儿童上颈椎畸形及不稳的手术治疗远期疗效评价

目的：评价儿童枕颈部发育畸形早期临床特点和评价10年以上的远期手术治疗效果。方法：回顾42例儿童枕颈畸形诊断要点及经手术减压和寰枢推、枕颈融合术对脊髓功能、稳定功能、枕颈部发育的影响，并观察远期治疗效果。结果：(1)枕颈和寰枢推植骨均获坚强骨性融合；(2)37例术前神经功能障碍，33例完全恢复，2例神经根刺激症，2例仍有轻微脊髓压迫症状；(3)38例术后长达10年以上未发生枕颈发育障碍，4例发育后出现轻度畸形，其中1例轻度后伸，3例枕颈前屈。结论：儿童枕颈部发育畸形早期作出诊断，在无脱位和明显脊髓压迫症出现之前手术稳定，对防止加重脊髓功能障碍有重要作用，并对其生长发育无明显影响。     

枕颈部畸形与创伤的手术治疗

目的 探讨枕颈部畸形与创伤的手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析经手术治疗的7例枕颈部畸形与6例枕颈部创伤引起脊髓压迫症的临床资料。结果 13例均得以随访，时间为8个月～74个月，7例枕颈部畸形予以彻底减压，作枕颈融合术，现恢复正常工作和生活j例，生活能自理，但不能劳动2例；6例枕颈部创伤致齿状突骨折伴寰枢椎脱位，能复位4例，其中3例行寰枢椎融合术，1例行齿状突螺钉内固定术，不能复位2例予以寰椎后弓切除枕颈融合术，现恢复正常工作和生活3例，生活能自理．能参加轻便工作2例，不能参加劳动1例。结论 手术减压(或复位)和重建稳定是手术成功的关键。     

枕颈部畸形减压和植骨融合术远期疗效评价(10年以上随访)

目的探讨枕颈部发育畸形及脊髓压迫症应用枕颈后路手术减压和植骨融合术的远期疗效及评价。方法对114例枕颈部畸形及其不稳实施寰椎后弓和 /或枕骨大孔后缘切除扩大减压 ,并采用自体髂骨作枕骨与第二颈椎棘突基底部间植骨融合固定 ,并进行 10年以上随访。结果　 114例中 ,10 2例获得骨性愈合 ,4例因移植骨骨折致畸形愈合 ,8例移植骨吸收并形成假关节 ;脊髓功能 95例明显恢复 ,14例无明显改善 ,5例手术后病情继续加重。结论枕颈部扩大减压和自体髂骨移植治疗枕颈部畸形及不稳 ,经 10年以上临床观察 ,对枕颈稳定和功能恢复以及头颈运动功能保存有良好作用 ,本项技术是一种有效的治疗方法。     

术中牵引复位后路植骨内固定治疗寰枢关节不稳

寰枢关节不稳是指寰枢椎及其相关结构由于先天发育、创伤、炎症、肿瘤等因素使枕颈部的解剖结构发生异常，失去稳定性，治疗上畸形本身将不可逆转，而不稳定和脊髓压迫症则是需要解决的两个基本问题。本院自2000年1月～2004年1月共收治15例寰枢关节不稳，采用经后路手术内固定治疗，效果满意，现报告如下。     

发育性寰椎管狭窄症的手术治疗

目的 :探讨发育性寰椎管狭窄症的手术方法及疗效。方法 :2014年1月～2018年5月我院共收治发育性寰椎管狭窄症患者15例,根据寰枢椎CT薄层扫描图像特征,将发育性寰椎管狭窄症分为4种类型,即Ⅰ型(小寰椎型)、Ⅱ型(寰椎后弓肥厚型)、Ⅲ型(寰椎后弓内陷型)和Ⅳ型(枢椎齿状突肥大型)。针对不同类型采用相应手术方法:①对不合并寰枢椎脱位或失稳的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患者实施单纯寰椎后弓切除术;②对Ⅱ型患者采用后弓磨薄回植术;③对合并有寰枢椎脱位或失稳的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型患者,附加后路枕颈固定融合术;④对合并寰枢椎脱位的Ⅳ型患者采用经口咽前路枢椎齿状突打磨削薄+寰枢椎脱位内固定术的方法。术后复查颈椎MRI和CT,观察高位颈脊髓压迫改善情况;采用JOA评分评价手术前后脊髓功能的改善情况。结果:15例患者中,Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型4例。共实施寰椎后弓切除并后路枕颈固定融合术6例,单纯寰椎后弓切除术5例,寰枢椎后弓削薄回植术2例(其中1例因合并寰枢椎脱位同时实施枕颈固定融合手术),齿状突削薄寰枢椎前路复位内固定术2例。手术顺利,未发生术中神经脊髓损伤、椎动脉损伤等严重并发症。术后复查MRI和CT显示寰椎平面的脊髓压迫解除。随访时间12～34个月(14±3个月),患者术后肢体麻木、无力、走路不稳等症状均有不同程度的改善,术前JOA评分10.60±0.96分,术后3个月恢复到14.10±0.37分,末次随访时为14.70±0.63分,改善率为64%。结论:发育性寰椎管狭窄症可分为4种类型,根据不同类型采用针对性的手术治疗可以获得满意的临床效果。     

寰枢椎不稳的诊断和治疗

本文报告18例寰枢椎不稳,其中寰枢椎先天性发育不良6例,寰枢椎自发性脱位2例,寰枢椎结核1例。陈旧性齿状突骨折2例,新鲜骨折4例,寰、枢椎椎弓骨折各1例,横韧带损伤1例。4例采用非手术治疗,14例施行手术治疗,其中寰枢椎融合7例,枕颈融合6例,枕大孔减压枕颈融合1例。平均随访2年10个月,18例寰枢椎都获得稳定,其中9例脊髓受压者脊髓功能都恢复正常,本文就临床征象、诊断和治疗方法作了讨论。     

CT血管造影技术在枕颈手术中的应用

目的 评价在枕颈手术中应用术前CT血管造影(CTA)技术的价值.方法 16例枕颈疾病患者在术前进行CTA检查.完成3D重建后,评价椎动脉寰枢段走行、分支.测定寰椎椎动脉沟距中线距离、侧块中点距中线距离、枢椎峡部宽度等指标.根据影像学研究进行后路枕颈固定2例,后路寰枢固定10例,经口1例,经口 枕颈固定2例,单纯减压手术1例.结果 影像学研究发现椎动脉不对称3例,异常分支2例, 直接入颅1例, 肿瘤侵犯1例.16例手术均未出现医源性椎动脉及脊髓损伤.结论 在枕颈部畸形及肿瘤患者存在很高的椎动脉异常发生率,CTA是进行枕颈部手术前一项很有价值的检查,降低了损伤椎动脉的发生率.     

齿突骨折与迟发性寰枢椎脱位

探讨齿突骨折特点与寰枢椎脱位关系及其外科治疗方法的选择。对56例齿突骨折合并迟发性寰枢椎脱位,全部施行手术治疗。寰枢椎后结构融合术采用改良式Callie法17例和Brooks法14例;寰椎后弓切除及枕颈融合术25例。随访11个月至10年8个月,平均3年6个月。结果显示:2例枕颈植骨不愈合,1例寰枢植骨不愈合;功能评价:优26例,良19例,可17例,无变化4例。认为陈旧性齿突骨折,造成寰枢椎不稳,最终导致寰枢椎脱位及脊髓压迫症,应积极选择外科治疗达到减压和稳定目的。     

改良后路寰枢椎经关节螺钉固定融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳

寰枢椎不稳可导致高位颈脊髓压迫,甚至在外力作用下出现急性脊髓损伤,危及生命.因此,一旦明确诊断,应尽早手术复位和固定.解除颈脊髓压迫,维持上颈椎的稳定.自2005年4月～2009年11月笔者采用改良后路寰枢椎经关节螺钉(Magerl技术)固定融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳12例,取得较好效果.报告如下.     

手术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的对寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗进行探讨。方法31例中齿状突骨折15例,寰椎横韧带断裂4例,枢椎原发肿瘤4例,寰椎椎弓陈旧性骨折2例,类风湿性枕颈部发育畸形6例。28例行颈后路手术,包括枕颈融合术14例,寰枢椎融合术13例,肿瘤病灶清除后植骨1例;另3例枢椎经口腔病灶清除加钛网融合器椎间植骨及钛板将环椎前弓与G固定,其中2例分别行前后路手术。结果31例均获随访,时间3个月～10年,平均13．5个月,全部骨性愈合。术前合并神经系统症状26例,术后症状明显改善14例,加重3例。结论对于由寰枢椎骨折脱位、畸形、肿瘤及横韧带断裂等引起的寰枢椎不稳,应早期进行后路前路融合术。充分控制寰枢椎活动,精心准备植骨床是保证手术成功的关键。     

Upper cervical spine surgery in rheumatoid arthritis: retrospective study of 30 patients followed for two years or more after Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of upper cervical spine surgery in symptomatic atlantoaxial instability due to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty RA patients (29 women and one man) with a mean age of 56 years were studied retrospectively. Symptomatic forward slippage of the atlas on the axis with a synovial pannus surrounding the odontoid and magnetic resonance imaging evidence of spinal cord compression was present in all 30 patients; 18 patients had vertical translocation of the odontoid and 14 had basilar invagination. Surgery, performed between 1991 and 1997, consisted of occipitocervical fusion in 18 patients and atlantoaxial fusion in 12. Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation was performed in all 30 patients. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was four and a half years. All patients were satisfied with the procedure and exhibited marked functional gains and objective neurological improvement (by one class in the Ranawat scheme). Stable fusion was documented in all 30 patients. CONCLUSION: Cervical instrumentation and bone grafting seems to provide functional and neurological gains in carefully selected RA patients with atlantoaxial instability and spinal cord compression. Long term follow-up suggests that the benefits are sustained and that morbidity is low.     

Cervical laminoplasty for subaxial lesion in rheumatoid arthritis

Expansive laminoplasty of the cervical spine was performed for 15 patients with subaxial lesion (SAL) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with or without symptomatic occipitocervical pathology. Clinical results were satisfactory, and radiographic evaluation revealed that the range of movement of the cervical spine decreased to 56.3%, spinal alignment was well preserved, and intervertebral slipping advanced only slightly. Therefore, expansive laminoplasty is shown to be clinically effective in decompressing the subaxial spinal cord without the need for fusion of this region, yet it avoids exacerbating or creating significant instability. We found that it can serve as a useful procedure for treating spinal cord compression caused by SAL in RA. For patients with upper cervical instability, laminoplasty with upper cervical fusion appears to be an effective option. In a case in which kyphosis was observed preoperatively, its deformity became worse after laminoplasty. Thus, it may be advisable to consider subaxial fusion in such cases.     

儿童颈枕融合

目的：研究儿童颈枕融合的适应证、融合方法及预后。方法：分析12例行颈枕融合的儿童患者，其中先天性颈椎畸形2例，寰枢椎半脱位6例，寰枢椎骨折脱位4例，采用“U”形金属棒固定结合自体髂骨植骨融合；评价其治疗效果并进行随访3-5年。结果：12例患者术后融合的时间为8-12个月，对生长发育无明显影响，无并发症，结论：应用“U”形金属棒固定结合植骨行颈枕融合治疗儿童先天性颈椎畸形，寰枢椎骨折脱位等疾病是一种安全、价廉、效果理想的方法。     

Osteoradionecrosis of the cervical spine resulting from radiotherapy for primary head and neck malignancies: operative and nonoperative management. Case report

Osteoradionecrosis is a process of dysvascular bone necrosis and fibrous replacement following exposure to high doses of radiation. The poorly vascularized necrotic tissue may cause pain and/or instability, and it cannot resist infection well, which may result in secondary osteomyelitis. When these processes affect the cervical spine, the resulting instability and neurological deficits can be devastating, and immediate reestablishment of spinal stability is paramount. Reconstruction of the cervical spine can be particularly challenging in this subgroup of patients in whom the spine is poorly vascularized after radical surgery, high-dose irradiation, and infection. The authors report three cases of cervical spine osteoradionecrosis following radiotherapy for primary head and neck malignancies. Two patients suffered secondary osteomyelitis, severe spinal deformity, and spinal cord compression. These patients underwent surgery in which a vascularized fibular graft and instrumentation were used to reconstruct the cervical spine; subsequently hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy was instituted. Fusion occurred, spinal stability was restored, and neurological dysfunction resolved at the 2- and 4-year follow-up examinations, respectively. The third patient experienced pain and dysphagia but did not have osteomyelitis, spinal instability, or neurological deficits. He underwent HBO therapy alone, with improved symptoms and imaging findings. Hyperbaric oxygen is an essential part of treatment for osteoradionecrosis and may be sufficient by itself for uncomplicated cases, but surgery is required for patients with spinal instability, spinal cord compression, and/or infection. A vascularized fibular bone graft is a very helpful adjunct in these patients because it adds little morbidity and may increase the rate of spinal fusion.     

枕颈部畸形伴脊髓损伤的外科治疗策略

目的探讨枕颈部畸形伴脊髓损伤患者的外科治疗。方法回顾性研究28例枕颈部畸形伴脊髓损伤患者的临床资料,仔细分析患者的影像学资料,明确枕颈部畸形的种类、颈脊髓受压方向,选择合适的手术入路。结果 28例均接受手术治疗,其中8例行经口咽入路减压加后路减压植骨枕颈融合内固定术,20例行后路减压植骨枕颈融合内固定术;术中未发生感染、脑脊液漏、椎动脉损伤等并发症;术后Frankel B级2例恢复至C级,C级6例恢复至D级,D级15例恢复至E级、另外3例无变化。结论枕颈部畸形伴脊髓损伤的患者,术前仔细分析影像学资料,合理选择手术入路,彻底解除压迫、重建枕颈部的稳定,可以取得良好的临床疗效。     

陈旧性颈髓损伤的外科治疗

目的：观察颈椎减压融合手术对陈旧性颈椎骨折脱位引起的颈脊髓或神经根损伤的治疗效果。方法：1999年1月～2003年12月手术治疗因颈椎骨折脱位合并不同程度颈脊髓损伤后1个月以上的患者58例，总结临床资料，比较手术前后感觉运动功能的改善程度。结果：平均随访27个月。术前ASIA分级A级的7例患者术后上肢有1～2个神经根功能改善者3例，下肢出现肌肉活动功能改善者2例：术前B级的11例患者术后8例上肢活动有改善，6例出现下肢功能改善；术前C级6例患者术后达D级3例，E级3例：术前D级34例患者术后达到E级24例，10例仍为D级。所有患者术后ASIA的感觉及运动评分较术前明显提高（P〈0．05）。结论：减压融合手术对陈旧性颈椎骨折脱位引起的颈脊髓损伤或神经根损伤仍是有效的治疗方法，脊髓功能的恢复与脊髓损伤程度有关。     

The odontoid process in Morquio-Brailsford's disease. The effects of occipitocervical fusion

High definition computed cervical myelograms have been made in flexion and extension in 13 patients with Morquio-Brailsford's disease. We observed that: 1) odontoid dysplasia was present in every case, with a hypoplastic dens and a detached distal portion which was not always ossified; 2) atlanto-axial instability was mild, and anterior atlanto-axial subluxation was absent in most cases; 3) severe spinal cord compression, when present, was due to anterior extradural soft-tissue thickening; 4) this compression was not relieved by flexing or extending the neck and was manifested early in life; 5) posterior occipitocervical fusion resulted in disappearance of the soft-tissue thickening and normalisation of subsequent development of the dens. We conclude that the severity of neurological involvement at the craniovertebral junction was determined by soft-tissue changes, not by the type of odontoid dysplasia nor by subluxation. Posterior occipitocervical fusion proved to be an effective treatment.     

类风湿性关节炎继发寰枢椎脱位的手术治疗

目的:总结手术治疗类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)继发寰枢椎脱位的临床疗效。方法:2010年1月~2018年12月收治57例RA继发寰枢椎脱位的患者,男14例,女43例;年龄46~79岁(61.8±12.4岁)。类风湿性关节炎病史2.5~36.8年(17.5±3.7年),诊断RA后出现上颈椎相关症状时间为1.5~19.4年(8.9±2.4年)。患者均有不同程度的枕颈部疼痛、颈部姿势异常和活动受限。术前神经功能ASIA分级:B级3例,C级12例,D级20例,E级22例;JOA评分4~14分(8.7±1.8分),VAS 4~10分(7.4±1.5分)。寰椎前向脱位44例,其中寰齿前间距(anterior atlantodental interval,AADI)>10mm者8例;寰椎后向脱位9例;寰椎前后向脱位4例。6例合并下颈椎不稳,10例合并枕颈部其他畸形。13例枕寰关节先天性融合及骨性融合无枕寰关节活动度者采用枕颈固定融合术治疗(A组);44例有枕寰关节活动度的患者采用寰枢椎融合固定融合术治疗,其中16例寰枢椎脱位牵引不能复位的患者先行前路经下颌下寰枢椎关节松解术再一期后路行寰枢椎融合术治疗(B组),28例寰枢椎脱位牵引能复位的患者直接采用后路寰枢椎融合内固定术治疗(C组)。定期随访患者的临床症状和神经功能改善情况,影像学观察寰枢椎复位和植骨融合情况。结果:患者均顺利完成手术,A组手术时间100~130min(118.2±13.5min),术中出血量100~300ml(190.5±42.8ml);B组手术时间180~240min(221.4±20.3min),术中出血量100~260ml(157.3±36.1ml);C组手术时间100~130min(109.4±12.1min),术中出血量100~200ml(124.1±32.7ml)。术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。所有患者随访期间复查颈椎CT及MRI显示寰枢椎序列重建满意,齿状突区域脑脊液线清晰,脊髓无压迫,术后AADI为2~3mm(2.4±0.4mm)。患者均获随访,随访时间12~84个月(34.4±10.3个月),术后12个月随访时,2例ASIA分级B级患者恢复至C级,C级患者6例恢复至D级、3例恢复至E级,9例D级患者恢复至E级,其余患者无变化;JOA评分改善至10~17分(14.6±3.5分),VAS评分降至1~5分(3.6±1.4分),与术前比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。1例患者植骨块发生自发性部分吸收,随访1年半时植骨块吸收停止并部分融合,未再次行植骨术;其余患者植骨均融合。随访期间均未发现螺钉松动、移位、断裂和寰枢椎再脱位、失稳现象。结论:RA累及上颈椎时会造成寰枢椎脱位导致脊髓受压,依据枕寰关节活动度情况采用寰枢椎融合术或枕颈融合术治疗可获得良好的临床效果。     

Cervical spinal stenosis in metatropic dysplasia

Metatropic dysplasia is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by rapid collapse of the thoracolumbar spine into kyphoscoliosis. Other spinal anomalies associated with metatropic dysplasia include odontoid hypoplasia and atlantoaxial instability leading to cervical myelopathy. Children with metatropic dysplasia evaluated at our institution for spinal deformity showed evidence of cervical stenosis with or without associated cord compression. Magnetic resonance imaging was found to demonstrate these changes. The association of cervical spinal stenosis and metatropic dysplasia has not been previously described. This has significant treatment implications, because decompression over the stenotic segments should be considered in conjunction with spinal fusion for treatment of odontoid hypoplasia or atlantoaxial instability. A retrospective review of 13 cases of metatropic dysplasia was performed. Despite the challenges provided by this patient population, the chance to halt or reverse neurological dysfunction and improve deformity necessitates prompt surgical intervention.     

经口咽入路松解Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的：评价经口咽入路松解、Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位。方法：经口咽入路寰枢椎前方松解颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路寰枢椎融合内固定治疗6例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者,术后对脊髓功能和颈椎影像学进行评定。结果：术后2年脊髓功能改善2级3例,改善1级2例,无变化1例。术后X线显示寰枢椎复位理想和后方融合满意,MRI显示脊髓压迫解除。结论：经口咽入路行寰枢椎前方松解后颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路器械融合术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位,临床和影像学评估满意。