阿霉素肾病模型大鼠细胞因子的变化及低分子肝素对其影响

目的　探讨细胞因子在阿霉素 (ADR)肾病模型大鼠中的作用及低分子肝素 (LMWH)对其影响。方法　健康SD♂大鼠随机分为 3组 ,正常对照组 (Ⅰ组 ) 12只 ,尾静脉一次注入生理氯化钠溶液 1ml,后予生理氯化钠溶液 1ml,ip ,qd ;模型组 (Ⅱ组 )12只 ,尾静脉一次注入阿霉素 6 .0mg·kg-1,后予生理氯化钠溶液 1ml,ip ,qd ;低分子肝素组 (Ⅲ组 ) 12只 ,尾静脉一次注入阿霉素 6 .0mg·kg-1,后予LMWH 2 0 0IU·kg-1,ip ,qd ,所有各组共给药 14d。所有的大鼠于注射前及注射后第 3、7、14d抽血测肿瘤坏死因子a、白介素 6及放入代谢笼留 2 4h尿测蛋白定量。结果　用药后Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的TNF a、IL 6水平、尿蛋白定量上升 ,且TNF a,IL 6水平与尿蛋白程度相关 ,与Ⅰ组比较 ,Ⅱ组有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)、Ⅲ组有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组比较有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　本实验提示TNF a ,IL 6水平与阿霉素肾病模型大鼠的尿蛋白程度有关 ,LMWH能减轻TNF a ,IL 6对肾小球的损害。     

大鼠吗啡精神依赖时脑区氨基酸类神经递质的变化

目的建立条件性位置偏爱模型,检测吗啡精神依赖大鼠不同脑区中氨基酸类神经递质含量的变化。方法用4mg·kg-1盐酸吗啡对雄性SD大鼠进行条件性位置偏爱(CPP)训练。CPP形成后将大鼠断头处死,立即取脑,分离杏仁核、额叶皮层、海马、下丘脑、伏隔核、纹状体、丘脑、小脑等8个核团,在高氯酸溶液中做组织匀浆,同时沉淀蛋白,离心后取上清液备测。采用柱前衍生-电化学检测-高效液相色谱法测定谷氨酸(GLU)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量。结果吗啡使大鼠形成CPP时,额叶皮层、下丘脑和伏隔核的GLU和GABA含量均有明显下降(P<0.05),其中以伏隔核变化最明显(P<0.01);而且,伏隔核中的GLU/GABA值显著升高(P<0.05)。结论大鼠对吗啡的精神依赖形成时,中枢GLU和GABA的含量变化集中于额叶皮层、下丘脑和伏隔核等与奖赏作用关系密切的脑区,证明了GLU和GABA系统参与了精神依赖形成时药物在脑内的奖赏作用。伏隔核中的GABA含量显著下降,GLU/GABA值显著升高,表明吗啡精神依赖时伏隔核处于去抑制状态。     

神经性N受体拮抗剂在胆碱酯酶抑制剂类神经毒剂中毒救治中作用

目的　评价神经性N受体拮抗剂在胆碱酯酶抑制剂类神经毒中毒时的作用。方法　胆碱酯酶抑制剂氧化乐果在30mg·kg-1po中毒剂量 (1.2个致死剂量 ,1.2LD)下 ,可诱发全部的受试昆明种小鼠死亡。给予氧化乐果前 10min ,预先腹腔注射给予小鼠不同剂量的受试药物 ,观察 2 4h小鼠的存活率。结果　下述三类抗毒剂均可部分对抗中毒效应。其中 ,神经性N受体拮抗剂美加明在 0 .1～ 0 .5mg·kg-1ip剂量范围内 ,动物存活率在 30 %以内 ;M受体拮抗剂硫酸阿托品在 0 .6 2 5～ 5 .0mg·kg-1ip剂量范围内 ,动物存活率最大可达 80 % ;胆碱酯酶重活化剂氯磷定 10mg·kg-1ip动物存活率为 2 7%。美加明有效抗中枢N受体功能的剂量 (0 .1mg·kg-1ip)下 ,可显著增强硫酸阿托品抗毒效应 ;但当美加明剂量过高 ,可产生外周N受体阻断作用时 ,不增强硫酸阿托品抗毒效应。美加明、硫酸阿托品和氯磷定联合应用可产生明确的协同效应 ,其中 ,氯磷定在 10mg·kg-1ip常规用药剂量下 ,美加明 (0 .1mg·kg-1)和硫酸阿托品 (1.0mg·kg-1)联合时 ,中毒动物存活率可达 10 0 %。结论　神经性N受体拮抗剂不仅可直接对抗胆碱酯酶抑制剂类神经毒的中毒效应 ,而且可协同M受体的抗毒效应     

N-硝基-L-精氨酸抑制大鼠吗啡身体依赖的强啡肽机制

目的　研究N 硝基 L 精氨酸 (NO2 Arg)在抑制吗啡身体依赖形成中的作用及探讨强啡肽在该过程中的可能作用。方法　采用剂量递增皮下注射吗啡法建立大鼠吗啡身体依赖模型 ;身体依赖程度采用皮下注射 5mg·kg-1 纳洛酮激发戒断症状并对大鼠 6 0min内可数和不可数的戒断症状评分的方法进行 ;采用放射免疫法分别测定大鼠脑各分区、垂体、脊髓和血浆内免疫活性强啡肽A(ir-Dyn)的含量。结果　NO2 Arg可剂量相关性地抑制吗啡身体依赖的形成 ,其中 5mg·kg-1 NO2 Arg可显著抑制吗啡依赖大鼠大多数戒断症状 ;NO2 Arg处理可显著升高吗啡依赖大鼠脊髓、纹状体、垂体及血浆内ir-Dyn的水平。该作用可被特异性κ -受体阻滞剂norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI)所拮抗。结论　NO2 Arg剂量相关性地抑制吗啡身体依赖的形成 ,该抑制作用可能与其调节机体内源性强啡肽的水平显著相关     

尼莫地平对老龄大鼠性激素分泌的影响

目的 :探讨尼莫地平对老龄大鼠性激素分泌的影响。方法 :1 8月龄Wistar大鼠灌胃给予尼莫地平 3月后 ,检测下丘脑 -垂体 -性腺轴各组织内丙二醛含量以及血浆雌二醇 (E2 )、睾酮 (T)水平。结果 :9mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 组和 2 7mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 组雌性大鼠血浆E2 水平接近 1 2月龄组大鼠 (P >0 .0 5) ,雄性大鼠血浆T水平也较同龄对照组显著升高 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;生殖腺轴组织内MDA的含量显著降低 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,其中下丘脑MDA水平接近 1 2月龄对照组 (P >0 .0 5)。结论 :尼莫地平对老龄大鼠生殖功能有改善作用 ,其机制可能与抗脂质过氧化物有关。     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠海马缺血再灌注时兴奋性氨基酸释放的影响

目的　观察银杏叶提取物 (extractofGinkgobiloba ,EGb)对清醒大鼠脑缺血—再灌注时 ,海马细胞外液EAA释放的影响 ,探讨其对缺血—再灌注损伤的保护机制。方法　在大鼠Pulsinelli“四血管”阻断脑缺血—再灌注模型 ,用HPLC—荧光检测法测定全脑缺血EAA含量 ,观察再灌注 30min时 ,海马细胞外液EAA含量的变化和EGb对EAA释放的影响。设计假手术组作本底试验 ,乙醇做对照组 (单纯缺血—再灌注组 ) ,EGb三个剂量 (10 0、15 0、2 0 0mg·kg-1)。结果　对照组中的EAA较假手术组明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ;EGb三个剂量组较对照组EAA含量明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,且呈剂量依赖性趋势。结论　大鼠脑缺血后 ,谷氨酸和天冬氨酸明显升高 ,缺血越重EAA释放越多 ;再灌注后 ,EAA进一步提高。而EGb能明显减少缺血—再灌时脑细胞EAA的释放 ,这可能是EGb对脑缺血—再灌损伤的又一保护机制     

地黄寡糖灌胃对糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用及对肠道菌群的影响

目的 :观察地黄寡糖灌胃给药对四氧嘧啶 (ALX)糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用和对肠道菌群的影响。方法 :以AL× (1 50mg·kg- 1 ,ip)诱发糖尿病大鼠模型 ,灌胃给予地黄寡糖 2 0 0mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 ,检测给药前、给药 7d及给药 1 4d后大鼠血糖、血浆胰岛素、肝糖原的变化及给药 1 4d肠道菌群的变化。结果 :给药组大鼠血糖降低、血清胰岛素浓度及肝糖原含量增加 ,肠道菌群中双歧杆菌类杆菌、乳杆菌等优势菌群的数量明显增加 ,与糖尿病模型组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5)。结论 :地黄寡糖具有降低ALX糖尿病大鼠血糖及调节肠道菌群功能的作用 ,调节机体微生态平衡可能是地黄寡糖降血糖机制之一。     

胍丁胺在药物诱发抑郁模型上的药效评价

目的在药物诱发抑郁模型上观察胍丁胺(Agmatine,AG)的抗抑郁作用及可能的作用机制。方法采用小鼠5羟色胺酸(5hydroxytryptophan,5HTP)增强实验,小鼠育亨宾(yohimbine,YOH)毒性增强实验,小鼠阿朴吗啡(apomorphine,APO)诱导体温下降和利血平(reserpine,RES)诱导体温下降实验探讨AG抗抑郁作用及可能的作用环节。用VIDEOMEXV型图像运动解析仪检测小鼠自发活动行为。结果在小鼠5HTP增强实验模型上,单次ig给予AG10～20mg·kg-1剂量,或多次ig给予AG10～80mg·kg-1(qd,连续3d),对5HTP诱导的小鼠甩头行为均具有显著增强作用。在小鼠YOH毒性增强实验模型上,多次ig给予AG10～160mg·kg-1(qd,连续3d),均未见增强YOH毒性作用。在小鼠APO诱导体温下降实验模型上,ig给予AG10～80mg·kg-1(qd,连续7d),对APO16mg·kg-1诱导的降温和AUC0～30均未见显著性的拮抗作用。在小鼠RES诱导体温下降实验模型上,ig给予AG10～80mg·kg-1(qd,连续7d),对RES1mg·kg-1诱导的降温和AUC0～6均有显著的拮抗作用。小鼠ig给予AG10～80mg·kg-1(qd,连续3d)对自发活动无显著性改变。结论AG在药理学抑郁模型有显著的抗抑郁活性。并且其抗抑郁活性与增强5羟色胺(5HT)神经系统功能有关,而与去甲肾上腺素能(NE)神经功能无关。AG在抗抑郁有效剂量范围内无中枢兴奋或抑制性作用。     

氟伐他汀预防大鼠肺肿瘤的实验研究

目的 :探讨氟伐他汀预防肺肿瘤的作用。方法 :SD大鼠 36只随机分对照组 (A组 )、氟伐他汀B组及C组 ,每组 1 2只 ,B组及C组分别按 1 0mg·kg-1 及 2 0mg·kg-1 给药。在诱发肺肿瘤过程中观察外周血网织红细胞微核率的变化 ,98d后观察肺肿瘤形成及K -ras,p5 3蛋白表达情况。结果 :2 1d显示B组与C组网织红细胞微核率明显较对照组减少 ,分别为 (1 1 .6±6 .8)‰ ,(1 1 .7± 5 .7)‰及 (1 9.0± 9.2 )‰ ,P均 <0 .0 1。C组平均荷瘤鼠肿瘤数较对照组明显减少 ,分别为 (1 .0± 1 .3)及 (3.9± 3.5 ) ,P <0 .0 1 ,但B组与对照组无显著性差异。对照组肿瘤发生率为 75 % (9/ 1 2 ) ,1 0mg·kg-1 组为 6 7% (8/ 1 2 ) ,2 0mg·kg-1组为 5 0 % (6 / 1 2 ) ,但无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。三组荷瘤大鼠K -ras,p5 3表达率无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :氟伐他汀能抑制肺肿瘤形成及其增殖 ,减少外周血网织红细胞微核率 ,表现出潜在的抗肿瘤作用 ,应用大剂量影响正常体重增长     

胍丁胺抗抑郁作用的研究

目的　本研究观察了胍丁胺 (agmatine,AG)的抗抑郁作用 ,并初步探讨其可能的作用机理。方法与结果　在小鼠悬尾实验及强迫游泳实验中 ,首次发现灌胃给予AG 4 0 ,80mg·kg-1或皮下注射 2 0mg·kg-1可以显著缩短悬尾或强迫游泳不动时间。同样 ,AG 10mg·kg-1灌胃或皮下注射 1.2 5～ 5mg·kg-1显著缩短大鼠强迫游泳不动时间。MTT比色法及LDH法的研究表明 ,AG1～ 10 0 μmol·L-1,去甲丙米嗪 (DIM)及NMDA受体拮抗剂MK80 1均可以对抗NMDA 30 0 μmol·L-1诱导的PC12细胞损伤。同时运用fura- 2 /AM荧光标记法发现 ,AG 1,10 μmol·L-1或DIM 1,5 μmol·L-1均减轻NMDA 2 0 0 μmol·L-1诱导的PC12细胞内Ca2 + 超载。结论　AG具有明确的抗抑郁作用 ,抑制NMDA诱导的细胞损伤并减弱细胞内Ca2 + 超载可能是其抗抑郁作用机理之一。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.