿生化检查，血甲状旁腺激素测定（ＰＴＨ），Ｘ...     

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目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）的诊断和治疗方法。方法 对15例原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进病例进行回顾性分析。结果 PHPT临床多表现为骨骼及泌尿系疾病、血钙、尿钙、血清碱性磷酸酶、PTH升高,血磷降低,X线特征性改变有助于诊断。治疗采用低位衣领形切口及单侧小切口探查术,取得良好效果。结论 PHPT诊断应结合临床表现、实验室检查、X线表现综合分析。B超可作为定位首选方法。对于定位准确的单发腺瘤,单侧小切口探查术创伤性小,是很有前途的治疗方法。     

原发性甲旁亢的临床表现与实验室检查

原发性甲旁亢的临床表现与实验室检查中山医科大学附属第一医院（广州，５１００８０）肖海鹏陈国锐原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（ＰＨＰＴ）的根治性治疗是手术，但在手术前必须获得准确的定性、定位诊断。本文就其临床表现、实验室检查及病理检查方法分述如后。１临床表现...     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症误诊原因分析与定性诊断

为分析原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症（原发性甲旁亢）误诊原因，总结本病定性诊断的体会，对１９８６～１９９７年收治的２２例原发性甲旁亢患者进行了回顾性分析。结果发现２２例均误诊，平均病程４．５±１．２年。原发性甲旁亢早期表现复杂多样且缺乏特异性；医生对本病缺乏认识和诊治经验；以及实验室诊断的局限性等是临床误诊的主要原因。结果提示：①提高对原发性甲旁亢的认识，重视其早期症状，是定性诊断的重要线索；②对可疑病例应反复多次测定血钙和血磷、２４小时尿钙和尿磷，以及血清碱性磷酸酶等，并结合临床及Ｘ线检查综合分析是定性诊断的主要根据；③普通Ｘ线检查对原发性甲旁亢的定性诊断有重要价值。     

手术治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症11例分析

摘要：对我院近10年来收治的11例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。血钙大于2.62mmol/L，伴血PTH同步升高为定性诊断PHPT的主要依据。11例术前均诊断为PHPT。甲状腺旁腺治疗采用单侧小切口探查术，取得良好效果。PHPT诊断应结合临床表现、实验室检查、X线表现综合分析。B超，CT，核素扫描可作为定位有效方法。对于定位准确的单发腺瘤，单侧小切口探查术创伤性小，是很有前途的治疗方法。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进35例诊治分析

目的探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（PHPT）的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析15年间收治的35例PHPT患者的临床资料。结果26例行超声检查的阳性准确率为88.5％（23／26）。22例行放射性计算机X线断层扫描（ECT）检查的阳性准确率为95.5％（21／22）。27例甲状旁腺腺瘤均行单侧探查；3例甲状旁腺癌均参照甲状腺癌行根冶性切除和颈部淋巴结功能性清扫术；4例甲状旁腺增生中2例单侧探查，2例行双侧探查术；1例甲状旁腺腺瘤恶变行患侧的甲状腺和甲状旁腺全切除。其中1例腺瘤并发甲状旁腺危象者经内科紧急处理后急诊手术切除腺瘤，症状缓解。手术后均发生不同程度的低血钙症，应用钙剂后症状缓解。部分患者骨痛缓解或消失。结论超声和ECT可作为首选的定位诊断方法。定性诊断主要依据血钙和血甲状旁腺素的同步升高，一旦明确即应手术治疗。定位明确的甲状旁腺腺瘤可行单侧探查。定位不明确或异位者可在放射性核素指导下行手术探查。甲状旁腺危象应在内科治疗控制症状后积极手术探查。     

假性甲状旁腺功能减退性甲状旁腺功能亢进症六例临床分析

作者报告了６例假性甲状旁腺功能减退性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。对所有具有低血钙、高血磷、高碱性磷酸酶、血ＰＴＨ增高或正常及骨Ｘ线表现符合甲状旁腺功能亢进的病人，在认真除外慢性肾功能不全后，不论有无先天性畸形，均应考虑假性甲状旁腺功能减退性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。     

原发性甲状旁腺肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗:附12例报告

目的探讨甲状旁腺肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析近5年余中山大学附属第三医院手术确诊、年龄11～71岁的12例甲状旁腺肿瘤临床资料。包括甲状旁腺癌并甲状腺肿及多发性内分泌腺瘤I型（MEN-1）1例；甲状旁腺囊肿1例；甲状旁腺瘤10例，其中1例为双侧甲状旁腺瘤并MEN-1，1例合并甲状腺肿，1例为异位腺瘤。结果依靠血钙、血磷、B超、CT及99mTc-MIBI等检查10例在术前确诊（2例术后确诊）。8例腺瘤和1例囊肿行单侧探查及甲状旁腺瘤切除；行双侧探查3例，其中1例甲状旁腺瘤并甲状腺肿行双侧甲状腺大部分切除（包括旁腺瘤），1例甲状旁腺癌为MEN-1行根治性切除及切除垂体肿瘤手术，1例甲状旁腺瘤并MEN-1术前行胰岛素瘤和肾上腺皮质瘤切除。平均随访时间38个月。随访期间11例血钙正常，8例无症状生存；1例腺瘤术后对侧甲状旁腺增生，再次手术。结论定位明确的单发甲状旁腺瘤或囊肿可单侧探查，MEN-1和腺癌或伴结节甲状腺肿者应双侧探查。术后密切随访不仅可确定手术效果，而且有利于早期发现复发患者和MEN-I患者。     

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目的 总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊治经验。方法 回顾分析中国医科大学附属第一医院普通外科1991—2005年经手术并经病理证实的48例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊治经验。结果 37例行超声检查的阳性准确率为81．1％（30／37）。35例行ECT检查的阳性准确率为91．4％（32／35）。38例甲状旁腺腺瘤均行单侧探查；6例甲状旁腺增生中4例行单侧探查，2例行双侧探查；3例甲状旁腺癌均参照甲状腺癌行根治性切除和颈部淋巴结功能性清扫术；1例甲状旁腺腺瘤恶变行患侧甲状腺和甲状旁腺全切除。手术后均发生不同程度的低钙血症，应用钙剂后症状缓解。结论 超声和ECT检查可做为诊断甲状旁腺疾病的首选定位诊断方法。定性诊断主要依据血钙和血甲状旁腺素的同步升高，一旦明确诊断即应手术治疗。定位明确的甲状旁腺腺瘤可行单侧探查。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的手术疗效

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的手术疗效陈曦，杨卫平，蔡伟耀，李宏为原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（ｐｒｉｍａｒｙｈｙｐｅｒｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｉｓｍ，ＰＨＰＴ）为一种较常见的内分泌疾病。大多数患者仅有血清生化指标的改变，如血甲状旁腺素和血钙的升高，即所谓的“...     

原发性甲状腺机能亢进症的诊断与治疗

OBJECTIVE: To study the diagnosis and treatment of hyperparathyroidism. METHOD: 37 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) were confirmed pathologically. The course of the disease varied, the longest one being 14 years and the shortest one 3 months. RESULT: 35 patients had parathyroidoma, 1 hyperplasia of parathyroid, and 1 carcinoma of parathyroid. The main clinical manifestation was symmetrical pain of the supporting bones and joints, hypercalcemia, hypercalcinuria, hypophosphatemia-hyperalkaline phosphatasemia, and increase of iPTH in peripheral blood. X-ray examination showed osteoporosis and decalcification, accompanied with multiple fracture occasionally, we injected (99m)Tc and MiBi into inferior thyroid artery as a demonstration for the diagnosis of tumor of parathyroid. CONCLUSION: The key procedure of the operation was to search for tumor of parathyroid. We used thymo-thyroid ligament as guide and injected methylene blue into the artery during operation to search thyroid.     

原发性腹膜后肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断与治疗探讨（附5例报告）

目的　探讨原发性腹膜后肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断和治疗经验。方法　回顾性分析5例原发性腹膜后肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤诊治经过。均行手术治疗 ,4例术中切除瘤体 ,并安置银夹 ,其中 1例在美蓝注入瘤体血管染色指导下手术 ,1例 2次手术。结果　 1例术前诊断不明确 ,准备不充分 ,术中死亡。后 4例术前诊断明确 ,准备充分 ,术中血压稳定 ,完整切除肿瘤 ,其中美蓝染色指导下 1例手术时间缩短 ,出血少。随访中 ,1例无症状患者行CT检查时于银夹标记部位发现肿瘤复发 ,及时 2次手术 ,病理提示恶性。结论　重视原发性腹膜后肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的术前定性、定位诊断 ,术中美蓝注入瘤体血管染色能指导手术 ,安置银夹标记值得采用和推广。     

非功能性甲状旁腺囊肿的鉴别诊断与治疗

目的探讨非功能性甲状旁腺囊肿的鉴别诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属盛京医院普外科2003年1月至2013年4月期间收治的6例非功能性甲状旁腺囊肿患者的临床资料。结果6例患者术前均未确诊,其中4例诊断为甲状腺囊肿,1例笼统诊断为颈部肿物,1例仅注意了甲状腺病变。6例均行手术治疗,其中5例行左甲状旁腺囊肿切除术,1例同时行甲状腺癌根治、左甲状旁腺囊肿切除术。术后病理报告5例为甲状旁腺囊肿,1例为甲状旁腺囊肿合并右甲状腺乳头状微小癌。2例患者失访;4例患者随访9～24个月,平均19个月,均无甲状旁腺囊肿及甲状腺癌的复发或转移。结论非功能性甲状旁腺囊肿是真正意义上的甲状旁腺囊肿,临床少见,术前确诊率低。甲状旁腺囊肿切除术是一种安全而有效的治疗手段。     

精细化被膜解剖法在甲状腺全切手术中的应用

目的探讨精细化被膜解剖法在甲状腺全切手术中的应用。方法回顾性分析四川省肿瘤医院头颈外科2012年1月至12月118例应用精细化被膜解剖法行甲状腺全切术患者的临床资料。结果所有病例术中均发现并保留l～4枚甲状旁腺。其中16例未发现明确的下旁腺;术中发现上甲状旁腺197枚,其中42枚由甲状腺上动脉分支供血,131枚由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血;下甲状旁腺163枚,明确的下动脉分支血管供血的136枚。术后有62例（52.5%）甲状腺激素（PTH）值低于正常值（一过性甲状旁腺功能低下）,其中56例于术后第7天恢复正常,其余6例于术后2～4周恢复正常;23例有暂时性低钙血症症状的患者,术后4 d～1月都恢复正常,无永久性低钙血症。所有病例术中均解剖并显露双侧喉返神经,除术前喉返神经受侵或损伤的患者,其余患者均未发生永久性喉返神经损伤。结论采用精细化被膜解剖法行甲状腺全切除术,能较好地原位保留甲状旁腺及其血供、避免喉返神经损伤的发生,减少甲状腺全切除术的并发症。     

Improvement of vocal cord paresis after thyroidectomy

Iatrogenic vocal cord paralysis is a well-publicized complication of thyroid and parathyroid operations. Less appreciated is the improvement of vocal cord function after resection of a thyroid or parathyroid tumor. Over the last 22 years, 14 patients presented with vocal cord paresis in the presence of thyroid or parathyroid tumors. Of these 14 patients, nine had complete resolution of paresis following resection of the thyroid or parathyroid tumors: three had a thyroid carcinoma impinging upon the nerve, three had large colloid goiters, two had a follicular adenoma and one had a parathyroid adenoma displacing the nerve. In five of the 14 patients the vocal cord paralysis persisted after operation. In three, the pathology accounted for the vocal cord paralysis and was not amenable to operative improvement: one patient had an unresectable anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, one patient had long-standing idiopathic unilateral vocal cord paralysis, and one patient had laryngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma with thyroid invasion. The fourth patient had an extensive thyroid hemangioma. The paralysis persisted after resection. The fifth patient had long-standing idiopathic vocal cord palsy. A preoperative vocal cord paresis in a patient with thyroid or parathyroid disease does not indicate permanent loss of recurrent nerve function, even in the presence of carcinoma. In this series, vocal cord function was restored in 9 of 10 patients with resectable thyroid or parathyroid tumors.     

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism

Forty-three patients with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism underwent parathyroid surgery. The first 20 patients were submitted to subtotal parathyroidectomy, and the last 23 patients underwent total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplantation in the forearm. Non-invasive image diagnosis, CT, ultrasonography and scintigraphy are valuable for 1) making a definite diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism, 2) locating the tumor 3) determining the effectiveness of treatment, and 4) differentially diagnosing thyroid tumors. For surgical treatment, we recommend total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation in the forearm because the second operation for recurrence may be done more safely and easily than after subtotal parathyroidectomy.     

甲状旁腺癌11例诊治分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺癌的诊断和治疗方法,总结甲状旁腺癌的手术治疗经验。方法回顾分析11例甲状旁腺癌患者的临床资料,包括临床症状、体征、实验室检查和影像学结果。结果11例均完整切除肿瘤或复发转移灶,10例术后出现短期低钙血症,均经补钙后症状缓解。随访1~10年,手术后5年存活率81.82%。存活6例,其中2例分别于术后1、3年复发,再次术后无复发;4例患者健康存活,存活1年以上1例,存活3年以上1例,存活7年1例,存活10年1例。结论手术切除肿瘤以及同侧甲状腺是一种良好的根治方法,复发肿瘤或转移灶的切除仍然是一种十分有益的治疗方法。     

内镜甲状腺手术对甲状旁腺的辨别与保护研究

目的探讨在内镜甲状腺手术中辨别和保护甲状旁腺的方法。方法回顾性分析2006年10月至2010年7月160例行颈前小切口内镜辅助甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,其中甲状腺瘤58例,结节性甲状腺肿82例,原发性甲状腺功能亢进16例,甲状腺乳头状癌4例。行一侧甲状腺次全切除术90例,双侧甲状腺次全切除术46例,甲状腺全切术20例,甲状腺全切术＋中央组淋巴结清扫4例,术中均对甲状旁腺进行精确辨认及有效保护。结果 160例均成功完成手术,术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退4例（2.5%）,未出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。结论内镜辅助甲状腺手术在术中可通过内镜放大作用对甲状旁腺进行精确辨认,并在内镜视野下完成对甲状旁腺血供的精细解剖和分离,有效的保护了甲状旁腺及其血供,明显降低了术后甲状旁腺功能减退并发症的发生率。     

Secondary hyperparathyroidism: evidence for an association with papillary thyroid cancer

The association between primary hyperparathyroidism and nonmedullary thyroid malignancies is well known. There is also, however, some evidence for an association between secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and thyroid cancer. We report three patients in whom invasive papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) was diagnosed before (one case) or at the time of (two cases) parathyroidectomy for SHPT. Three women (ages 23, 54, and 64 years) presented with bone pain and pruritis typical of SHPT. All three patients had biopsy-proven parathyroid bone disease and elevated parathormone levels (664, 1674, and 2051 pg/mL). All underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy without complications. Pathology revealed diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia with multifocal invasive papillary thyroid carcinoma (two cases) and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (one case). Two cases were associated with metastatic disease to local lymph nodes. The patients received adjuvant radioactive 131I, and remained tumor free 24 to 36 months after surgery with complete resolution of SHPT. We conclude: 1) PTC may accompany SHPT, 2) PTCs associated with SHPT may be locally aggressive although usually they are early tumors, 3) surgeons need to have an index of suspicion for thyroid tumor when operating on patients with SHPT, and 4) routine removal of the thymus as part of the operation for SHPT may have a secondary benefit in diagnosing PTC in the occasional patient.     

甲状腺癌Ⅵ区清扫术中预防甲状旁腺损伤的术式探讨

目的：探讨甲状腺癌Ⅵ区清扫术中保留甲状腺血管后支对甲状旁腺血运及功能的影响。方法：采用传统方法行甲状腺癌Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫及术中保留甲状腺上下血管后支方法的手术,术后观察甲状旁腺的血运及功能变化。结果：甲状腺癌Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术中保留甲状旁腺上下血管后支可明显降低对甲状旁腺血运和功能影响。结论：甲状腺癌Ⅵ区清扫术中保留甲状腺血管后支可有效预防甲状旁腺功能低下。