LYVE-1蛋白在小鼠碱烧伤角膜的表达及意义

目的观察淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体(LYVE-1)在小鼠碱烧伤角膜内的表达情况,探讨角膜新生淋巴管形成的时间过程及角膜疾病后新生淋巴管形成的作用。方法应用NaOH溶液制作小鼠角膜碱烧伤模型,分别于角膜碱烧伤后第1d、3d、5d、7d和12d取材。采用免疫组化法,观察正常角膜和碱烧伤后不同时间段角膜内LYVE-1的表达情况。结果在正常角膜组织中,LYVE-1表达于角膜上皮细胞和内皮细胞内。在角膜碱烧伤后1d、3d和5d,LYVE-1主要表达于角膜上皮内及入侵角膜基质的炎性细胞内;碱烧伤后7d,可见大量LYVE-1呈条索样表达于角膜基质中,并可见少量LYVE-1阳性表达于开放状态的淋巴管;碱烧伤后12d,角膜基质内新生淋巴管数量增多。结论正常角膜组织储备LYVE-1生物因子,在炎性角膜中,LYVE-1可能在角膜新生淋巴管运输透明质酸(HA)的过程中发挥重要作用。     

血管内皮生长因子C在小鼠碱烧伤角膜内的表达及意义

目的观察血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)在小鼠角膜碱烧伤后不同时间段角膜组织内的表达情况,探讨VEGF-C在小鼠角膜碱烧伤后新生淋巴管形成过程中的作用。方法制作小鼠角膜碱烧伤模型,分别于碱烧伤后1d、3d、5d、7d、12d和18d取材。采用免疫组化法(SP),观察VEGF-C在正常角膜和碱烧伤后不同时间段角膜组织内的表达情况。应用淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体(LYVE-1)标记淋巴管,观察小鼠碱烧伤角膜内新生淋巴管的形成情况。结果在正常小鼠角膜组织内,VEGF-C表达于角膜上皮层和内皮层。在碱烧伤角膜内,VEGF-C主要表达于角膜基质内入侵的炎性细胞和角膜上皮层细胞,并且表达增高,于碱烧伤后3d,VEGF-C的表达达到高峰(P<0.01)。碱烧伤后7d,VEGF-C的表达下降至正常水平,可见阳性表达LYVE-1的处于开放状态的新生淋巴管。结论VEGF-C可能参与小鼠角膜碱烧伤后角膜新生淋巴管形成过程。     

Avastin对小鼠角膜碱烧伤后新生淋巴管形成的影响

目的观察小鼠角膜碱烧伤后新生淋巴管形成情况,探讨Avastin对小鼠角膜碱烧伤后新生淋巴管形成的影响及其机制。方法制作小鼠角膜碱烧伤模型,随机分为治疗组和烧伤组,烧伤组连续两周内每日左氧氟沙星滴眼液滴眼3次,治疗组连续两周内应用25mg/ml Avastin结膜下隔日注射5μl+每日左氧氟沙星滴眼液滴眼3次,分别于碱烧伤后3d、5d、7d、12d和18d取材。采用免疫组化法,观察VEGF-C在碱烧伤后不同时间段角膜组织内的表达;应用淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体(LYVE-1)标记淋巴管内皮,观察小鼠角膜内新生淋巴管的形成情况。结果在正常小鼠角膜组织内,VEGF-C表达于角膜上皮层和内皮层。在烧伤组碱烧伤角膜内,VEGF-C主要表达于角膜上皮细胞和角膜基质内入侵的炎性细胞,于碱烧伤后3d,VEGF-C的表达达到高峰(0.05),碱烧伤后12d,VEGF-C的表达恢复至正常水平。在治疗组碱烧伤角膜内,VEGF-C的表达在碱烧伤后3d低于烧伤组。Avastin治疗组角膜内,碱烧伤后12d见LYVE-1阳性表达开放状态的新生淋巴管,淋巴管出现的时间较烧伤组明显延迟。结论 Avastin能减少小鼠碱烧伤后角膜新生淋巴管的形成,其机制可能与抑制角膜组织内淋巴管生成因子VEGF-C的表达相关。     

Avastin对小鼠角膜新生血管形成和TGF-β1表达的影响

目的探讨Avastin对小鼠角膜新生血管形成和转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-beta1,TGF-β1)表达的影响。方法制作小鼠角膜碱烧伤模型,随机分为碱烧伤组和Avastin治疗组,碱烧伤组连续两周内每日左氧氟沙星滴眼液滴眼3次,Avastin治疗组连续两周内应用25mg/ml Avastin结膜下隔日注射5μl+每日左氧氟沙星滴眼液滴眼3次,分别于碱烧伤后3d、7d和12d取材。体视显微镜观察角膜新生血管形成情况,应用HE染色法观察角膜组织的损伤情况,采用免疫组化法观察TGF-β1在碱烧伤后不同时间段角膜组织内的表达情况。结果在不同时间段,Avastin治疗组角膜新生血管的形成均少于碱烧伤组。在正常小鼠角膜组织内,TGF-β1表达于角膜上皮层和内皮层。在碱烧伤对照组角膜内,TGF-β1主要表达于角膜上皮细胞和角膜基质内入侵的炎性细胞,在碱烧伤后3d,TGF-β1的表达达到高峰(P0.05),在碱烧伤后12d,TGF-β1的表达恢复至正常水平。在Avastin治疗组角膜内,各时间段TGF-β1的表达均低于对照组。结论 Avastin能够抑制小鼠碱烧伤后角膜新生血管的形成,其机制可能与下调碱烧伤角膜组织TGF-β1的表达相关。     

淋巴管新生及其在相关疾病发生和治疗中的意义

淋巴管在维持体内微环境衡定、免疫反应和肿瘤淋巴转移等方面起着重要作用,淋巴管新生与胚胎发育、外伤修复、炎症转归和肿瘤转移密切相关.在趋化因子和生长因子的作用下,淋巴管内皮细胞迁移、增殖和构成管腔,形成新的淋巴管.近年来发现淋巴管内皮祖细胞参与淋巴管新生.淋巴管内皮特异表达Prox-1、podoplanin、VEGFR-3和 LYVE-1等,这些因子和受体调控淋巴管新生.VEGF-C/VEGFR-3或VEGF-D/VEGFR-3信号途径在淋巴管新生过程中起着重要作用.VEGF-C、VEGF-D和VEGFR-3可作为基因治疗的靶点,有望治疗淋巴管新生障碍性疾病以及抗移植后免疫排斥和抗肿瘤淋巴管转移.本文主要综述了胚胎发育、先天性淋巴水肿、炎性病变和肿瘤等状态下淋巴管新生的变化及其机制、淋巴管内皮祖细胞参与淋巴管新生的过程、淋巴管内皮细胞特异性转录因子和受体对于淋巴管新生的调控作用.     

兔角膜碱烧伤模型房水中肿瘤坏死因子α及血管内皮生长因子表达与姜黄素的抑制

背景：稳定的角膜新生血管动物模型是研究角膜新生血管调控机制,姜黄素对碱烧伤角膜新生血管具有抑制作用和保护作用。 目的：探讨姜黄素对碱烧伤角膜新生血管模型中肿瘤坏死因子α及血管内皮生长因子表达的影响,为防治角膜新生血管提供理论依据。 方法：纳入33只新西兰大耳白兔,随机取3只设为正常组,其余30只建立兔角膜碱烧伤诱发角膜新生血管模型,右眼设为对照组给予生理盐水,左眼设为干预组给予姜黄素,裂隙灯观察角膜新生血管生长及角膜混浊情况,酶联免疫吸附实验检测肿瘤坏死因子α和血管内皮生长因子在房水中的表达。 结果：正常组没有角膜新生血管生成。与对照组比较,干预组角膜新生血管受到抑制且角膜混浊较轻(P < 0.05)。房水肿瘤坏死因子α和血管内皮生长因子在3组中均有表达,对照组和干预组明显高于正常组,但干预组低于对照组(P < 0.05)。说明姜黄素可以有效降低角膜碱烧伤后房水肿瘤坏死因子α及血管内皮生长因子的表达进而抑制兔角膜碱烧伤后角膜新生血管的生长。     

叉头框C2在人胚淋巴管发生过程中的表达

目的 探讨人淋巴管胚胎期的发生和发育及叉头框c2(FOXC2)的表达. 方法 用淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体1(LYVE-1)作为淋巴管的标记物,应用免疫组织化学SP染色及免疫荧光双标染色的方法 ,检测FOXC2和LYVE-1在妊娠5～11周的85例人胚胎标本淋巴管的表达及淋巴管的发生发育情况. 结果 妊娠7周后的胎儿颈部及胸部的淋巴管出现LYVE.1表达.在妊娠大约10周时,胎儿肠系膜间淋巴管内皮细胞开始出现LYVE-1表达.FOXC2的表达早于LYVE-1,于妊娠第6周开始在中胚层间充质明显表达.FOXC2不仅表达于淋巴管,并广泛分布于椎体、心血管等部位.妊娠11周后的胎儿淋巴管内皮细胞中仍能见到FOXC2和LYVE-1的表达. 结论 在妊娠7～8周间(人胚胎发育35～42d),淋巴管开始形成,FOXC2和LYVE-1与淋巴管的发生和发育相关.     

白薇根部提取物上调部分肝切除后血管再生相关蛋白的表达促进肝脏新生血管形成

目的观察白薇提取物对部分肝切除后血管再生过程的影响,探讨其调节作用的相关分子及机制。方法昆明种小鼠20只,随机分为对照组、白薇组。两组分别采用一次性切除部分肝左外叶。实验组则在术后开始灌胃给药白薇提取液(50 g/kg),2次/d。术后1~8 d,每天处死2组小鼠各1只,取肝左外叶。免疫组织化学技术检测血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)、VEGF-A、淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体1(LYVE-1)、CD34的表达。结果与对照组相比,白薇组中CD34表达明显升高,分布范围扩大,VEGF-C、VEGF-A、LYVE-1的表达早期下降,后期则显著增加。结论白薇上调VEGF-A、VEGF-C、LYVE-1的表达,促进血管新生。     

色素上皮衍生因子对角膜碱烧伤后新生血管形成的抑制

背景：角膜新生血管导致角膜透明性降低,造成严重的视觉障碍。色素上皮衍生因子是一种内源性血管生成抑制剂,其对于角膜新生血管是否具有抑制作用尚不清楚。 目的：探索局部运用色素上皮衍生因子对大鼠角膜碱烧伤后角膜新生血管的抑制作用。 方法：将20只大鼠随机分为生理盐水组与色素上皮衍生因子组,每组10只。用NaOH溶液将大鼠右眼角膜烧伤诱导产生新生血管。碱烧伤后2组每日分别给予生理盐水和色素上皮衍生因子点眼,并采用裂隙灯显微镜观察和测量各组角膜新生血管生长情况。碱烧伤后12 d处死大鼠,将角膜组织固定切片,行苏木精-伊红染色观察,并进行免疫组织化学染色检测各组大鼠角膜血管内皮生长因子和CD31的表达。 结果与结论：大鼠角膜碱烧伤后3,7,12 d,色素上皮衍生因子组大鼠角膜新生血管面积均小于生理盐水组(P < 0.05)。角膜碱烧伤后12 d,苏木精-伊红染色显示生理盐水组大鼠角膜产生大量新生血管,角膜组织结构紊乱;色素上皮衍生因子组新生血管较少,角膜组织结构趋于整齐。角膜碱烧伤后12 d,免疫组织化学染色示生理盐水组大鼠角膜上皮和基质层可见血管内皮生长因子大量表达,角膜基质层可见血管内皮生长因子和CD31大量表达;色素上皮衍生因子组新生血管稀少,CD31表达较弱。证实局部应用色素上皮衍生因子可有效抑制大鼠角膜化学伤后的血管新生。     

肝再生过程中血管内皮生长因子C诱导LYVE-1~+内皮细胞重建肝血窦

目的探讨肝部分切除后,肝血窦重建的候选分子及机制。方法肝脏部分切除后,用免疫组织化学染色法观察肝血窦重建过程。检测血管内皮生长因子A(VEGF-A)、VEGF-C、CD34、淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体1(LYVE-1)的表达。结果肝脏部分切除后,残留肝组织中VEGF-C均有表达。术后12 h、第2天、第5天表达水平达到高峰;LYVE-1的表达与VEGF-C具有相似性,高峰期要比VEGF-C延迟1~2 d;VEGF-A只在肝再生早期及晚期表达;CD34阳性细胞集中分布于大的门静脉及其新生分支的周围。结论在肝血窦重建中,VEGF-C诱导CD34阳性细胞表达LYVE-1,最终分化为成熟的肝血窦内皮细胞。     

人喉癌组织中VEGF-C、VEGF-D及其受体3的表达及意义

目的 探讨喉癌组织中VEGF—C、D和受体VEGFR-3的表达及其在喉癌进展中的作用。方法 取人喉癌标本12例,正常及良性病变喉组织10例,免疫组化法观察VEGF—C、VEGF—D、VEGFR-3以及LYVE-1的表达。结果 VEGF—C和VEGF—D主要表达于喉癌细胞胞浆内,喉癌组织中VEGF—C和VEGF—D表达的阳性率明显高于正常及良性病变喉组织（P〈0．05）;VEGFR-3主要表达于基底层的癌细胞,在喉癌组织中VEGFR-3表达的阳性率明显高于正常和良性病变组织中（P〈0．01）,并且VEGFR-3的表达与VEGF—C、VEGF—D的表达显著正相关（P〈0．01）。LYVE—1仅见表达于淋巴管内皮细胞。结论 喉癌组织中VEGF—C、VEGP-D的表达明显增高,推测可能通过与VEGFR-3的结合促进喉癌组织中淋巴管的生成;LYVE-1是淋巴管内皮细胞较特异的标记物。     

Expression of the hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 is not restricted to the lymphatic vasculature; LYVE-1 is also expressed on embryonic blood vessels

Expression of the hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 is one of few available criteria used to discriminate lymphatic vessels from blood vessels. Until now, endothelial LYVE-1 expression was reported to be restricted to lymphatic vessels and to lymph node, liver, and spleen sinuses. Here, we provide the first evidence that LYVE-1 is expressed on blood vessels of the yolk sac during mouse embryogenesis. LYVE-1 is ubiquitously expressed in the yolk sac capillary plexus at E9.5, then becomes progressively down-regulated on arterial endothelium during vascular remodelling. LYVE-1 is also expressed on intra-embryonic arterial and venous endothelium at early embryonic stages and on endothelial cells of the lung and endocardium throughout embryogenesis. These findings have important implications for the use of LYVE-1 as a specific marker of the lymphatic vasculature during embryogenesis and neo-lymphangiogenesis. Our data are also the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that the mouse yolk sac is devoid of lymphatic vessels.     

Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and expression of lymphangiogenic factors in the atherosclerotic intima of human coronary arteries

Little information regarding the development of lymphangiogenesis in coronary atherosclerosis is available. We immunohistochemically investigated the correlation among intimal neovascularization (CD34 for angiogenesis and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 [LYVE-1] and podoplanin for lymphangiogenesis), the expression of lymphangiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]-C and VEGF-D), and the progression of atherosclerosis using 169 sections of human coronary arteries from 23 autopsy cases. The more the atherosclerosis advanced, the more often the neointimas contained newly formed blood vessels ( P < .0001). Vascular endothelial growth factor-C was expressed mostly in foamy macrophages and in some smooth muscle cells, whereas VEGF-D was abundantly expressed in both. The number of VEGF-C-expressing cells, but not that of VEGF-D-expressing cells, was increased as the lesion advanced and the number of intimal blood vessels increased ( P < .01). Lymphatic vessels were rare in the atherosclerotic intima (LYVE-1 vs CD34 = 13 vs 3955 vessels) compared with the number seen in the adventitia (LYVE-1 vs CD34 = 360 vs 6921 vessels). The current study suggests that VEGF-C, but not VEGF-D, may contribute to plaque progression and be a regulator for angiogenesis rather than lymphangiogenesis in coronary atherosclerotic intimas. Imbalance of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis may be a factor contributing to sustained inflammatory reaction during human coronary atherogenesis.     

Decreased macrophage number and activation lead to reduced lymphatic vessel formation and contribute to impaired diabetic wound healing

Impaired wound healing is a common complication of diabetes. Although it is well known that both macrophages and blood vessels are critical to wound repair, the role of wound-associated lymphatic vessels has not been well investigated. We report that both the presence of activated macrophages and the formation of lymphatic vessels are rate-limiting to the healing of diabetic wounds. We have previously shown that macrophages contribute to the lymphatic vessels that form during the acute phase of corneal wound healing. We now demonstrate that this is a general phenomenon; cells that co-stain for the macrophage marker F4/80 and the lymphatic markers LYVE-1 (lymphatic vascular endothelium hyaluronate receptor) and podoplanin contribute to lymphatic vessels in full-thickness wounds. LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels and CD31-positive blood vessels were significantly reduced in corneal wound healing in diabetic mice (db/db) (P < 0.02) compared with control (db/+) mice. Glucose treatment of control macrophages led to the down-regulation of the lymphatic-specific receptor VEGFR3 and its ligands, vascular endothelial growth factor-C and -D (VEGF-C, -D). Interleukin-1beta stimulation rescued diabetic macrophage function; application of interleukin-1beta-treated db/db-derived macrophages to wounds in db/db mice induced lymphatic vessel formation and accelerated wound healing. These observations suggest a potential therapeutic approach for healing wounds in diabetic patients.     

VEGF-D in association with VEGFR-3 promotes nodal metastasis in human invasive lobular breast cancer

We assessed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-C and VEGF-D) in breast cancer cells and the density of lymph vessels and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3)-positive vessels in and around the tumor in invasive lobular breast cancer. We found significant correlation between peritumoral lymph vessel density and presence of lymph node metastases (P=.001) and the number of metastatic lymph nodes (P<.001). A significant correlation was detected between tumor cell VEGF-D expression and lymph node status (P=.001) and density of lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor (LYVE)-1-positive vessels (P=.035). VEGFR-3+/VEGF-D+ and VEGFR-3+/VEGF-C+ tumors had a significantly higher number of metastatic lymph nodes than tumors with other staining patterns (P<.001). Tumors positive for neither VEGF-D nor VEGFR-3 had a lower density of LYVE-1+ vessels than tumors with other staining patterns (P=.033). Our results indicate that peritumoral lymph vessel density is associated with lymph node metastases in invasive lobular breast cancer and that invasive lobular cancer producing VEGF-D, surrounded by VEGFR-3+ vessels, has a significantly higher peritumoral lymph vessel density and a higher number of metastatic lymph nodes.     

Immunohistochemical detection of human small lymphatic vessels under normal and pathological conditions using the LYVE-1 antibody

The spread of tumor cells via lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes is an important indicator of malignancy. However, previous markers used to identify lymphatic endothelium gave ambiguous results in immunohistochemical analyses with paraffin-embedded tissues. In this study, we attempted to prepare a polyclonal antibody against human lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) for detecting lymphatic vessels using immunohistochemistry. The antibody was raised against a region near the transmembrane anchor of LYVE-1 in New Zealand white rabbits. Immunostainings with anti-LYVE-1 and von Willebrand factor antibodies were performed in various normal and pathological tissues. LYVE-1 expression was confined to the endothelial surface of lymphatic vessels but was not found in the endothelium of blood vessels, which were positive for von Willebrand factor. Our LYVE-1 polyclonal antibody was useful for the identification of small lymphatic vessels in normal human tissues. In addition, the immunostaining enabled us to distinguish lymphatic invasion by malignant tumor cells from blood vessel invasion using paraffin-embedded sections. In conclusion, our polyclonal antibody against the transmembrane anchor of the peptide can be used to detect human lymphatic vessels under various conditions.     

Distribution of LYVE-1 and CD31 in postnatal rat masseter muscle

During the development of blood vascular systems in the masseter muscle, one functional property of the blood supply via capillaries is altered by the change in feeding pattern from suckling to mastication. The lymphatic vessel hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) is a marker of lymphatic endothelial cells. The PECAM (CD31) is also an important marker of vascular endothelial cells and lymphatic cells. The mechanisms by which circulating lymphatic endothelial cells from blood vessels in masseter muscle form a network of lymphatic capillaries and vessels functioning in jaw muscle movement remain unknown. In our results, LYVE-1- and CD31- positive reactions were located in almost identical regions at the stages examined using double immunofluorescence staining. However, the level of protein for LYVE-1 and CD31 differed between superficial and deep regions in postnatal rat masseter muscle using Western blotting analysis. The different distribution of LYVE-1 and CD31 antibody reactions was found in the deep region in contrast to that of the superficial area in 3-7-week-old rat masseter muscles. Concomitant with the increased level of protein for CD31 in the deep region, many small vessels branch in this region during development in rat masseter muscle. Therefore, different levels of protein and immunohistochemical reactions for CD31- and LYVE-1-positive cells may reflect alterations in the functional properties of the blood supply and collection via capillaries due to the changes in feeding pattern.     

人胰腺癌淋巴管的分布及形态观察

目的观察人胰腺癌淋巴管的分布及形态结构,探讨胰腺癌淋巴道转移机制。方法取手术后人胰腺癌标本21例,应用免疫组化染色法LYVE-1标记淋巴管进行淋巴管计数,半薄切片光镜观察和超薄切片透射电镜观察胰腺癌组织淋巴管的形态及分布特点。结果胰腺癌组织中LYVE-1染色阳性的脉管具有淋巴管的形态学特征,可见癌周组织的微淋巴管数量较癌旁"正常区"有所增加(P<0.01);半薄切片光镜下可见癌周边区和"正常区"淋巴管存在,癌中心区未见有淋巴管;电镜下癌周边区淋巴管内皮细胞连接开放,部分内皮细胞破裂溶解,管壁不完整。淋巴管内皮细胞的线粒体、高尔基体等细胞器改变。结论胰腺癌组织淋巴管主要位于癌周围浸润区的纤维结缔组织中,且淋巴管数量较癌旁"正常区"增多,淋巴管内皮超微结构改变。胰腺癌淋巴管转移可能通过增多的淋巴管的内皮连接开放和对内皮细胞的破坏溶解作用进入淋巴管管壁。