高血压大鼠视网膜组织Ca^2＋酸性磷酸酶组织化学的研究

目的：应用光镜定量酶组织化学方法对正常京都种大鼠（ＷＫＹ）和自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）视网膜组织的Ｃａ＾２＋－酸性磷酸酶的分布和活性进行定量观察，结果：Ｃａ＾２＋酸性磷酸酶在ＷＫＹ视网膜组织的活性由强到弱依次为（Ｆ检验，Ｐ〈０．０５）；（１）杆锥细胞内节和外核层；（２）节细胞层；（３）内核层；（４）内网层和外网层；（５）杆锥细胞外节阴性，在ＳＨＲ视网膜组织中，各层Ｃａｓ＾２＋酸性磷酸酶活性下降，以     

高血压大鼠视网膜酶组织化学的研究

为探讨糖和能量代谢酶在高血压视网膜病变发生过程中的作用，应用光镜定量酶组织化学方法对ＷＫＹ大鼠和自发性高血压大鼠视网膜的琥珀酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖－６－磷酸酶和三磷酸腺苷酶的分布和活性进行了定量观察。结果表明：琥珀酸脱氢酶和三磷酸腺苷酶在视网膜组织中主要分布杆锥层内节，而乳酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖－６－磷酸酶主要分布在视网膜的内核层、内网层、节细胞层和神经纤维层。在高血压大鼠视网膜组织内琥珀酸脱氢酶     

高血压大鼠视网膜溶酶体酶的电镜细胞化学研究

目的：探讨高血压大鼠视网膜溶体酶活性增强的原因及其在高血压大鼠视网膜病变中的作用。方法：应用电镜酶细胞化学方法对２０周龄正常京都种大鼠和同周龄的自发性高血压大鼠视网膜组织和胞嘧啶单核苷酸酶活性部位进行定位观察。结果：在正常大鼠视网膜组织中,胞嘧啶单核苷酸酶沉淀颗粒主要位于溶酶体内,色素上皮细胞含丰富的溶酶体,视细胞膜盘基部、外网层、内网层和节细胞中见到较多溶酶体,其它各层溶酶体较少,视细胞外节膜盘     

自发性高血压大鼠视网膜内含一氧化氮合酶神经元的研究

本实验用ＮＡＤＰＨ－黄递酶组织化学染色法观察了自发性高血压大鼠和京都种大鼠（ＷＫＹ，正常对照）视网膜内一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）的变化。结果显示，ＮＯＳ阳性神经元位于内核层和视网膜节细胞层。ＳＨＲ组视网膜ＮＯＳ阳性细胞属无长突细胞和移位无长突细胞。偶见最怀的节细胞。ＮＯＳ阳性无长突细胞和节细胞胸质显强阳性反应，可较长而清晰的突起，ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的分布密度长，且在视网膜中央区（视神经盘附近）的分布密度     

硫酸软骨素酶联合脂肪间充质干细胞治疗大鼠视网膜变性北大核心

背景:有研究发现硫酸软骨素酶降解硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖能够促使视网膜上Müller细胞的移行,但硫酸软骨素酶降解硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖是否能促进脂肪间充质干细胞在视网膜变性大鼠视网膜的移行尚不明确。目的:探讨硫酸软骨素酶降解硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖对脂肪间充质干细胞治疗大鼠视网膜变性的影响。方法:分离并培养人脂肪间充质干细胞,建立视网膜变性大鼠模型,向视网膜变性大鼠视网膜下腔注射脂肪间充质干细胞+硫酸软骨素酶,观察移植后大鼠脂肪间充质干细胞迁移率和视网膜细胞凋亡情况。结果与结论:人脂肪间充质干细胞能够成功培养,Brd U对人脂肪间充质干细胞的标记率达90.0%以上。建模后7 d,视网膜外核层塌陷,光感受器细胞大量外节迸解,外核层贴附在Bruch’s膜上,视网膜呈拱桥样,中央视网膜和外周视网膜均受到损伤;正常大鼠视网膜各层清晰,光感受器细胞排列规律,视网膜色素上皮层完整。脂肪间充质干细胞+硫酸软骨素酶组脂肪间充质干细胞迁移率高于脂肪间充质干细胞组,且2组视网膜细胞凋亡率比较差异无显著性意义。表明硫酸软骨素酶降解硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖可提高人脂肪间充质干细胞在视网膜上的迁移能力。     

大鼠视网膜全层及各层厚校正差异的体视学研究

目的：探讨利用系统随机抽样法测量大鼠视网膜总厚度及各层厚度在直接测量和公式校正测量之间的差异。方法：选择健康青年（3月龄）和老年（24月龄）Long—Evans大鼠各6只,每只大鼠行右侧眼球矢状位连续切片,应用体视学方法,在视网膜全部组织切片中进行系统随机抽样,HE染色,采用显微成像系统分别进行视网膜总厚度及各层厚度的直接和公式校正测量。结果：除青年组节细胞层外,直接与公式校正两种方法测量所得青年和老年两组大鼠视网膜总厚度及其余各层厚度差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;青年组（除节细胞层）和老年组（除色素上皮层）大鼠视网膜总厚度及其余各层厚度在校正前后具有明显的相关性（P〈0．01）。结论：在视网膜模型的球面相等系统中,利用公式校正系统随机抽样法测量的大鼠视网膜总厚度及各层厚度,能更准确地反映视网膜各层厚度改变情况。采用公式校正视网膜厚度对于动物实验研究具有可行性和可重复性。     

杞菊地黄汤防治MNU诱导大鼠视网膜变性的早期效应

目的:观察杞菊地黄汤在N-甲基-N-亚硝脲(MNU)诱导的SD大鼠视网膜变性早期的拮抗效应。 方法:生后46 d的雌性SD大鼠30只随机分为3组(n=10)：药物组以杞菊地黄汤灌胃，正常组和模型组以等量蒸馏水灌胃，每日1次，连续4 d。用药后第5 d，药物组和模型组大鼠皮下注射MNU 40 mg/kg，正常组皮下注射等量生理盐水做对照。注射后12 h，处死大鼠，每组大鼠的左眼（10眼）用于透射电镜观察；右眼（10眼）用于苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin eosin,HE)染色观察并测量分析视网膜全层及外核层厚度，部分眼球行TUNEL法染色并计算细胞凋亡百分率。 结果:光镜下各组大鼠视网膜组织学未见明显改变，视网膜全层及外核层厚度组间比较均无显著差异（P>0.05）。TUNEL法染色见模型组和药物组外核层存在细胞凋亡，正常组未见。电镜下正常组和药物组光感受器细胞大小和核染色质分布均匀；模型组光感受器细胞开始变小，核染色质开始浓缩, 外节膜盘疏松，膜型不完整。 结论:杞菊地黄汤通过抑制细胞凋亡等选择性拮抗MNU对大鼠视网膜光感受器细胞的早期损伤。     

阿苯哒唑对人体内猪囊尾蚴作用组织化学观察

对１０例囊虫病患者，在阿苯哒唑治疗前后从其皮下摘取囊虫进行组织化学研究。在光镜下作半定量观察。结果表明，糖元含量和三磷酸腺苷酶（Ｍｇ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ）、琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＨＤ）的活性反应，用药组均下降；乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＨＤ）的活性用药组高于对照组；酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）的活性二者无明显差异。用显微分光光度计对糖原和三磷酸腺苷酶作定量测定，其结果与上述相同。提示阿苯哒唑可影响猪囊尾蚴的糖原吸收和能量代谢。     

缺血再灌注大鼠视网膜组织型纤溶酶原激活物活性与细胞外基质的相关性

目的：探讨缺血再灌注时大鼠视网膜组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tissue-type plasminogen activator，TPA）活性与视网膜微血管外基质降解的相关性。方法：采用眼压升降法造成视网膜缺血后再灌注。实验组分缺血1～2h再灌注1～2h各组。各组视网膜测试TPA的活性，并用免疫组化法对视网膜微血管外基质作Ⅳ型胶原、层粘连蛋白和纤维粘连蛋白染色。结果：缺血再灌注后，大鼠视网膜TPA的活性随缺血和再灌注时间的延长而显著升高；实验组的Ⅳ型胶原、层粘连蛋白和纤维粘连蛋白阳性染色平均单位面积显著地小于正常对照组，阳性染色呈不连续线状的微血管数显著地多于正常对照组。结论：缺血再灌注可引起视网膜TPA的活性升高，使微血管外基质降解，破坏血-视网膜屏障，导致视网膜结构和功能损伤。     

实验性高血压大鼠视网膜的的光电镜观察

应用光、电镜方法观察１２只正常大鼠视网膜，１２只实验性高压大鼠视网膜，结果表明：高血压大鼠视网膜毛细血管基膜增厚，管腔狭窄致视网膜缺血缺氧引起节细胞和视细胞外节的病变。多数节细胞水肿、胞浆淡染、线粒体空泡化、滑面内质网扩张、部份粗面内质网扩张、脱粒；甚至有少数节细胞胞膜破裂与邻近节细胞胞浆相融合。而视细胞的改变主要在于外节中膜盘凌乱，排列不整齐，特别是外节基底部新生的膜盘病变为甚。视网膜中的Ｍｕｉ     

Histology of the ferret retina

The retina of the adult ferret, Mustelo furo, was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy to provide an anatomical basis for use of the ferret as a model for retinal research. The pigment epithelium is a simple cuboidal layer of cells characterized by a zone of basal folds, apical microvilli, and pigment granules at various stages of maturation. The distinction between rod and cone photoreceptor cells is based on their location, morphology, heterochromatin pattern and the electron density of their inner segments. The round, light-staining cone cell nuclei occupy the layer of perikarya along the apical border of the outer nuclear layer. The remainder of the outer nuclear layer consists of oblong, deeply-stained rod cell nuclei. Ribbon type synaptic complexes involving photoreceptor cell axons, horizontal cell processes, and bipolar cell dendrites characterize the outer plexiform layer. The inner nuclear layer is comprised of horizontal, bipolar, and amacrine cell perikarya as well as the perikarya of the Müller cells. The light-staining horizontal cell nuclei are prominent along the apical border of the inner nuclear layer. The light-staining amacrine cell nuclei form a more or less continuous layer along the basal border of the inner nuclear layer. Both conventional and ribbon-type synapses characterize the inner plexiform layer. The ganglion cells form a single cell layer. The optic fiber layer contains bundles of axons surrounded by Müller cell processes. Small blood vessels and capillaries are present in the basal portion of the retina throughout the region extending from the internal limiting membrane to the outer plexiform layer. The adult one-year-old retina is compared with the retina at the time of eye opening.     

Immunohistochemical localization of heat shock protein 27 in the retina of pigs

The expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) was examined in the retinas of pigs. Western blot analysis detected the expression of HSP27 in the retinas of 1-day-old piglets and showed that it was enhanced in the retinas of 6-month-old adult pigs. Immunohistochemically, HSP27 immunostaining was seen mainly in ganglion cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer, and in some processes of astrocytes in the innermost nerve fiber layer. In 1-day-old piglets, HSP27 was detected weakly in the inner plexiform, inner nuclear cell, outer plexiform, and rod and cone layers. The HSP27 immunoreactivity across the retinal layers was enhanced in the retinas of 6-month-old pigs compared with newborn piglets. The HSP27 immunoreactivity in the radial processes of Müller cells was particularly prominent in adult pig retinas. In summary, this finding suggests that HSP27 plays an important role in signal transduction of glial cells and neuronal cells in the retina.     

Ultramicroscopical immunolocalization of PAX6 in the adult chicken retina

Cell type-specific PAX6 protein expression was examined in all retinal layers of the normal chicken retina. The most intense PAX6 immunostaining was found in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers, and in lower amounts in the optic nerve fiber, the inner plexiform and the photoreceptor layers. PAX6 immunostaining was variable in terms of its subcellular localization, even within one cell. PAX6 immunostaining was mainly localized in nuclear heterochromatin of the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers whereas in the outer nuclear layer, PAX6 immunostaining was only observed in the intercellular space and the cytoplasm. In photoreceptors, the myoid portion of the inner segment showed PAX6 immunostaining, but the ellipsoid portion and the outer segment did not. The ultrastructural distribution pattern of PAX6 in the adult chicken retina suggests that normal expression of PAX6 is variable even in subcellular structures in the same cell type.     

游离锌离子在小鼠视网膜的定位研究

目的研究游离锌离子在小鼠视网膜的定位分布。方法应用ZnSe金属自显影技术(AMG)检测硒酸钠注射40 m in后小鼠视网膜内的锌离子。结果注射硒酸钠40 m in后发现游离锌离子主要分布于小鼠视网膜的色素上皮细胞层、光感受器的内节、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层和神经节细胞层。在色素上皮细胞层、光感受器的内节和内核层与内网层交界处AMG阳性反应最为明显,在光感受器外节和神经纤维层几乎没有AMG阳性反应产物。结论小鼠视网膜内锌离子,在视网膜神经元视觉信息的传导和形成过程中可能起着重要作用。     

钠尿肽受体A在小鼠视网膜发育过程中的表达

目的检测钠尿肽受体(NPR)在不同年龄小鼠视网膜内的表达,探讨其在视网膜发育过程中的作用。方法收集从受孕16日(E16)到出生90日(P90)小鼠眼球标本共127只,对NPR-A进行免疫荧光检测。结果NPR-A广泛存在于视网膜神经元中,例如,在外核层,NPR-A于P7开始高表达在视锥、视杆细胞内、外突起上,于P14减弱,P30之后持续稳定弱表达;在内核层,从P7开始NPR-A持续弱表达在双极细胞的突起中,而在水平细胞中未见NPR-A表达;在神经节细胞层,NPR-A于E16开始高表达在神经节细胞胞体中,P14明显减弱,而在神经纤维层,即神经节细胞的轴突中,NPR-A从胚胎期至成年持续高表达;在外网状层和内网状层,NPR-A于P14均高表达,但于P30之后逐渐减弱。此外,NPR-A还广泛的存在于Müller细胞的突起中。结论 NPR-A参与了视网膜的发育,可能是小鼠视网膜神经元发育过程中的关键分子,并对Müller细胞的功能活动起着重要的调节作用。     

Histological and electron microscopic milestones in the development of the retina of a marsupial wallaby, Macropus eugenii

Summary Retinal differentiation in the pouch young of the wallaby Macropus eugenii was characterized microscopically and morphometrically. Mitosis occurs until early in the second month in the central retina, and until early in the fourth month, peripherally. Separation of the neuroblast layer by the outer plexiform layer did not immediately halt cell division. The retinal surface continued to expand well past the time of cessation of proliferation. Cell death in the ganglion cell layer continued through the fourth month centrally and to nearly five months in the periphery. The major period of cell death was coincident with the segregation of retinal afferents and the refinement of topography in the superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate necleus. Beginning in the third month retinal thickness, measured between the outer limiting membrane and nerve fiber layer declined equally in peripheral and central regions. At all stages the combined thicknesses of the outer and inner nuclear layer in the retinal periphery was greater than that in the center. Together with a late thickening of the inner plexiform layer, the data are consistent with the suggestion that expansion of peripheral non-ganglion cell elements may play a role in development of center to periphery differences in ganglion cell distributions.Retinal differentiation of the wallaby follows the pattern of most mammals. The onset of development of key milestones for the acquisition of retinal function occurred in the sequence: conventional synapse formation prior to ribbon synapse formation in the inner plexiform layer, and photoreceptor outer segment differentiation prior to terminal triad synapse formation.     

Neuronal expression of P2X3 purinoceptors in the rat retina

P2X3 purinoceptors are involved in fast, excitatory neurotransmission in the nervous system, and are expressed predominantly within sensory neurons. In this study, we examined the cellular and synaptic localization of the P2X3 receptor subunit in the retina of the rat using immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry and pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. In addition, we investigated the activity of ecto-ATPases in the inner retina using an enzyme cytochemical method. The P2X3 receptor subunit was expressed in the soma of a subset of GABA immunoreactive amacrine cells, some of which also expressed protein kinase C-alpha. In addition, punctate immunoreactivity was observed within both the inner and outer plexiform layers of the retina. Double labeling studies showed that P2X3 receptor puncta were associated with both rod and cone bipolar cell axon terminals in the inner plexiform layer. Ultrastructural studies indicated that P2X3 receptor subunits were expressed on putative A17 amacrine cells at sites of reciprocal synaptic input to the rod bipolar cell axon terminal. Moreover, we observed P2X3 immunolabeling on amacrine cell processes that were associated with cone bipolar cell axon terminals and other conventional synapses. In the outer retina, P2X3 immunoreactivity was observed on specialized junctions made by putative interplexiform cells. Ecto-ATPase activity was localized to the inner plexiform layer on the extracellular side of all plasma membranes, but was not apparent in the ganglion cell layer or the inner nuclear layer, suggesting that ATP dephosphorylation occurs exclusively in synaptic regions of the inner retina. These data provide further evidence that purines participate in retinal transmission, particularly within the rod pathway.