老年癫痫患者的临床特征分析

目的探讨老年癫痫患者的病因、临床特征及治疗现状。方法采用回顾性研究的方法,收集2015年9月~2017年12月在我院就诊的癫痫患者363例,根据发病时间分为迟发组134例,早发组56例与中青年组173例。对比分析3组病因、发作类型、脑电图表现、并发症及抗癫痫药物治疗情况。结果 3组男性、年龄、起病年龄、病程、脑血管病、癫痫复杂部分发作、单纯部分发作及强直阵挛+复杂部分发作比例比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。与中青年组比较,迟发组脑血管病及复杂部分发作类型比例均明显升高(P0.05,P0.01)。迟发组最常见病因为脑血管病(18.7%)。3组最常见的发作类型均为强直阵挛发作。早发组强直阵挛+复杂部分发作率明显高于中青年组和迟发组(33.9%vs 26.0%和9.0%,P0.01),中青年组强直阵挛+复杂部分发作率亦明显高于迟发组,差异有统计学意义(26.0%vs 9.0%,P0.05)。3组并发症发生率及单一药物治疗比例比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。老年癫痫患者最常见并发症为高血压、糖尿病等。3组脑电图阳性率比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论脑血管病是迟发老年癫痫最常见的病因,最常见的发作类型是强直阵挛发作。老年癫痫患者伴发疾病以高血压为主,治疗以单一药物为主。     

非酮症高血糖性癫痫发作15例临床分析

目的 对15例非酮症高血糖性癫痫发作患者的临床资料进行分析,结合国内外文献,探讨其发病机制.方法 回顾性分析15例非酮症高血糖性癫痫发作患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学和电生理资料.结果 15例患者的年龄为49～100(68.33±16.68)岁,男∶女为9∶6.9例(60％)为首次诊断糖尿病.入院急查血糖为20.06～37.94(27.57±5.44)mmol/L.血浆渗透压为289.3～332.14(312.12±11.04)mosm/L.发作类型以单纯部分性发作为主(12/15),其中3例呈单纯部分性发作持续状态,3例继发全面性强直阵挛发作;复杂部分性发作1例,全面性强直阵挛发作2例.影像学检查均未发现可以解释癫痫发作的责任病灶.脑电图异常率为61.5％,多表现为棘慢波、尖慢波散在发放.所有患者通过积极控制血糖和补液治疗使病情得到改善,部分患者(7例)因发作频繁同时联合短期抗癫痫药物口服治疗.结论 非酮症高血糖性癫痫发作临床并不少见,其发病机制尚不完全清楚.早期识别这一综合征并与其他引起癫痫发作的原因相鉴别是至关重要的,因为本病可以通过纠正高血糖和补液治疗使病情迅速得到改善.     

多发性硬化合并癫痫患者的临床分析

报告多发性硬化(MS)患者120例,合并癫痫发作7例,其中早发型2例、晚发型4例、以复杂部分发作继发全身强直-阵挛发作起病1例.扩展功能障碍分级法评分为1.0～8.0,简易智力状态评分为6～9;发作间期脑电图多为弥漫性慢波;核磁共振显示发病部位多在脑室旁、半卵圆中心、内囊后肢、脑桥、延髓广泛脱髓鞘,特别在额顶叶、颞枕叶;癫痫发作类型通常是部分性发作继发全面型发作,经抗癫痫药物治疗后病情控制6例.认为MS合并癫痫发作多见于女性,常出现在MS病程晚期,预后较好.     

以癫痫为首发症状的急性脑卒中30例临床分析

目的 分析以癫痫发作为首发症状的急性脑卒中的临床表现.方法 对2006年7月-2007年12月收治以癫痫为首发症状的急性脑卒中患者30例临床资料进行分析.结果 30例患者经治疗后,2例癫痫持续状态死亡,3例癫痫持续状态控制后因脑干出血引起脑疝致中枢性呼吸衰竭而死亡,25例部分性发作及全面性强直阵挛发作好转出院.结论 以癫痫发作为首发症状的急性脑卒中应尽早诊断,采取针对性治疗.     

青少年肌阵挛癫痫治疗的长期反应

作者回顾性分析了50例青少年肌阵挛癫痫患者的临床资料,并通过随访估价药物的治疗反应。病人和方法青少年肌阵挛癫痫患者共50例,男16、女34例。随访时年龄18～46岁;随访时间2个月～9年。全部患者均有肌阵挛发作史;45例(90%)有多种全身发作;25例(50%)有肌阵挛发作和全身强直阵一挛发作史;2例(4%)有肌阵挛发作和失神发作;18例(36%)有肌阵挛发作、全身强直-阵挛发作和失神发作。8例(16%)有光源性抽搐反应。18例(36%)有原发性全身发作家族史。紧张刺激时全部患者都有症状加剧;情绪急剧变     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及其组织抑制因子-1在青年癫痫全面强直阵挛发作中的表达及意义

目的:探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)及其组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)与青年癫痫患者全面强直阵挛发作的关系。方法:对50例我院神经内科15~28岁的癫痫患者全面强直阵挛发作后3、6、12 h分别测定其血浆MMP-9、TIMP-1的水平,并与年龄匹配的稳定对照组、健康对照组比较。结果 :青年癫痫全面强直阵挛发作后3、6、12 h血清MMP-9水平为(64.69±15.23)、(90.21±22.74)、(67.51±18.36)μg/L,均高于稳定对照组[(44.27±13.55)μg/L]及健康对照组[(42.24±13.63)μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。发作持续时间越长,MMP-9表达越高(均P0.05)。结论:青年癫痫患者发作后MMP-9/TIMP-1失衡,可能主要由于MMP-9的表达增高,而MMP-9水平与发作持续时间呈正相关,且不受抗癫痫药物影响。     

家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤癫痫三例临床和电生理特点分析

家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤癫痫(FCMTE)是以皮质震颤、肌阵挛和双侧强直阵挛发作(BTCS)为主要表现的常染色体显性遗传性疾病,为探讨FCMTE的临床和电生理特点,作者对空军军医大学第一附属医院西京医院脑电监测中心收治的3例FCMTE患者的临床和电生理特点进行研究并随访。3例患者均为女性,表现为以上肢为主的震颤、肌阵挛,BTCS,癫痫性肌阵挛发作(包括眼睑肌阵挛发作),发作间期脑电图均为各导多棘波或(多)棘慢综合波,2例存在合眼敏感。给予抗癫痫药物(左乙拉西坦1例,丙戊酸钠1例,丙戊酸钠+氯硝西泮1例)治疗。随访1年以上,3例均无临床发作。说明需要关注FCMTE的癫痫性肌阵挛发作(包括眼睑肌阵挛发作)及合眼敏感,其在FCMTE中的意义尚需进一步研究。     

老年人难治性癫痫对脑卒中后遗症的影响

目的 研究难治性癫痫对中风后遗症的影响。方法 选择脑卒中后难治性癫痫患26例,其中全身强直一阵挛发作11例．部分性发作15例。对比观察癫痫发作前、后患脑CT、神经功能缺损程度及记忆商数的变化。结果 继发全身性发作患癫痫后记忆商数明显下降．继发部分性癫痫发作患神经功能缺损程度长时间加重,而患癫痫发作后脑CT检查无明显变化。结论 部分性癫痫发作加重了患原发的神经功能缺陷,全身强直一阵挛发作能够加重患记忆障碍。     

脑梗死继发癫痫发作60例诊治分析

目的探讨脑梗死继发癫痫发作患者脑电图(EEG)或视频脑电图改变与临床表现的关系。方法对60例确诊为脑梗死继发癫痫发作患者的EEG或视频脑电图及临床表现、头颅CT或磁共振成像(MRI)进行分析。结果脑梗死继发癫痫发作,早期发作占76.7%,发作类型以强直-阵挛发作为主;迟发性发作占23.3%,发作类型以部分发作为主。早期发作脑电图主要表现为普遍慢活动基础上局限性慢活动明显及痫样放电;迟发性发作脑电图主要表现为痫样放电。脑梗死继发癫痫发作与病灶部位密切相关。结论脑电图或视频脑电图在脑梗死继发癫痫发作的诊断及癫痫灶定位方面有重要价值。     

以痫性发作为首发症状的脑梗塞11例临床分析

以痫性发作为首发症状的脑梗塞临床很少见,早期容易误诊,现将我院近年收治的11例总结报告如下。临床资料:本组男7例,女4例;年龄57～76岁。病均无脑血管病及癫痫病史,有高血压病史7例,冠心病史5例,糖尿病史2例。本组均以痫性发作为首发症状,发作类型为全面性发作6例,均为全面性强直-阵挛发作(GTCS),单纯部分性发作2例,复杂部分性发作2例,部分性发作继发全面性强直-阵挛发作1例。痫性发作之后偏侧运动障碍及(或)伴失语6例,纯偏身感觉障碍1例,痴呆1例,双侧运动障碍1例,无局灶症状2例。本组患者均在痫性发作后2～4天行颅脑CT检查发现梗塞灶,…     

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures detected by implantable loop recorder devices: Diagnosing more than cardiac arrhythmias

BACKGROUND: Both syncope and seizures are important causes of recurrent, unexplained episodes of loss of consciousness. Implantable loop recorders have identified serious arrhythmias in patients with repeated syncope; however, implantable loop recorder detection of seizures is less well established. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to provide in-depth analysis of a characteristic myopotential pattern recorded by implantable loop recorders during generalized tonic-clonic seizures. METHODS: Fourteen patients with refractory, video-EEG-documented epilepsy (complex partial, atonic, tonic, or generalized tonic-clonic seizures) underwent implantable loop recorder placement as part of a study protocol evaluating cardiac rhythm abnormalities in patients at high risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. RESULTS: Twelve generalized tonic-clonic seizure episodes were detected by the implantable loop recorder in six patients. Implantable loop recorder and EEG recordings of generalized tonic-clonic seizures were identical and revealed a tonic phase (sustained, rapid, high-frequency myopotentials) transitioning to a clonic phase (periodic bursts of high-frequency myopotentials with a decelerating burst frequency from 3-6 Hz to 1-2 Hz) prior to seizure termination. With the nonprogrammable bandpass filter of 0.85 to 32 Hz in the implantable loop recorder, all generalized tonic-clonic seizure episodes had escaped automatic detection and required activation by family members. None of the 76 nongeneralized tonic-clonic seizure episodes recorded on the implantable loop recorder in the 14 patients exhibited the stereotypical tonic-clonic pattern that defines generalized seizures. CONCLUSION: Recognizing this specific myopotential pattern on an implantable loop recorder might help diagnose generalized tonic-clonic seizures as a cause of recurrent, unexplained episodes of loss of consciousness. Having a programmable bandpass filter in the implantable loop recorder might increase its diagnostic yield for such patients.     

Seizure. Fundamentals of drug management of epilepsy in the older patient

Although commonly perceived as a condition of the young, epilepsy has a significant presence in the geriatric population. The most common seizure types in older persons are complex partial, simple partial, and secondarily generalized tonic clonic. Patient assessment and management objectives include determining the seizure type, calculating the risk of seizure recurrence, and determining whether to initiate anticonvulsant therapy. These objectives are pursued using clinical, electroencephalographic (EEG), and neuroimaging findings. Treatment can reduce the risk of recurrence and prevent injuries likely to occur among older persons experiencing seizures.     

Psychomotor development and seizure features in idiopathic myoclonic epilepsy in infancy

Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (MEI) is a rare syndrome characterized by generalized myoclonic seizures (MS) that occur within the first 3 years of life. In the present study, the form of onset, and clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) features were analyzed. A retrospective chart review was conducted for 16 MEI patients between March 2009 and July 2022 in Peking Union Medical College. The clinical and video EEG (VEEG) characteristics, treatment strategy, and follow-up information were analyzed. Four cases presented with afebrile generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) at the onset of MEI (GTCS at onset or atypical MEI), while 12 cases presented with MS at onset (MS at onset or typical MEI). The 24-hour VEEG revealed a generalized discharge of polyspike (or spike)-and-wave complexes that lasted for 1–3 seconds in the ictal phase. All patients were treated with valproic acid monotherapy, and none of the patients experienced seizure recurrence. Furthermore, all patients had normal psychomotor development at the end of the follow up period. Typical MEI (MS at onset) and atypical MEI (GTCS at onset) were described in the present study. These 2 groups differed in form of onset, but there were no significant differences in clinical or EEG features.     

左乙拉西坦治疗中老年部分性发作癫痫患者的临床研究

目的 分析左乙拉西坦(LEV)单药及添加药物治疗中老年部分性发作(PS)或继发全面性发作(SGTCS)癫痫患者的有效率及不良反应.方法 采用自身对照方法,应用LEV对59例PS和SGTCS的中老年癫痫患者进行单药及添加药物治疗,目标维持剂量为1000～2000mg/d,分2次给药.观察LEV的有效率和不良反应,并分别分析LEV在仅患癫痫患者和合并其他疾病的癫痫患者以及单药和添加药物治疗患者之间有效率的差别及意义.结果 服用LEV后在第3、6、9和12个月末时的有效率分别为76.2％、70.6％、64.3％和66.7％,不同观察点的临床疗效差异无统计学意义(x2=1.911,P=0.591),在合并其他基础疾病用药的癫痫病例中LEV仍显示较好的疗效,12个月末两组间比较,疗效差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).LEV对不同癫痫发作类型的临床疗效比较差异无统计学意义(6个月末x2=1.315,P＞0.05,12个月末x2=2.700,P＞0.05).在控制无发作比例上在6个月末和12个月末单药治疗明显比添加药物治疗高(x2=10.83,P＜0.05).总不良反应发生率为13.6％,主要为嗜睡、乏力、恶心、食欲不振、头疼、易激惹和记忆力减退.结论 LEV单药及添加药物治疗PS、SGTCS癫痫疗效确切,尤其在合并非抗癫痫用药的患者中,临床疗效同样稳定、持续.     

颞叶癫(癎)的临床特征和脑电图分析

目的分析和总结颞叶癫癎的临床、脑电图特征。方法对2004年6月至2006年1月于首都医科大学北京天坛医院癫癎中心门诊和病房确诊为颞叶癫癎的145例患者的临床、脑电图和神经影像学资料进行分析。结果患者的发作类型包括简单和复杂部分性发作以及全面强直阵挛发作,以复杂部分性发作最常见。病因分析显示,45例病灶性颞叶癫癎的病因依次为脑血管病、颅内感染、脑外伤等,100例非病灶性颞叶癫癎中,海马硬化29例。脑电图显示颞区癫癎样放电。结论颞叶癫癎是一组临床常见、病因复杂、表现多样的癫癎综合征。正确诊断、规范化治疗是提高其疗效的关键。     

脑血管病继发癫痫临床特点研究

目的探讨脑血管继发癫痫的临床特征、发作类型及部位。方法对我院2002年6月—2008年12月收治的经CT证实的58例脑血管继发癫痫患者的临床资料进行回顾分析,总结该组患者的临床特征、发作类型及部位。结果该组患者的脑血管继发癫痫的发生率为5.36%（58/1082）,癫痫的发病率与脑血管病的发作类型、发病部位、病灶部位有关,其中以脑出血患者、中颞叶、单纯部分性发作的发病率较高,且病灶部分在脑叶和累计大脑皮下较多。结论脑血管病继发癫痫的原因主要与脑水肿有关,病灶主要位于脑叶,发病类型以单纯性部分发作为多,累及大脑皮质者发生癫痫的危险性高。     

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) refers to the sudden death of a seemingly healthy individual with epilepsy, usually occurring during, or immediately after, a tonic-clonic seizure. The frequency of SUDEP varies depending on the severity of the epilepsy, but overall the risk of sudden death is more than 20 times higher than that in the general population. Several different mechanisms probably exist, and most research has focused on seizure-related respiratory depression, cardiac arrhythmia, cerebral depression, and autonomic dysfunction. Data from a pooled analysis of risk factors indicate that the higher the frequency of tonic-clonic seizures, the higher the risk of SUDEP; furthermore, risk of SUDEP is also elevated in male patients, patients with long-duration epilepsy, and those on antiepileptic polytherapy. SUDEP usually occurs when the seizures are not witnessed and often at night. In this Seminar, we provide advice to clinicians on ways to minimise the risk of SUDEP, information to pass on to patients, and medicolegal aspects of these deaths.     

老年癫痫患者常见病因与临床特征的分析

目的探讨老年癫痫患者的常见病因、临床特点及预后。方法选择1993～2012年我院收治的癫痫患者87例,回顾性分析患者的发病临床特点、临床结局等。结果 87例患者的平均发病年龄(78.5±10.4)岁,年龄>75岁占73.6%。住院期间并发癫痫占73.6%,全身性发作占75.9%,部分性发作占12.6%,记录不详占11.5%。老年人癫痫发作的主要原因为脑血管病(42.5%),其余主要为代谢性疾病、颅内肿瘤、脑变性病和脑外伤等。所有患者中有47例进行了脑电图检查,占54.0%,放电阳性率仅为6例,占12.8%,主要表现为背景和节律异常,弥漫或局限性慢波活动,散在性棘波、尖波等。结论脑血管病为老年人癫痫的主要原因,全身性发作是主要的癫痫发作形式。老年癫痫患者行常规脑电图检查的比例并不高,且癫痫放电阳性率低。     

Quantitative EEG in Patients With Alcohol‐Related Seizures

Background: To investigate whether quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) recorded within a few days after a generalized seizure can improve the discrimination between alcohol‐related seizures (ARSs), seizures in epilepsy and other seizures. In addition, we wanted to evaluate the influence of various external factors on QEEG, e.g., drug use, time from seizure occurrence, and alcohol intake. Methods: An ARS was defined by (i) scores ≥8 in the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and (ii) no history of epilepsy. Twenty‐two ARS patients, 21 epileptic patients with seizures (ES), 30 AUDIT‐negative patients with seizures (OS), and 37 well‐controlled epileptic outpatients (EPO) were included. EEG from 79 sciatica patients (SC) served as an additional control group. EEG was recorded in relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed. Spectral analysis of ongoing resting EEG activity was performed. For the main analysis, spectral band amplitudes were averaged across 14 electrodes. Results: Major quantitative EEG abnormalities were mainly seen in the ES group. AUDIT score correlated negatively with QEEG band amplitudes in patients with seizures unrelated to alcohol, but not in the ARS group. Recent alcohol intake correlated negatively with delta and theta amplitude. We could not confirm that beta activity is increased in ARS subjects. Conclusions: A QEEG with slightly reduced alpha amplitude supports a clinical diagnosis of ARS. An abnormally slow QEEG profile and asymmetry in the temporal regions indicates ES. QEEG predicted the clinical diagnosis better than standard EEG.     

颅骨成形术后癫痫发作的临床研究

目的分析颅骨成形术后癫痫发作的发生率、相关因素和预防性应用抗癫痫药物(AED)的临床效果。方法选择行颅骨成形术患者107例,分析术后癫痫发作、AED预防性使用及术后早期癫痫发作者术后住院日及晚期癫痫发作情况。结果术后早期癫痫发作17例(15.9%),晚期癫痫发作19例(17.8%)。自体颅骨成形术后早期癫痫发作发生率低于钛网成形术(P<0.05)。术后未使用AED患者早期癫痫发作发生率为23.5%,术后使用AED发生率为2.6%(P<0.01)。术后出现早期癫痫发作患者术后平均住院日和晚期癫痫发作发生率明显高于术后未出现早期癫痫发作患者(P<0.01)。结论颅骨修补术后早期和晚期癫痫发作发生率高,早期癫痫发作可导致平均住院日延长,并增加晚期癫痫发作的风险。预防使用AED可以显著减少术后早期癫痫发作的发生。