Abdominal obesity has the highest impact on metabolic profile in an overweight African population

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the association between different anthropometric parameters and metabolic profile in an overweight, adult, black Kenyan population.

Methods: An opportunity sample of 245 overweight adult Kenyans (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m²) was analysed. A score of metabolic profile (metabolic Z-score) was constructed on the basis of levels of plasma lipids, blood pressure, blood glucose and serum insulin. Linear regressions using metabolic Z-score as outcome and six anthropometric variables (waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, arm fat area and arm muscle area) separately as independent variables were carried out.

Results: Mean age of study participants was 42.1 years (SD = 9.6) and 26.5% of the participants were men. The median BMI was 28.6 kg/m² (Q1 = 26.3; Q3 = 31.3). Of the six anthropometric variables tested, WC and VAT thickness had the strongest negative association with the metabolic profile (β = 0.17 (0.09; 0.24) and 0.15 (0.08; 0.23), respectively).

Conclusions: WC and VAT thickness were the strongest anthropometric predictors for the metabolic profile in overweight adult Kenyans. WC is useful in clinical practice for the diagnosis of metabolically unhealthy fat accumulation in an African setting.     

The association of anthropometric measurements and lipid profiles in Turkish hypertensive adults

Background

Few studies have associated anthropometric measurements and lipid profile with hypertension in adult populations and to the best of our knowledge none has been done in Turkey

Objectives

To relate anthropometric derivatives of overweight/obesity with hyperlipidemia status in a group of Turkish hypertensive adults.

Methods

Six hundred forty nine (307 male, 342 female) hypertensive adults aged between 20 and 64 yearswere included in the study.

Results

The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) of participants were measured as 147.6±17.2 and 91.4±10.4 mmHg for males and 149.9±16.3 and 91.1±9.4 mmHg for females, respectively. With respect to BMI classification systolic BP was significantly higher in obese males and females, and diastolic BP was only higher in obese females (p<0.05). According to BMIs for lipid profile, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) levels were found to be lower in normal females than other BMI groups. Age and waist circumference (WC) in particular was the most related factor for systolic and diastolic BP in both genders (p<0.05).

Conclusions

This study indicates most hypertensive adults surveyed were overweight and obese. Furthermore, age and WC were the important factors that affects the systolic and diastolic BP in both genders.     

Central Obesity in Africans: Anthropometric Assessment of Abdominal Adiposity and its Predictors in Urban Nigerians

Objective

To assess the occurrence of central obesity and identify its predictors in urban Africans using anthropometric tools. Another objective was to evaluate the anthropometric indices and their interaction with various cardiovascular risk factors.

Indices of central and general obesity and cardiometabolic risk among adolescents in three ethnic groups in north-west China

Abstract

Background: ‘A Body Shape Index-Adolescents’ (ABSI-Adolescents) and waist-to-height ratio are recently proposed indices that quantify central obesity in adolescents.

Aims: To investigate the scaling exponents to standardise waist circumference (WC) for body mass index (BMI) and height and to investigate the association between BMI, WC-based indices and cardiometabolic outcomes in adolescents of three ethnic groups.

Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study of 1755 adolescents (516 Hans, 565 Uygurs, 674 Kazakhs) was conducted in north-west China. Correlation between indices of obesity and blood pressure (BP) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were estimated and compared.

Results: Two ethnic groups (Han and Kazakh) had WC-BMI-height profiles different from the previously proposed ABSI-Adolescents and, therefore, required different scaling exponents for WC standardization. After adjustment for age and gender, WC and BMI have similar associations with BP and FBG. After further adjustment for BMI, WC remained significantly associated with FBG in all three ethnic groups (each p?<?0.01) and with BP in Han and Kazakh adolescents (each p?<?0.05).

Conclusion: Body proportionality varied between the ethnic groups. WC and WC-based indices were associated with blood pressure and fasting blood glucose in adolescents of three ethnicities. The WC-based indices did not out-perform WC per se.     

At what age do normal weight Canadian children become overweight adults? Differences according to sex and metric

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity doubles between adolescence and young adulthood; however, the exact age, and appropriate metric to use to identify when overweight develops is still debated.

Aim: To examine the age of onset of overweight by sex and four metrics: body mass index (BMI), fat mass (%FM), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR).

Subjects and methods: Between 1991 and 2017, serial measures of body composition were taken on 237 (108 males) individuals (aged 8–40?years of age). Hierarchical random effects models were used to develop growth curves. Curves were compared to BMI, %FM and WC overweight age- and sex-specific cut-points.

Results: In males, the BMI growth curve crossed the cut-point at 22.0?years, compared to 23.5 and 26.5?years for WHtR and %FM, respectively; WC cut-off was not reached until 36?years. In females, the BMI growth curve crossed the overweight cut-point at 21.5?years, compared to 14.2?years for %FM and 21.9 and 27.5?years for WC and WHtR, respectively.

Conclusion: In summary, overweight onset occurs during young adulthood with the exception of WC in males. BMI in males and %FM in females were the metrics identifying overweight the earliest.     

Diagnostic performance of Body Mass Index,Waist Circumference and the Waist-to-Height Ratio for identifying cardiometabolic risk in Scottish pre-adolescents

Background: Limited studies have examined the diagnostic performance of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) for identifying cardiometabolic risk (increased clustered glucose, triglycerides, mean arterial pressure and inv-HDL-cholesterol) in pre-adolescent youth.

Aim: To compare the utility of BMI, WC and WHtR as predictors of cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in Scottish pre-adolescent children.

Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 223 Scottish children (55.2% boys, mean age =8.4 years) was undertaken. BMI, WC and WHtR were used as exposure variables within multivariate logistic regression analysis and ROC analysis to examine the utility of these anthropometrical indices in identifying those at cardiometabolic risk.

Results: Individuals with an elevated WHtR, WC and BMI were 3.51 (95% CI?=?1.71–7.23; p?p =?.002) and 2.59 (95% CI?=?1.42–4.73; p?=?.002) times more likely to be at cardiometabolic risk, respectively. The areas under the curves [AUC] to identify children with cardiometabolic risk were significant and similar among anthropometric indices (AUC’s?=?0.60–0.65). When stratified by BMI, both WC and WHtR demonstrated a fair-to-good ability for identifying those at cardiometabolic risk (AUC?=?0.75–0.81).

Conclusions: Findings suggest that the combination of BMI with either WC or WHtR may provide an added benefit in the assessment of cardiometabolic risk amongst pre-adolescents.     

Issue of Waist Circumference for the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome Regarding Arterial Stiffness: Possible Utility of a Body Shape Index in Middle-Aged Nonobese Japanese Urban Residents Receiving Health Screening

IntroductionAbdominal obesity as a risk factor for diagnosing metabolic syndrome (MetS) is evaluated using waist circumference (WC), although WC does not necessarily reflect visceral adiposity. This cross-sectional study aimed to clarify whether replacing WC with “A Body Shape Index (ABSI),” an abdominal obesity index, in MetS diagnosis detects individuals with arterial stiffening assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI).MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 46,872 Japanese urban residents (median age 40 years) who underwent health screening. Exclusion criteria were current treatments and a past history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Japanese, International Diabetes Federation, and NCEP-ATPIII criteria were used to diagnose MetS. High CAVI was defined as CAVI ≥9.0.ResultsCAVI correlated positively with ABSI (β = 0.127), but negatively with WC (β = −0.186), independent of age, sex, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that ABSI had a stronger contribution to high CAVI (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.730) than WC (AUC = 0.595) and body mass index (AUC = 0.520). ABSI ≥0.080 was defined as abdominal obesity based on the results of ROC analysis for high CAVI and estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m². Logistic regression analysis revealed that replacing high WC with ABSI ≥0.080 in MetS diagnosis enhanced the detection of subjects with high CAVI.Discussion/ConclusionUse of ABSI can detect subjects with arterial stiffening, which may lead to efficient stratification of CVD risk. Further studies are needed to confirm whether MetS diagnosis using ABSI predicts CVD morbidity and mortality.     

甘肃东乡族围度及其与血压的关系

目的:分析东乡族成人围度特点及其与血压间的关系.方法:采用随机整群抽样法选取甘肃临夏州东乡县东乡族成年居民1160名,测量研究对象血压及颈围、胸围、腰围、腹围、臀围、大腿围、小腿围及上臂围等指标,并分析收缩压、舒张压与围度的关系.结果:东乡族男性及女性不同年龄段各围度指标差异均有统计学意义;东乡族成人高血压检出率为27...     

Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in Chinese pre-school children: results from the 5th National Survey in 2015

Background: Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) distributions have been described in Chinese pre-school children only in local areas.

Aim: To report reference data of WC and WHtR in a nationally representative sample of Chinese pre-school children.

Subjects and methods: A total of 53,172 children aged 3–7 years were surveyed as part of the 5th National Survey in 2015. WC and WHtR percentile values were calculated for each age- and sex-specific group. Urban–suburban rural differences of WC and WHtR were examined. Comparisons of WC and WHtR with other Chinese studies and foreign studies were assessed.

Results: Eleven conventional percentile values of WC and WHtR were obtained for urban and suburban rural children. Urban–suburban rural differences of WC ranged from ?0.2?cm to 0.6?cm for both boys and girls across all age groups and the differences of WHtR ranged from ?0.01 to 0.01. Median WC and WHtR curves were generally in the middle of other Chinese studies. Median WC and WHtR curves in China were generally lower than other countries that were compared.

Conclusion: The presented percentile values of WC and WHtR may be useful to monitor growth and development and to assess abdominal fat distribution of younger children.     

Abdominal volume index: a predictive measure in relationship between depression/anxiety and obesity

BackgroundObesity is a risk factor for mood disorder (such as depression and anxiety). We aimed to assess application of A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and abdominal volume index (AVI), as new indices of obesity to evaluate the relationship between obesity and depression/anxiety.MethodsThis cross sectional study was conducted on 307 overweight and obese women (249 females, 58 males) 20–60 years in Iran in 2017–2018. The anthropometric measures including weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat and derived values of body mass index, waist-hip ratio, AVI and ABSI were evaluated. HADS questionnaire for depression and anxiety completed.ResultsPrevalence of depression was 36.1% in women; men 24.1%; overweight 28.1%; obese 36.5 % and central obesity 33.7%. Anxiety was apparent in 27.1% of overweight 30.3 % obese and 29.6% central obesity. People with depression and anxiety had higher WC, BF and AVI. ABSI had no significant correlation with depression/anxiety. The odds of depression (1.06; 95% CI, 1.02–1.12) and anxiety (1.06; 95% CI, 1.01–1.11) were elevated with increase AVI.ConclusionOur results suggested that AVI as an indirect measure of abdominal obesity along with WC and BF could be useful in predicting the relationship between obesity and depression/anxiety.     

Features of Childhood Growth,Lifestyle, and Environment Associated with a Cardiometabolic Risk Score in Young Adults

IntroductionIn young adults, metabolic syndrome (MS) is rare. To better assess the risks for future cardiovascular disease (CVD), a cardiometabolic score can be used, ranking the disease risk in each subject. The score is a continuous variable, summarizing the individual z-scores for waist circumference, blood pressure, blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Our main aim was to assess the association between early childhood growth and the cardiometabolic score in young adults.MethodsStudy participants were recruited among subjects in the longitudinal population-based GrowUp 1990 Gothenburg study. Those with information on weight and length at birth, as well as weight, height, waist circumference, and parental body mass index (BMI) at 10 years of age were invited to participate in a health survey at 18–20 years of age. Five hundred and thirteen young adults (female 51%) were included. Multivariable linear stepwise regression analysis was applied.ResultsThe mean (standard deviation) BMI was 22.2 (3.26) in males and 21.3 (2.69) kg/m² in females; the cardiometabolic score was 0.24 (3.12) and −0.22 (3.18), respectively. A statistically significantly higher score (p < 0.001) was seen in individuals with MS, as defined by IDF. After controlling for adult lifestyle features, the BMI z-score at 10 years of age was a significant risk factor in both sexes for an elevated cardiometabolic score in early adulthood with mean [standard error] beta 0.47 [0.19], p = 0.014 in males, and 0.82 [017], p < 0.0001 in females. In males, a high maternal BMI and low age at adiposity rebound and in females, high birth weight were also associated with a statistically significant risk. Additionally, contraceptive use in females was a risk factor for an elevated cardiometabolic score and in males, a high lifestyle-related index score showed a protective association with the cardiometabolic score.ConclusionA high BMI z-score at 10 years of age is a risk factor for the cardiometabolic state in young adults, an outcome pointing to the preventive potential of monitoring BMI in 10-year-old schoolchildren. This finding must however be validated in a new large cohort. Moreover, in young adults in whom MS is rare, the cardiometabolic score seems to be a promising and more powerful tool to detect risks for CVD later in life than using MS categorization.     

重度子痫前期病史妇女产后血压和体质指数的研究

目的研究重度子痫前期病史妇女产后体质指数和血压情况，分析血压的影响因素。方法采用方便取样选取62名重度子痫前期病史、现产后1～3年的妇女，测定其血压和体质指数，同时调查其家族史等，采用Logistic方法分析产后血压的影响因素。结果33．9％（21例）的重度子痫前期病史妇女出现高血压。Logistic单因素结果：BMI的RR为4．3，（90％CI1．7—11．0），腰围的RR为3．8（90％CI1．2～12．2），Logistic多因素分析，仅BMI有统计学意义。结论重度子痫前期病史妇女产后短时间即可出现高血压，产后应积极控制体重和腰围以减少慢性高血压的发生率。     

Relationship of blood pressure status,dietary factors and serum electrolytes of in-school adolescents in Ilishan-Remo,Ogun State,Nigeria

BackgroundGlobally, rising blood pressure is of public health concern as it is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and preventable death. This study accessed the relationship of blood pressure status, dietary factors and serum electrolytes among in-school adolescents in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 488 secondary school students (aged 10–19 years). Blood pressures were assessed using auscultatory method and questionnaires were used to obtain food frequency and 24-hour dietary recall data. Blood samples from volunteers were used for serum sodium and potassium assays.ResultsThe mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased with age, irrespective of gender. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension among participants were 19.3% and 10.5%, respectively, with males and females having similar pattern. Dietary factors like addition of table salt to already prepared foods, higher intake of eggs, and lower intake of vegetables were associated with the development of elevated blood pressure among the adolescents. The estimated mean dietary intakes (mg/person/day) of sodium and potassium were 2289±938.7 and 1321±603.8, respectively, with majority consuming far higher (for sodium – 80%) or far below (for potassium – 95%) recommendations. The mean serum sodium (138.0±18.3 mmolL^-1) and potassium (3.06±1.1 mmolL^-1) were similar across genders. A significant (p<0.05) negative relationship exists between serum potassium and SBP.ConclusionsThe blood pressure status of the adolescents studied are of great concern and are somewhat negatively influenced by poor dietary and lifestyle practices. They require prompt intervention to slow down the development of CVDs in the future.     

Association of leg length with overweight and obesity in children aged 5–15 years: A cross-sectional study

Background: Short leg length (LL) and childhood obesity have been independently associated with a higher risk for adult disease. However, the contribution of relative LL to overweight and obesity in children remains an under-researched area.

Aim: To utilize data from a large cross-sectional anthropometric survey to assess the association of LL to height ratio (LLHR, leg length/height) with measures of overweight and obesity in British children.

Methods: Children were analysed from the bottom and top body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) quartiles (3825 children, boys=1686) or waist circumference (WC) SDS quartiles (3824 children, boys=1687). The top quartile was defined as the ‘high’ BMI or WC SDS group and the lower bottom quartile as the ‘low’ BMI or WC SDS group. Height and LL were expressed as SDSs using current references and LLHR was calculated.

Results: Children in the ‘high’ groups were taller with longer legs but had a lower LLHR across most ages. The magnitude of the difference was greater for BMI than WC in both genders.

Conclusion: Altered body dimensions appear to be linked to measures of overweight and obesity in children but longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this suggestion.     

The effect of camelina oil (α-linolenic acid) and canola oil (oleic acid) on lipid profile,blood pressure,and anthropometric parameters in postmenopausal women

IntroductionCold-pressed camelina oil (Camelina sativa) is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and may have a beneficial effect on the reduction of cardiovascular risk.Material and methodsIn this study, we investigated the parameters contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as dietary intake, nutritional status, blood pressure, and lipid profile. Sixty postmenopausal women with dyslipidaemia were randomly assigned to two oil groups: camelina oil and canola oil. The subjects consumed daily 30 g of the test oils for 6 weeks. Before and after dietary intervention, the assessment of nutrition (4-day dietary recall), anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, and blood pressure were evaluated.ResultsDuring the dietary intervention, decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in both groups (15 mg/dl (0.4 mmol/l) reduction in the camelina oil group and 11 mg/dl (0.3 mmol/l) reduction in the canola oil group) was observed. In this study a decrease of waist circumference (approx. 1 cm) in the two groups was observed. In the group of women consuming camelina oil, a significant decrease of waist-to-hip ratio was seen. In the other anthropometric parameters no statistically significant changes were observed (body weight, body fat mass). After the intervention, no significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were noticed.ConclusionsThe camelina and canola oil intake contributed to reduction of the consumption of saturated fatty acids in the diet, had a positive influence on the lipid profile parameters, and decreased the waist circumference, which may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.     

Evaluation of Internet-Based Interventions on Waist Circumference Reduction: A Meta-Analysis

BackgroundInternet-based interventions are more cost-effective than conventional interventions and can provide immediate, easy-to-access, and individually tailored support for behavior change. Waist circumference is a strong predictor of an increased risk for a host of diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, independent of body mass index. To date, no study has examined the effect of Internet-based lifestyle interventions on waist circumference change.ObjectiveThis study aimed to systematically review the effect of Internet-based interventions on waist circumference change among adults.MethodsThis meta-analysis reviewed randomized controlled trials (N=31 trials and 8442 participants) that used the Internet as a main intervention approach and reported changes in waist circumference.ResultsInternet-based interventions showed a significant reduction in waist circumference (mean change –2.99 cm, 95% CI −3.68 to −2.30, I²=93.3%) and significantly better effects on waist circumference loss (mean loss 2.38 cm, 95% CI 1.61-3.25, I²=97.2%) than minimal interventions such as information-only groups. Meta-regression results showed that baseline waist circumference, gender, and the presence of social support in the intervention were significantly associated with waist circumference reduction.ConclusionsInternet-based interventions have a significant and promising effect on waist circumference change. Incorporating social support into an Internet-based intervention appears to be useful in reducing waist circumference. Considerable heterogeneity exists among the effects of Internet-based interventions. The design of an intervention may have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the intervention.     

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its associated factors among the urban elderly population in Hyderabad metropolitan city,South India

Background: Deficiency of vitamin D has been associated with various health conditions. However, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and factors associated with VDD are not well studied, especially among the urban elderly population of India.

Aim: To assess the prevalence of VDD and its associated factors among the urban free-living elderly population in Hyderabad.

Subjects and methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 298 urban elderly (≥60 years) by adapting a random sampling procedure. Demographic particulars were collected. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were recorded using standard equipment. Fasting glucose, lipid profile and 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH) D] were estimated in plasma samples.

Results: The mean?±?SE plasma vitamin D and the prevalence of VDD among the urban elderly population were 19.3?±?0.54 (ng/ml) and 56.3%, respectively. The prevalence of VDD was significantly associated with education, high body mass index (BMI), hypertension (HT) and metabolic syndrome (MS). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed HT as a significant predictor of vitamin D deficiency and the risk of VDD was double among the elderly with hypertension.

Conclusions: The prevalence of VDD was high among the urban elderly population in the south Indian city of Hyderabad. High BMI, MS, HT and education are significant associated factors of VDD.     

The association between dyslipidemia and anthropometric indicators in black and white adolescents residing in Tlokwe Municipality,North-West Province,South Africa: the PAHL study

Background

The dyslipidemia associated with excess weight is a risk for cardiovascular disease. Worldwide and in South Africa adolescent obesity has been reported.

Objectives

To determine the association between dyslipidemia and anthropometric indices in black and white adolescents.

Methods

The study involved 129 black and 69 white adolescents aged 12 to 16 years. Data collected included height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and skinfolds, blood pressure and blood for glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (Trig) and C - reactive protein (CRP).

Results

WC correlated negatively with HDL in both blacks (p=0.042) and whites (p=0.008) and in whites it correlated positively with LDL (p=0.006); TC/HDL (p=<0.001) and LDL/HDL ratio (p<0.0001). WC/Hgt correlated negatively with HDL (p=0.028) and positively with LDL/HDL (p=0.026 and p<0.0001) in both races. In whites positive correlations were between WC/Hgt and TC (p=0.049); LDL (p=0.003) and TC/HDL (p<0.0001). BAZ correlated positively with TC/HDL ratio (p=0.004) and LDL/HDL ratio (p=0.002). The most common abnormalities were HDL and LDL.

Conclusion

Whites exhibited more associations between dyslipidemia and anthropometric indicators as compared to Blacks, suggesting that there might be differences in the lipid metabolism or even susceptibility to risk factors in adolescents.