林可霉素与溴米那普鲁卡因联用致死亡1例

病例:患者,男,4岁,2007年3月17日因腹痛于村诊所就诊,给予溴米那普鲁卡因注射液(天津药业新郑股份有限公司,批号060413,规格:2mL含普鲁卡因3mg、溴米那2mg、苯酚6mg)与盐酸林可霉素注射液(上海中西制药有限公司,批号061003,规格:     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的含量

目的建立紫外分光度法测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液含量测定方法.方法采用紫外分光度法测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的含量,测定波长为(290±1)nm.结果线性范围为4～12 mg·L-1,盐酸普鲁卡因的平均回收率为99.7%,RSD=0.34%(n=3),r=0.9999(n=5).结论该法简便、快速、准确,可作为盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的含量测定方法.     

HPLC法测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸的含量

目的:用HPLC法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和对氨基苯甲酸含量.方法:色谱柱为Nova-PakC18(150 mm×4.0 mm,4μm);流动相为甲醇-10mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4溶液(用磷酸调pH6.48,含2 mml·L-1三乙胺)(30:70,V/V);流速为0.7 ml·min-1;检测波长为287 nm,柱温30℃.结果:盐酸普鲁卡因浓度在O.1～1.0 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.998 9),平均加样回收率98.9%(n=3,RSD=1.4%);对氨基苯甲酸浓度在1～10μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率99.2%(n=3,RSD=1.6%).结论:该方法准确、直观、便于盐酸普鲁卡因葡萄糖注射液质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因含量及对氨基苯甲酸限量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因含量及杂质对氨基苯甲酸的限量。方法:采用 hypersil C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以缓冲液[0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾-0.0025 mol·L~(-1)庚烷磺酸钠(1:1,用磷酸调节 pH 至3.0)]-乙腈(90:10)为流动相;检测波长为283 nm;柱温40℃;流速1 mL·min~(-1),同时应用对氨基苯甲酸与盐酸普鲁卡因含量比为1.2%时的峰面积比值作为对氨基苯甲酸检查限量值。结果:盐酸普鲁卡因及对氨基苯甲酸线性范围分别为0.0125～0.125 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)和0.2～2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为102.3%,102.5%;对氨基苯甲酸杂质限量值为1.865%。结论:本测定方法简便、快速,结果准确,可用于同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因含量及对氨基苯甲酸杂质限量。     

紫外分光光度法测定胃炎胶囊中盐酸普鲁卡因的含量

采用紫外分光光度法测定胃炎胶囊中盐酸普鲁卡因的含量、其它成分及辅料无干扰.测定波长λ为290±1nm.盐酸普鲁卡因浓度在2～12 mg·L-1范围,线性关系良好(γ=0.9999),方法的平均回收率为100.4%,,RSD为0.64%(n=6).     

HPLC测定菘黄感冒颗粒中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的 测定菘黄感冒颗粒剂中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量.方法 HPLC,色谱柱为大连依利特ODS 柱(250 mm×4. 6 mm ,5.0 μm),流动相:甲醇∶ 0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶ 15),流速:0.90 ml·min-1, 检测波长:254 nm,柱温:40℃.结果 含量测定大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的线性范围分别在3.04～18.24 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999)、6.10～36.60 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999)、8.62～51.72 mg·L-1(r=0.9999),大黄酸平均回收率(n=5)为100.5%(RSD=1.8%),大黄素平均回收率(n=5)为98.35%(RSD=1.9%),大黄酚平均回收率(n=5)为99.25%(RSD=1.5%).结论 建立的含量测定方法简便、快捷、灵敏、准确.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方薄荷醑中盐酸林可霉素和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的:建立用HPLC法测定复方薄荷醑中盐酸林可霉素和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。方法:采用Hypersil C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱;以甲醇-0.05mol·L-1硼砂溶液-三乙胺(50∶50∶0.3,用磷酸调pH至4.2)作为流动相;流速0.8mL·min-1;柱温为35℃;检测波长为214nm。结果:盐酸林可霉素和马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范围分别为80~800mg·L-1和4~40mg·L-1(r均为0.9999),平均回收率分别为99.64%和99.39%,RSD分别为0.37%和0.53%。结论:本法操作简便,结果准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定复方盐酸普鲁卡因溶液III中盐酸普鲁卡因的含量

目的建立以高效液相色谱法测定复方盐酸普鲁卡因溶液III中盐酸普鲁卡因含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,用Ultimate LP-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以0.1%庚烷磺酸钠的0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调pH至3.0)-甲醇(68∶32)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长为290 nm。结果盐酸普鲁卡因线性范围为10.66¹06.6μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为99.2%(RSD=0.8%)。结论该方法快速、方便,操作简单,其他成分无干扰,适用于测定复方盐酸普鲁卡因溶液III中盐酸普鲁卡因的含量.     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的含量和对氨基苯甲酸的限量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的含量和对氨基苯甲酸的限量.方法:以C18色谱柱,流动相为水-乙腈-三乙胺(85∶15∶0.02),用冰乙酸调节pH3.9,检测波长286 nm.结果:盐酸普鲁卡因在0.005～0.2 g·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999,平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为0.9%(n=5).结论:本法简便快速,结果准确可靠,可用于盐酸普鲁卡因注射液的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定止痒霜中三组分含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定止痒霜中氯霉素、马来酸氯苯那敏和盐酸达克罗宁含量.方法:采用ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6mm),甲醇-0.02 mol*L-1磷酸二氢钾(70∶30)为流动相,检测波长264 nm.结果:氯霉素、马来酸氯苯那敏和盐酸达克罗宁的线性范围分别为20～120 目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定止痒霜中氯霉素、马来酸氯苯那敏和盐酸达克罗宁含量.方法:采用ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6mm),甲醇-0.02 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(70∶30)为流动相,检测波长264 nm.结果:氯霉素、马来酸氯苯那敏和盐酸达克罗宁的线性范围分别为20～120 mg·L-1 (r=0.999 9), 16～160 mg·L-1 (r=0.999 0) , 44.4～444 mg·L-l (r=0.999 2);加样平均回收率分别为99.6%, 99.9%,100.3%,RSD分别为1.1%,0.9%,1.5%.结论:高效液相色谱(HPLC)法可用于本制剂的含量测定控制,方法简便,结果准确.     

Der Zerfallsmechanismus von Bromisoval,Carbromal und anderen Monoureiden im Massenspektrometer

The Fragmentation Process of Bromisoval, Carbromal and other Monoacylureas in the Mass Spectrometer The fragmentation process of eight monoacylureas especially bromisoval and carbromal, under electron impact in the mass spectrometer is deduced.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.