中老年支气管哮喘、COPD患者气道反应性等呼吸功能特点探讨

目的：探讨中老年支气管哮喘（哮喘）、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者气道反应性等呼吸功能特点。方法：207例50岁以上中老年患者（其中哮喘83例,哮喘伴COPD89例,COPD35例）行通气功能、气道阻力及气道反应性测定,并与239例青年人（其中哮喘123例,哮喘伴COPD79例,COPD37例）进行通气功能、气道阻力及气道反应性测定,并与239例青年人（其中哮喘123例,哮喘伴COPD79例,COPD37例进行比较。结果：缓解期中老年哮喘无论是否合并COPD100%存在气道高反应（BHR）,中老年BHR程度普遍低于青年人,中老年哮喘伴COPD气道反应性阳性所需乙酰甲胆碱浓度（PC35sGaw)为青年同类疾病组的一倍,中老年COPD仅5.7%发现BHR,约为青年COPD患者BHR人数的一半。中老年COPD中BHR者PC35sGaw为同年龄组哮喘患者的5.8倍,中老年呼气流量指标（MMEF、FEV1）普遍低于青年人,其中中老年患者中哮喘伴COPDMMEF下降最明显,COPD次之,哮喘患者MMEF基本正常。结论：中老年BHR程度普遍低于青年人,呼气流量特别是反映小气道功能的呼吸流量及气道阻力亦普遍低于青年人,中老年中以哮喘伴COPD小气道损害最为严重,中老年BHR者更有利于诊断哮喘,中老年哮喘是否合并COPD可用疾病缓解期MMEF加以区分。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道反应性测定的意义

目的：观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）气道反应性的变化。方法：采用钟南山等介绍的支气管激发试验方法检测气道反应性（BHR）。结果：154例COPD患者支气管激发试验阳性22例（14．3％）。单纯性支气管炎94例中9例（9．6％）阳性；其中合并肺气肿者52例，8例（15．4％）阳性，不合并肺气肿者42例中1例92．4％）阳性，二者比较差别显著（P＜0．05）。喘息型支气管炎60例中13例（21．7％）阳性，明显高于单纯型（P＜0．05）；合并肺气肿的48例中10例（20．8％）阳性，不合并肺气肿者12例中3例（25％）阳性。结论：部分COPD患者也存在气道高反应性，喘息型支气管炎BHR发生高于单纯型支气管炎，BHR者发展为肺气肿的机会较多。     

超短波及吸入疗法对支气管哮喘患者肺功能和气道反应性的影响

目的研究探讨超短波及超声雾化吸入维生素K3对支气管哮喘患者肺通气功能和气道反应性的影响。方法选取支气管哮喘患者37例,分为超短波加吸入治疗组(n=20)和吸入治疗组(n=17),分别给予超短波加超声雾化吸入维生素K3治疗及超声雾化吸入维生素K3治疗。所有患者分别检测治疗前后肺功能及气道反应性指标。结果两组患者治疗后用力肺活量占预计值百分数,1s时间肺活量占预计值百分数,50%肺容积气流速度占预计值在分数提高;气道阻力开始上升时的浓度及上升时的容积计量升高,单位容积计量引起的气道阻力变化降低,超短波联合吸入治疗组患者上述指标改善更为明显,2组患者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论超短波联合雾化吸入维生素K3可提高支气管哮喘患者肺通气功能、降低气道高反应性。     

胃食道返流与气道高反应性的研究

气道高反应性 (BHR)是气道平滑肌对外界环境刺激产生过早及过强的收缩反应 ,表现为喘息及通气功能下降 ,受多种因素的影响 ,其病理基础是气道的慢性炎症性改变。我们在临床上观察到支气管哮喘、慢性喘息型支气管炎患者气道高反应性 ,胃食道返流有一定的联系 ,为探讨其因果关系     

超短波及吸入疗法对支气管哮喘患者肺功能和气道反应性的影响

目的 研究探讨超短波及超声雾化吸入维生素K3对支气管哮喘患者肺通气功能和气道反应性的影响。方法 选取支气管哮喘患者37例，分为超短波加吸入治疗组(n=20)和吸入治疗组(n=17)，分别给予超短波加超声雾化吸入维生素K3治疗及超声雾化吸入维生素K3治疗。所有患者分别检测治疗前后肺功能及气道反应性指标。结果 两组患者治疗后用力肺活量占预计值百分数，1s时间肺活量占预计值百分数，50％肺容积气流速度占预计值在分数提高；气道阻力开始上升时的浓度及上升时的容积计量升高，单位容积计量引起的气道阻力变化降低，超短波联合吸入治疗组患者上述指标改善更为明显，2组患者比较有显著性差异(P&;lt;0．05)。结论 超短波联合雾化吸入维生素K3可提高支气管哮喘患者肺通气功能、降低气道高反应性。     

支气管哮喘合并COPD与COPD患者气道反应性等肺功能的鉴别比较

支气管哮喘合并ＣＯＰＤ时，具备支气管哮喘和ＣＯＰＤ的共同特征，为鉴别支气管哮喘合并ＣＯＰＤ与ＣＯＰＤ患者以利诊治。本文对９６例支气管哮喘合并ＣＯＰＤ，３７例ＣＯＰＤ患者进行气道反应性及最大呼气流量—容积曲线等测定的比较研究。结果发现，支气管哮喘合并ＣＯＰＤ组小气道气流受阻明显较ＣＯＰＤ组严重（Ｐ＜０００１），且气道阻力明显增高（Ｐ＜０００１）。气道反应性测定中支气管哮喘合并ＣＯＰＤ组１００％显示气道高反应性（ＢＨＲ），而ＣＯＰＤ组仅为１３５％，ＣＯＰＤ组ＢＨＲ阳性者所需激发剂（乙酰甲胆碱）浓度为支气管哮喘合并ＣＯＰＤ的７１８倍，且两者间较少重叠交叉。结论：气道反应性测定较其它肺功能检查对鉴别两者敏感性更佳。并对上述差异的可能机理进行了探讨。     

支气管哮喘与慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者气道阻力测定的临床意义

目的：探讨支气管哮喘与慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者气道阻力（Rocc）测定的临床意义。方法：选取2021年1月至2022年12月南方医科大学第三附属医院收治的108例支气管哮喘与COPD患者，根据病情类型分为支气管哮喘组（n=56）与COPD组（n=52），再根据患者是否合并肺气肿，将支气管哮喘组、COPD组分别分为单纯支气管哮喘组（n=32）、支气管哮喘合并肺气肿组（n=24）及慢支组（n=24）、慢支合并肺气肿组（n=28），同时选取同期50例健康体检者作为对照组。对所有受检者展开Rocc、肺功能测定，检测各组Rocc、气道传导率（Gocc）、第1秒用力呼气量（FEV1）/用力肺活量（FVC）、最大呼气流量（PEF）及最大呼气中段流量（MMEF），并比较各组Rocc%、Gocc%、FEV1/FVC、PEF%及MMEF%。结果：支气管哮喘组、COPD组Rocc%较对照组更高，Gocc%较对照组更低（P＜0.05）；单纯支气管哮喘组FEV1/FVC、MMEF%与对照组比较相当（P＞0.05）；支气管哮喘合并肺气肿组、慢支组及慢支合并肺气肿组FEV1/FVC、MMEF%较对照组更低（P＜0.05）；单纯支气管哮喘组、慢支组PEF%与对照组比较相当（P＞0.05）；支气管哮喘合并肺气肿组、慢支合并肺气肿组的PEF%较对照组更低（P＜0.05）。结论：支气管哮喘缓解期患者Rocc升高、Gocc降低，肺功能多正常或趋于正常，存在Rocc-用力呼气流量分离现象；而COPD缓解期患者虽可出现Rocc升高、Gocc降低现象，但其肺功能明显减退，因此Rocc-用力呼气流量分离现象属于支气管哮喘患者肺功能改变的重要特征，可作为其临床诊断依据。     

沙美特罗替卡松对支气管哮喘缓解期患者肺功能及气道高反应性的影响

目的:研究沙美特罗替卡松对支气管哮喘缓解期患者肺功能及气道高反应性的影响。方法:选取2016年7月至2019年7月期间收治的80例支气管哮喘缓解期患者,随机分为观察组与对照组,各40例。对照组采用丙酸氟替卡松吸入治疗,观察组采用沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入治疗,对比两组治疗效果。结果:观察组总有效率(97.50%)高于对照组(82.50%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组FVC,FEV1及PEF等肺功能指标水平较治疗前均提升(P0.05),且观察组优于对照组(P0.05);治疗后两组激发试验阳性率均明显低于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:采用沙美特罗替卡松治疗支气管哮喘缓解期患者,可有效缓解患者临床症状,改善患者肺功能及气道高反应性,疗效确切,值得推广。     

慢性阻塞性肺部疾病

一、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Direase;COPD)的定义与范畴COPD是多种因素引起的以气道阻塞为共同特征的临床综合征。过去认为COPD是慢性支气管炎、肺气肿、支气管哮喘和肺心病等的总称。近年来研究认为,上述各种疾病的病理生理和不同阶段的支气管高反应性各不相同,所以1983年Burrows等提出COPD仅包括那些呈不可逆性气道阻塞的慢性肺部疾病,慢性支气管炎、肺气肿、支气管哮喘等;即伴有持续性广泛的气道狭窄,虽经支气管扩张剂(包括皮质激素)治疗仍不能恢复正常者称之为COPD。慢性支气管炎有单纯支气管炎和阻塞性支气管炎两种。两者在发病机制和预后有明显差异。前者病变主要在大支气管,少有发展成气道阻塞。后者多数病变起始于小气道,极易造成气道狭窄。肺气肿分为阻塞性肺气肿和非阻塞性肺气肿。阻塞性肺     

支气管哮喘的无创性检查及其临床意义

支气管哮喘(哮喘)的本质是气道的慢性变态反应性炎症,并由此导致气道反应性增高,亦称支气管高反应性(bronchialhyperresponsiveness,BHR)。气道炎症是哮喘的病理基础,哮喘所有临床表现,包括发作情况、病程进展、治疗效果以及疾病转归均直接或间接与支气管的炎症变化有关。因此评估气道炎症并结合功能检查,对判断病情及指导治疗以及判断预后具有重要意义。1肺功能和气道激发试验1.1肺功能对典型哮喘患者,单凭病史和体格检查,诊断并不难。但对于症状及体征不明显的患者则有一定困难,同时对病情严重的患者亦应确定其程度,此时检测肺功能非常…     

Clinical evaluation and significance of measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness in COPD]

Airway hyperresponsiveness (HR) is one of the clinical characteristics of bronchial asthma and COPD. HR of COPD has been known to correlate with progress of pulmonary function in COPD. In order to evaluate the necessity of HR measurement, HR of COPD alone, COPD with asthma, asthma and control subjects was compared. Patients with COPD alone exhibited weak HR, while COPD with asthma represented severe HR, which was the same degree with asthmatics. From these results, we should be cautious in measurement of HR in COPD. Especially patients with FEV1 less than 1 L should be prevented from HR test.     

Monitoring pulmonary function in asthma and COPD: point-of-care testing

OBJECTIVE: To provide pharmacists and other healthcare providers with a better understanding of new monitoring technologies for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) available to clinics and pharmacies. DATA SOURCES: Forty scientific articles were identified through a MEDLINE search (1990-June 2003), additional references listed in articles, and abstracts from scientific meetings. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: English-language literature of controlled human clinical studies was reviewed to evaluate the accuracy, reliability, validity, and response of the new monitoring technologies. DATA SYNTHESIS: The In-Check DIAL is a pulmonary airflow meter that identifies the most appropriate inhaler for a patient and is useful in determining how efficiently patients use their inhalers. Electronic peak flow meters such as the AirWatch, VMX Wright Mini-Log, PiKo-1, and electronic asthma monitor store and download multiple pulmonary function test (PFT) readings to a personal computer, allowing easy identification of patients who are fabricating results. The AirWatch also has the ability to measure forced expiratory volume in 1 second. The Spirophone AG-SP, VM Plus, and Micro DiaryCard spirometer are portable spirometers that can be used at home without the need for supervision. Bronchial challenge tests have been recently standardized and may prove to be beneficial in modifying drug therapy in patients with asthma and COPD. CONCLUSIONS: Despite recent advances in medical technology, monitoring of asthma and COPD has not changed significantly. PFTs continue to be the gold standard for evaluating airway obstruction and/or restriction. Clinical trials that will evaluate outcomes such as decreased number of hospitalizations, emergency department visits, unscheduled visits to physicians, and days absent from school or work are needed to determine the utility of new monitoring technologies.     

Clinical predictors of acute respiratory acidosis during exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Mechanical ventilation (MV) during exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unequivocally needed when apnoea, cardiorespiratory arrest, coma, hypoxia or treatment failure is present. The need is less clear when the patient can respond, has intact airway reflexes and spontaneous respiration. In this situation, acidosis is an important factor in the decision to institute MV. This study aimed to provide a clinical means of identifying patients with acute respiratory acidosis (ARA) in a setting where blood gas analysis is unavailable. We undertook a prospective, observational study of consecutive patients who presented to two emergency departments with severe and life-threatening exacerbation of asthma or COPD. Each underwent clinical assessment, treatment and blood gas analysis. The outcome measure was ARA or mixed ARA and metabolic acidosis. A total of 127 episodes in patients aged 15-90 years (65.3% males and 34.7% females) were included in the study. Of these, 62.2% had asthma and 37.8% had COPD; 71.7% had life-threatening and 28.3% had severe attacks. Overall, the adjusted odds ratio (and 95% confidence intervals) for predictors of ARA were 7.09 (1.79-28.06) for drowsiness, 4.11 (1.31-12.88) for flushing, 3.34 (1.01-11.02) for having COPD and 2.86 (1.01-8.07) for intercostal retractions. In conclusion, with drowsiness, the likelihood of ARA is about seven times higher. The presence of flushing, COPD and intercostal retractions also increase the risk of ARA.     

Ipratropium treatment of acute airways disease

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute exacerbation of either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during admission and at discharge from 3 teaching hospitals. METHODS: An extensive range of clinical and demographic data was retrospectively extracted from the medical records of consecutive patients aged >/=12 years admitted to the medical wards of the hospitals during 1999-2001 with acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD, either as a primary diagnosis or as a major comorbidity. RESULTS: Data were gathered for 302 patients (97 with asthma, 205 with COPD). Almost 90% of all patients received ipratropium bromide during their hospital admission. The indication for using ipratropium bromide during hospitalization was considered appropriate in 84% of the asthma patients and 68% of the COPD patients. Over 20% of the patients with asthma had been using ipratropium bromide prior to the hospital admission, and almost one-third of the patients with asthma were discharged with ipratropium bromide, even though its role in chronic asthma is limited. More than 90% of the patients received nebulized drug therapy during their hospital stay, with 41% being prescribed nebulized therapy at discharge. This was often considered inappropriate, given that >50% of all patients had been using inhaler devices and nebulizers concurrently while hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: In the majority of cases, ipratropium bromide had been used during hospitalization in accordance with guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD. However, there was also evidence of potentially inappropriate prolonged use of the agent in the community setting, particularly for asthma. Also of concern was the relatively high use of nebulized drug therapy when delivery via other means was appropriate.     

A panel of multiple markers associated with chronic systemic inflammation and the risk of atherogenesis is detectable in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both lung diseases involving chronic inflammation of the airway. The injury is reversible in asthma whereas it is mostly irreversible in COPD. Both patients of asthma and COPD are known at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), nephropathy, and cancer. We measured multiple risk markers for atherogenesis in 55 patients with asthma and 62 patients with COPD. We wanted to know whether risk markers for atherogenesis corresponding to sequence of events of chronic inflammation were also detectable in the airway inflammatory diseases. Elevation of almost all markers involving inflammation of the endothelial cells in the coronary artery were detectable in asthma and COPD involving the inflammation of the epithelial cell lining of the airway. Both the level and % elevation of all markers were found mostly higher in COPD, the more severe form of the lung disease. We believe that these markers are useful for predicting risk of developing clinical complications such as CVD.     

唐山农村地区慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病率调查

目的调查唐山农村地区≥40岁人群慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的患病率及其危险因素。方法采用统一的流行病学调查量表,以整群随机抽样方法,在唐山农村地区共调查≥40岁常住人口2015倒,并进行肺功能检测,对气流受限者行支气管舒张试验。结果资料完整者1948例,男1010例,女938例,平均年龄（55．5±11．2）岁;唐山农村地区≥40岁人群COPD患病率为10．7％（209／1948）,男性患病率明显高于女性（13．3％VS8．0％,P〈0．01）;随着年龄增长,COPD患病率呈增加趋势（P〈0．01）;吸烟、室内空气污染、有机燃料、家族史及既往个人史使COPD患病率明显增加（均P〈0．01）;10gistic回归分析显示年龄、吸烟、既往个人史是COPD的独立危险因素（均P〈0．01）。结论唐山市农村地区COPD患病率较高;年龄、吸烟、室内空气污染、有机燃料、家族史及既往个人史是COPD的主要危险因素;肺功能检查在COPD的早期诊断中非常重要。     

哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病重叠综合征患者血清维生素D水平改变及其临床意义

目的哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病重叠综合征(ACOS)患者血清维生素D水平改变及其临床意义研究。方法连续性收录22例哮喘患者、32例COPD患者和26例ACOS患者,综合分析比较三组患者肺功能情况和血清维生素D水平差异。结果哮喘组和ACOS组患者吸入支气管舒张剂后FEV1改善值明显高于COPD组(P0.05)。COPD组和ACOS组患者FEV1%pred水平均明显低于哮喘组(P0.05)。COPD患者血清25(OH)D3水平明显低于哮喘组和ACOS组患者,而哮喘组明显高于ACOS组(P0.05)。三组患者血清维生素D水平均与吸烟指数呈负相关(哮喘组:r=-0.582,P=0.029;COPD组:r=-0.601,P=0.022;ACOS:r=-0.687,P=0.015)。而ACOS组患者可见血清维生素D水平与FEV1改善值(r=0.620,P=0.032)和FEV1%pred(r=0.489,P=0.037)呈正相关。血清维生素D水平用以诊断ACOS的AUC为0.643,95%CI为0.523-0.678。结论 ACOS患者中血清维生素D水平低于哮喘患者,而高于COPD患者,且与肺功能具有一定的相关性。     

哮喘及肺原性心脏病急性加重期血浆降钙素基因相关肽及内皮素-1含量变化

目的：探讨神经肽——降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）和内皮素１（ＥＴ１）在哮喘及肺心病急性加重期中的作用。方法：用放射免疫分析法对哮喘及肺原性心脏病（肺心病）急性加重期患者血浆ＣＧＲＰ和ＥＴ１含量进行检测。结果：哮喘发作期患者血浆ＣＧＲＰ及ＥＴ１含量均较缓解期及正常人显著增高；肺心病急性加重期患者血浆ＣＧＲＰ和ＥＴ１含量亦较正常人及慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者显著增高；呼吸衰竭（呼衰）时血浆ＣＧＲＰ及ＥＴ１水平较非呼衰组均明显增高；随心力衰竭、缺氧及二氧化碳潴留程度的加重，血浆ＣＧＲＰ及ＥＴ１水平有增高趋势；综合治疗可使ＣＯＰＤ患者血浆ＣＧＲＰ和ＥＴ１水平降低。结论：ＣＧＲＰ和ＥＴ１是参与哮喘、肺心病及ＣＯＰＤ病理生理过程的重要神经肽，其血浆水平高低与病情轻重密切相关，可作为反映病情及预后、判断疗效的参考指标。