Serological and immunochemical characteristics of Ge-negative red cells and anti-Ge

Gerbich-negative red cells lack Beta and gamma sialoglycoproteins (SGPs), which are now known to carry the Gerbich (Ge) antigens. Gerbich and Yus-type Ge-negative red cells possess distinct diffuse SGPs that migrate on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a position between those normally occupied by Beta and gamma SGPs. Both these SGPs lack tie2 antigens and possess epitopes recognized by monoclonal anti-Beta These SGPs differ from each other in at least two ways. The SGP associated with the Gerbich type also lacks the Ge3 antigen and is resistant to trypsin treatment. The SGP associated with the Yus type possesses the antigenic determinant recognized by anti-Ge3 and is sensitive to trypsin digestion.     

人TIM-3在真核细胞的表达及稳定转染细胞株的建立

目的：构建人TIM-3真核表达载体，在真核细胞中表达人TIM-3，建立稳定转染细胞株。方法：设计特异性引物，利用PCR技术扩增出TIM-3全编码区基因片段，插入到真核表达载体plRES2EGFP中，重组质粒pIRES2EGFP-hTIM-3用脂质体转染法转染哺乳动物细胞，以流式细胞术（FCM）和Western blot分析蛋白质的的表达，借助FCM和选择性培养基筛选建立稳定转染细胞株。结果：成功构建了pIRES2EGFP—hTIM-3真核表达载体，转染哺乳动物细胞COS-7和CHO后，FCM和Westernblot分析证实TIM-3高效表达于细胞膜表面，建立了稳定转染的CHO细胞株。结论：成功构建了人TIM-3真核表达载体，TIM-3高效表达在转染的哺乳动物细胞表面，并建立了稳定转染的细胞株。为进一步研究TIM-3及其配体的生物学功能以及制备和筛选抗人TIM-3 mAb提供了条件，     

人CD226 (PTA1)分子胞膜外区截短体真核表达载体的构建、表达及其识别结构域的分析

目的：确定一套CD226单克隆抗体（McAb）识别CD226分子胞膜外区结构域的部位，方法：应用计算机软件分析CD226子蛋白质序列疏水性，确定其亲水性区域。采用PCR方法扩增CD226分子基因序列，分别缺失相应亲水性区域，构建CD226截短体重组真核组细胞表达载体pcDNA3-PTA1T1和pcDNA3-PTA1T2。测序正确后，转染COS7细胞，抗CD226分子克隆抗体间接免疫荧光染色，流式细胞术检测CD226分子截短体的表达，表达成功后，采用间接免疫荧光染色和流式细胞术分析，用一套CD226McAb检测与截短突变体的免疫反应性，从而确定CD226McAb识别CD226分子结构域的部位。结果：PCR扩增出CD226分子相应目的片段序列，定向克隆入pcDNA3真核表达。CD226McAb Leo A1,New E1T -7均可识别CD226全长分子；Leo A1,New E1,FMU1,FMU2,FMU4和MFU5与截短突变体PTA1T1和PTA1T2均无反应性，FMU3可结合PTA1T1分子，不结合PTA1T2分子；FMU6和FMU7均可结合PTA1T2均无反应性；FMU3可结合PTA1T1分子，不结合PTA1T2分子；FMU6和FMU7均可结合PTA1T1及PTA1T2分子，结论：CD226McAb Leo A1,New E1,FMU1,FMU2,FMU3,FMU4和FMU5识别CD226分子膜膜外区D1结构域，其中FMU3识别的位点位于V1和V2环之间；FMU6和FMU7识别D2结构域。     

Expression of mumps virus glycoproteins in mammalian cells from cloned cDNAs: both F and HN proteins are required for cell fusion.

Two recombinant plasmids were constructed by inserting the cDNAs of either the fusion (F) or the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein genes of mumps virus into the pcDL-SR alpha expression vector. Both the F and the HN proteins expressed in COS7 cells transfected with their respective recombinant plasmids were indistinguishable in terms of electrophoretic mobility from their counterparts synthesized in mumps virus-infected cells. The F protein was cleaved and expressed on the cell surface, but uncleaved forms were also detected. The expressed HN protein was transported to the cell surface and adsorbed guinea pig erythrocytes. Syncytium formation was induced when COS7 cells were transfected with both recombinant plasmid DNAs together, but not with the recombinant plasmid only carrying the F gene. This observation indicates that cell fusion mediated by mumps virus requires both the F and the HN glycoproteins.     

大鼠热休克蛋白72基因真核表达载体构建及在COS7细胞中的表达

背景：体外克隆、表达热休克蛋白,尤其正常时少量或不表达,而应激时大量表达的热休克蛋白72对研究其缺血再灌注损伤中的作用尤为重要。 目的：构建热休克蛋白72基因真核表达载体并于COS7细胞内表达,为HSP72蛋白免疫调节功能的研究奠定基础。 方法：采用RT-PCR技术从BABL/C大鼠肝细胞中扩增出热休克蛋白72 cDNA,经限制性核酸内切酶消化后,插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)的相应酶切位点,并将重组质粒转染COS7细胞,进行基因表达鉴定。 结果与结论：重组质粒插入基因序列检测证实为热休克蛋白72 cDNA,并能在COS7细胞稳定表达。成功构建热休克蛋白72真核表达载体,并于COS7细胞中成功转录与表达。     

Fluobodies: green fluorescent single-chain Fv fusion proteins

An expression system (pSKGFP), which permits the expression of single-chain variable fragments as fusion proteins with modified green fluorescent proteins, was designed. This expression system is comparable to frequently used phage display vectors and allows single-step characterization of the selected recombinant antibodies by flow cytometry or fluorescent cell staining. Two different single-chain variable fragment antibodies, both directed against the lipopolysaccharide of the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum have been genetically fused to a red-shifted green fluorescent protein and the produced fusion protein tested for usefulness. These fluobodies can be produced in cultures of bacterial cells and purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. They function well in flow cytometry and immunofluorescent cell staining, are specific for their target antigens and, unlike FITC-conjugated antibodies, they do not fade upon illumination.     

共刺激分子配体B7-DC基因真核表达载体和转基因细胞的构建

目的：克隆小鼠B7-DC基因，并构建含该基因的真核表达载体pEF6／-B7-DC-V5His，证明该基因在CHO细胞中的表达方式，为建立B7-DC的转基因小鼠打下基础。方法：从小鼠胸腺中抽提总RNA为模板，通过RT—PCR技术，扩增出B7-DC编码区片段。按常规方法克隆进pEF6V5His载体中，重组质粒经鉴定后采用脂质体法转染CHO细胞，48小时后进行间接免疫荧光实验，72小时后用blasticidin进行筛选，挑选出能稳定表达B7-DC的细胞株。结果：已成功克隆小鼠B7-DC基因并构建了用于表达B7-DC基因的真核表达载体，经间接免疫荧光实验（IFA）证明，该基因在CHO细胞中得到表达。经Western blot检测表明筛选出的转基因细胞稳定表达了B7-DC基因。结论：构建了用于表达B7-DC基因的真核表达载体pEF6／-B7-DC-VSHis，并能在CHO细胞中稳定表达目的基因，为该基因功能的后续研究奠定了基础。     

Construction of ELISA system to quantify human ST2 protein in sera of patients

The human ST2 gene can be specifically induced by growth stimulation in fibroblastic cells, and can also be induced by antigen stimulation in Th2 cells. The gene encodes a soluble secreted protein, ST2, and a transmembrane protein, ST2L, which are closely related to the interleukin-1 receptor. To gain insight into the biological roles of the ST2 gene, three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against human ST2 gene products were obtained. To obtain these antibodies, immunization was carried out using two different immunogens: purified soluble human ST2 protein (hST2), and COS7 cells, which express the extracellular portion of human ST2L. 2A5 and FB9 MAbs were derived from the immunization with soluble hST2, and HB12 was derived from the COS7 cell immunization. All three antibodies were shown to detect native forms of the human ST2 gene products by immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the competitive ELISA using biotinylated and nonlabelled MAbs, neither FB9 nor HB12 affected the binding of 2A5 to ST2 gene products. Based on this result, we constructed a sandwich ELISA system using 2A5 and FB9 to measure the concentration of soluble hST2 in sera. The ELISA, combined with the flow cytometry using these antibodies, will be a useful tool for elucidating the functions of human ST2 gene products in individuals.     

Human Golgi beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase generates a group of sialylated B lymphocyte differentiation antigens.

The role of the human beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase (hu alpha-2,6-ST) in the generation of B cell surface antigens was investigated by selecting subclones of COS cells (monkey kidney epithelial cells) constitutively expressing a transfected cDNA which encodes the hu alpha-2,6-ST (COS alpha-2,6-ST cells). Expression of hu alpha-2,6-ST in COS cells was sufficient to generate sialylated cell surface epitopes on different glycosylated antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies to CDw75, CD76, and the unclustered monoclonal antibodies HB-4 and EBU-65. These epitopes were sensitive to sialidase treatment and are likely to contain terminal alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid residues. A novel antiserum raised against bacterially expressed hu alpha-2,6-ST fusion protein was used to localize the sialyltransferase in two cell lines with high expression of either endogenous (B cell line JOK-1) or recombinant (COS alpha-2,6-ST cells) hu alpha-2,6-ST. In both cell lines, the enzyme was detected only intracellularly in the juxtanuclear region and not on the cell surface. In contrast, CDw75, formerly proposed to be identical with an alpha-2,6-ectosialyltransferase, was strongly expressed on the cell surface. The different expression patterns show that neither the CDw75 antigen nor any of the other sialylated antigens analyzed is identical with the hu alpha-2,6-ST. Furthermore, the presence of a surface-expressed alpha-2,6-ST appears unlikely in these cell lines. We propose that CDw75, CD76, HB-4, and EBU-65 represent a unique group of B cell differentiation antigens the production of which requires the enzymatic activity of alpha-2,6-ST.     

CD80/IgG融合基因真核表达载体的构建及在CHO细胞中的表达

目的：构建CD80/IgG真核表达载体，使其在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（CHO）中呈分泌型表达，为白血病免疫基因治疗的研究奠定基础。 方法： 采用多聚酶链反应（PCR）技术分别从小鼠脾细胞和含小鼠CD80全长互补DNA（cDNA） 的质粒pcDNA/B7中扩增出免疫球蛋白IgG1的Fc段和CD80胞外区，以定向克隆的方法将其串联至真核表达载体pcDNA3.0中，获得重组表达载体pcDNA/CD80-IgG；采用脂质体转染技术转染CHO细胞,G418筛选得到稳定表达细胞株；免疫印迹、斑点ELISA及流式细胞术鉴定融合蛋白的表达,并初步检测其活性。 结果： DNA测序证明两段基因正确克隆至pcDNA3.0的多克隆位点，CHO细胞的培养上清中可检测到融合蛋白的表达，其分子量大小和预期的基本一致，该融合蛋白可提高白血病细胞表面CD80的表达。 结论： 成功构建pcDNA／CD80-IgG真核表达载体，并在CHO细胞中分泌性表达有活性的CD80-IgG融合蛋白。     

Preparation and characterization of mabs against different epitopes of CD226 (PTA1)

Recently the platelet and T-cell activation antigen 1 (PTA1) was assigned as CD226 at the 7th Conference and Workshop on Human Leukocyte Differentiation antigens (HLDA). PTA1 is mainly expressed on activated T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, platelets and stimulated endotheliocytes, and involved in the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and NK, as well as platelet activation and aggregation. We raised hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PTA1 by using the natural PTA1 as immunogen, which was purified from platelets via affinity chromatography. These MAbs, designated FMU1, FMU2, FMU3, FMU4, FMU5, FMU6 and FMU7, could recognize PTA1 cDNA transfected COS7 cells detected by flow cytometry (FCM), and also react with both natural PTA1 and PTA1/Ig fusion protein in indirect enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). The biosensor epitope mapping assay showed that the seven MAbs, together with previous PTA1-specific MAbs Leo A1 and New E1, could bind seven distinct epitopes of PTA1, respectively. The panel of MAbs might be new powerful tools to study the structure-function relationship of PTA1 molecule, and to search for the ligand of PTA1.     

肝癌相关抗原HAb18G真核表达载体的构建及表达

目的 在真核细胞中高效表达肝癌相关抗原ＨＡｂ１８Ｇ。方法 构建含有肝癌相关抗原Ｈｂ１８Ｇ基因的真核表达载体,并经限制性酶切及部分序列分析证明插入是否正确。用阳离子脂质体介导转染ＣＯＳ－７细胞和ＣＨＯ细胞,并分别进行瞬时及稳定表达;通过间接免疫荧光染色和流式细胞仪检测蛋白的表达情况。结果 成功地构建了真核表达载体ｐｃＤＮＡ－３／ＨＡｂ１８Ｇ,并经限制性酶切及部分序列分析证明基因插入正确。间接免疫荧光     

重组鸡Igλ轻链真核细胞分泌表达及其单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的: 构建重组载体pcDNA-λ并在COS7细胞分泌表达鸡Igλ轻链, 制备抗鸡Igλ轻链的单克隆抗体(mAb).方法: PCR扩增带有信号肽的鸡Igλ轻链基因, 限制性酶切消化后, 定向克隆于真核表达载体pcDNA3, 构建具有6×His标签、分泌表达的重组载体pcDNA-λ.重组载体转染COS7细胞后, SDS-PAGE分析真核表达载体pcDNA-λ在COS7细胞的分泌表达.用2×106个雏鸡B淋巴细胞免疫BALB/c小鼠, 取脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞融合, 分别采用细胞免疫荧光和间接ELISA筛选阳性杂交瘤克隆.结果: 成功构建分泌表达鸡Igλ轻链的重组载体, SDS-PAGE分析表明在COS7细胞上清有目的蛋白的分泌表达.杂交瘤细胞经筛选与鉴定, 获得2株分泌抗鸡Igλ轻链mAb的杂交瘤细胞株, Western blot检测到该mAb对重组鸡Igλ轻链的反应性.结论: 构建了重组表达载体pcDNA-λ并在COS7细胞上清分泌表达了重组鸡Igλ轻链.并用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术成功筛选出抗鸡Igλ轻链mAb.为深入研究鸡Igλ轻链的结构与功能奠定了基础.     

MURINE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST GERBICH ANTIGENS

Two murine monoclonal antibodies (E11-1 and MR4-130) agglutinated all samples of human red cells except those of the Ge (-1, -2, -3) phenotype. It was possible to demonstrate that these antibodies recognize two different epitopes of the Gerbich antigen.     

稳定表达膜结合型CD40配体CHO细胞系的建立和鉴定

目的建立稳定表达膜结合型CD40配体（CD40L）的CHO细胞系。方法将编码膜结合型CD40L的重组质粒pcDNA3．1-fCD40L用Bg1 Ⅱ和Xho I酶进行双酶切鉴定。电穿孔法向CHO细胞转染该重组质粒，G418筛选抗性克隆，有限稀释法获取单克隆阳性细胞后扩大培养，获得2个整合了fCD40L基因的CHO细胞（CHO-fCD40L）克隆。用RT-PCR、流式细胞仪分别从RNA和蛋白质水平对2个CHO-fCD40L克隆细胞中膜结合型CD40L的表达进行检测；ELISA法检测2个CHO-fCD40L克隆细胞培养上清液中可溶性CD40L（sCD40L）的含量。结果重组质粒pcDNA3．1-fCD40L经双酶切和电泳检测到符合预期大小的基因片段。该重组质粒转染CHO细胞后经克隆化培养获得2个CHO-fCD40L克隆，分别命名为C10、E11。RT-PCR检测显示C10、E11细胞中有膜结合型CD40L mRNA的转录；流式细胞仪检测显示C10、E11细胞表达CD40L蛋白达90％以上；ELISA法检测到显示C10、E11细胞培养液上清中有sCD40L蛋白表达。结论成功获得稳定表达膜结合型CD40L的CHO细胞系，为比较膜结合型CD40L与sCD40L的生物学功能奠定了良好基础。     

稳定表达膜结合型 CD40L 配体 CHO 细胞系的建立和鉴定

 目的 建立稳定表达膜结合型 CD40 配体（CD40L）的 CHO 细胞系。 方法 将编码膜结合型 CD40L 的重组质粒 pcDNA3.1- fCD40L 用 BgI Ⅱ 和 XhoⅠ 酶进行双酶切鉴定。电穿孔法向 CHO 细胞转染该重组质粒，G418 筛选抗性克隆，有限稀释法获取单克隆阳性细胞后扩大培养，获得 2 个整合了 fCD40L 基因的 CHO 细胞（CHO-fCD40L）克隆。用 RT-PCR、流式细胞仪分别从 RNA 和蛋白质水平对 2 个CHO-fCD40L 克隆细胞中膜结合型 CD40L 的表达进行检测；ELISA 法检测 2 个 CHO-fCD40L 克隆细胞培养上清液中可溶性 CD40L（sCD40L）的含量。 结果 重组质粒 pcDNA3.1-fCD40L 经双酶切和电泳检测到符合预期大小的基因片段。该重组质粒转染 CHO 细胞后经克隆化培养获得 2 个 CHO-fCD40L 克隆，分别命名为 C10、E11。RT-PCR 检测显示 C10、E11 细胞中有膜结合型 CD40L mRNA 的转录；流式细胞仪检测显示 C10、E11 细胞表达 CD40L 蛋白达 90% 以上；ELISA 法检测到显示 C10、E11 细胞培养液上清中有 sCD40L 蛋白表达。 结论 成功获得稳定表达膜结合型 CD40L 的 CHO 细胞系，为比较膜结合型 CD40L 与 sCD40L 的生物学功能奠定了良好基础。     

9.1C3/LAIR-1的真核表达、纯化及单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的 表达并纯化9.1C3/LAIR-1胞膜外区与人IgCl Fc段的融合蛋白，轩针对9.1C3/LAIR-1胞膜外区的单克隆抗体（mAb)。方法 构建真核表达载体pIg/3C-9.1C3/LAIR-1,表达并纯化9.1C3/LAIR-1－Fe融合蛋白。以9.1C3/LAIR-1－Fc融合蛋白免疫BALB／c小鼠，制备。以间接免疫荧光染色和流式细胞术鉴定mAb的特异性，以竞争结合实验鉴定mAb识别LAIR－1的表位。结果表达并经9.1C3/LAIR-1－hIgFc融合蛋白，以其免疫BALB／c小鼠，获得1株针对9.1C3/LAIR-1胞膜外区的mAb 4H7。4H7对HL－60细胞和经9.1C3/LAIR-1 cDNA转染的COS7 的表位识别，与已报道的抗9.1C3 mAb体不同。 结论 成功地构建了9.1C3/LAIR-1胞膜外区基因的真核表达载体，并表达纯化了9.1C3/LAIR-1－hIgFc融合蛋白。获得一株针对9.1C3/LAIR-12胞膜外区的mAb，为进一步研究9.1C3/LAIR-1分子的2结构和功能提供了新的手段。     

Characterization of EBV-transformed B-cells established from an individual homozygously mutated (G329A) in the FUT7 alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase gene

The alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase VII (Fuc-TVII) is involved in the biosynthesis of E- and P-selectin ligands such as sialyl Lewis x (SLe(x)) on human leukocytes. Recently, individuals were characterized carrying a missense mutation (G329A; Arg110-Gln) in the FUT7 gene encoding this enzyme. The mutated FUT7 construct produced a Fuc-TVII enzyme with impaired activity compared with the wildtype enzyme. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes from an individual carrying this mutation homozygously also showed a reduced expression of SLe(x). In the present study, we have established Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell lines from this individual (SIGN) and from an individual not carrying the mutation (IWO). The cell lines were confirmed to be of B-cell origin by flow cytometry analysis. IWO cells interacted with E-selectin in an in vitro flow chamber analysis whereas SIGN cell did not. However, when SIGN cell was transiently transfected with wildtype FUT7 cDNA, interaction with E-selectin could be restored. Cell surface expression of the SLe(x)-related epitopes recognized by antibodies CSLEX-1, KM-93 and HECA-452 was elevated on IWO cells compared with that on SIGN cells, consistent with a role of these antigens in E-selectin recognition. These cell lines will be useful in further characterization of E-selectin ligands and encourage further studies on the consequences of the FUT7-G329A mutation in vivo.     

Detection of B virus antibody in monkey sera using glycoprotein D expressed in mammalian cells

The gene encoding glycoprotein D (gD) of the monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) was cloned into a mammalian expression vector, pcDNA3.1(-), and the recombinant plasmid DNA was transfected into COS7 cells. The expression of gD in transfected COS7 cells was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay or radioimmunoprecipitation analysis (RIPA). Although the expressed gD protein was revealed to react well with sera from monkeys naturally infected with B virus by RIPA, some sera showed reduced reactivity when analyzed by the Western blotting (WB) method. Some sera also showed relatively high background when the WB was performed using gD expressed from recombinant plasmid. The mutant gD protein lacking the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) was next expressed in COS7 cells. The mutant protein was secreted into culture medium without apparent loss of the antigenicity. Using the secretory form of the gD protein as antigen in dot blot analysis, sera from B virus-infected monkeys were shown to react with the mutant protein without nonspecific reaction. Since the recombinant gD or its derivative lacking TM and CT could be expressed in mammalian cells with proper antigenicity, these antigens appeared to be useful for serological detection of B virus infection in monkeys.     

Conformationally appropriate expression of the Toxoplasma antigen SAG1 (p30) in CHO cells.

The Toxoplasma gondii major surface antigen, called SAG1 or p30, is a highly immunogenic protein which has generated great interest as a diagnostic reagent, as a potential subunit vaccine, and for its role in invasion. Unfortunately, bacterial recombinant protein is grossly misfolded so that, for example, it is not effectively recognized by antibodies to native SAG1. To overcome this, we have turned to expression in CHO cells, using cotransfection of the SAG1 gene and the mouse dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene into CHO cells that are DHFR-. SAG1 expression was amplified by methotrexate coselection of CHO cells in combination with fluorescence-activated cell sorting for SAG1 expression. The resulting population expressed recombinant SAG1 that is recognized by antiserum specific for natural, nonreduced SAG1, indicating that, unlike in bacteria, expression in CHO cells results in proper folding. Processing was at least partially correct in that, like natural SAG1, recombinant SAG1 was attached to the plasma membrane via a glycolipid anchor, although tunicamycin treatment was necessary to prevent N-glycosylation (SAG1 is not glycosylated in the parasite but does have a consensus N-linked site). Finally, purified recombinant SAG1 was recognized by human sera known to be reactive to toxoplasma proteins, indicating that this material has potential as a diagnostic reagent and possibly as a component of a subunit vaccine.