2006-2010年广西武鸣县土源性线虫病监测结果分析

目的 掌握广西武鸣县土源性线虫感染流行规律,为制订土源性线虫病防治策略与效果评价提供科学依据.方法 2006-2010年,采集武鸣县3周岁以上常住居民粪便标本,采用改良加藤厚涂片法检测土源性线虫卵;同时对3～12周岁儿童采用透明胶纸肛拭法检测蛲虫卵;采用饱和硝酸钠浮聚法检测土壤中的蛔虫卵,用直接镜检法判定蛔虫卵活力.结果 2006-2010年,共检查居民5216人,其中男性2700人,女性2472人,各年土源性线虫感染率依次为4.09％、3.41％、1.44％、2.65％和1.14％,呈逐年下降趋势;感染者均为轻度感染;3～12岁儿童的蛲虫感染率依次为27.69％、17.36％、25.86％、23.76％和18.97％;检测50户家庭不同环境类型的土壤标本200份,发现蛔虫卵12份,其中2份蛔虫卵具有活力.结论 广西武鸣县监测点土源性线虫病已处于低流行状态;但儿童蛲虫感染率仍较高,应加强对儿童土源性线虫感染的综合防治.     

2006-2010年江苏省土源性线虫病监测点调查结果分析

目的 分析江苏省土源性线虫病监测点2006-2010年土源性线虫感染率及变化情况.方法 2006-2010年在江苏省宿迁市沭阳县胡集镇华集村设立国家土源性线虫病监测点,同时在全省其他地区设立省、市级监测点83个.每年秋季收集3岁以上的常住居民(1000人以上)粪便,采用改良加藤厚涂片法粪检肠道蠕虫卵.在沭阳县监测点,随机选择送检的10户家庭,采集其居所附近的菜地、厕所周边、庭院和厨房等4种环境类型的土壤各1份,用改良饱和硝酸钠漂浮法检测蛔虫卵污染情况;对参检的3～12周岁儿童用透明胶纸肛拭法加检蛲虫卵.在其他监测点,抽查幼儿园儿童和小学低年级学生,用透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵.结果 沭阳县监测点居民土源性线虫感染率和儿童蛲虫感染率均呈下降趋势,从2006年的1.81％(19/1049)和4.72％ (5/106)分别下降至2010年的1.23％(13/1061)和0(0/90),分别下降32.04％和100％;其他监测点居民土源性线虫和儿童蛲虫感染率也呈下降趋势,2006年分别为2.61％ (2547/97405)和2.42％(3187/131 965),2010年分别为0.84％(900/107 233)和0.95％(1015/106 959),分别下降67.82％和60.74％.所有感染者均为轻度感染;检测50户家庭不同环境类型的土壤200份,未发现蛔虫卵.结论 2006-2010年江苏省人群土源性线虫和儿童蛲虫感染率呈下降趋势,处于较低流行水平.     

2006-2010年辽宁省土源性线虫病监测分析

目的 了解2006-2010年辽宁省土源性线虫病流行情况,为寄生虫病的预防控制决策提供科学依据.方法 按照辽北、辽中、辽南地区分布,每地区选择一个市作为监测点,调查对象选择年龄3周岁以上常住居民,收集受检者粪便,采用改良加藤法(一粪三检)检查土源性线虫卵,计算土源性线虫感染率.12岁以下儿童加做透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫.结果 2006-2010年,辽宁省累计调查6579人次,各年土源性线虫感染率依次为5.88％、0.67％、0.39％、0、0.57％,人群感染情况呈波动下降趋势.0～10岁年龄组的土源性线虫感染率为1.06％,在各年龄组中最高.不同性别人群间土源性线虫感染率差异无统计学意义(x2=2.000,P＞0.05).60岁以上年龄组人群蛔虫感染率为1.11％,在各年龄组中最高.不同性别人群间蛔虫感染率差异无统计学意义(x2=2.000,P ＞0.05).结论 辽宁省属于土源性线虫病低流行区,但高危人群仍然具有较高的感染率,应继续开展监测工作.     

2006-2010年岷县土源性线虫病监测点流行趋势分析

目的 通过对甘肃省岷县国家级土源性线虫病监测点人群土源性线虫感染率和土壤蛔虫卵检出率的连续监测,观察其流行趋势,为制定防治策略提供依据.方法 2006-2010年期间,每年在岷县监测点整户调查1000人,改良加藤厚涂片法检测蛔虫、鞭虫虫卵,分析感染率;饱和硝酸钠漂浮法检测土壤蛔虫卵;对调查的10户土壤样品蛔虫卵计数与家庭成员蛔虫卵感染度做相关性分析.结果5年期间人群土源性线虫感染率由20.31％下降到11.08％,下降44.26％;0 ～ 15岁组为高发病人群;土源性线虫感染率最高的分别是散居儿童,其次是幼托儿童和学生;证实调查户土壤蛔虫卵计数与蛔虫感染度呈正相关,单侧t检验有统计学意义(t =4.40,P＜0.10).结论 2006-2010年岷县监测点土源性线虫感染率有明显下降,但仍在当地人群保持低发病率的流行状态.     

天津市2007-2010年人群土源性线虫感染状况分析

目的 分析和总结天津市2007-2010年土源性线虫感染状况,为土源性线虫病的预防控制工作提供依据.方法 依据国家监测方案要求,分别选择2个农村地区的村庄,采集3岁以上人群粪便,采用改良加藤原涂片法检查蛔虫、蛲虫、钩虫、鞭虫卵,12岁以下儿童加做透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵.统计各虫卵感染率.采集土壤检测土壤中蛔虫卵污染状况.城市地区选择2所小学,检测蛔虫卵,计算感染率.结果 2007-2010年间,农村地区共监测9327人,各年度蛔虫感染率分别为5.12％、2.84％、0、1.83％,未检出其他虫卵.土壤中蛔虫卵阳性率分别为0.37％、0.26％、0、0.32％.城区累计监测学生5016人,各年度蛔虫感染率分别为0.23％、0.40％、0.08％、0.74％.结论 天津市土源性线虫感染率整体水平处于较低水平,但土壤仍能检出蛔虫卵,感染源的存在提示寄生虫的防控工作仍不能放松.     

2006-2010年海南省土源性线虫病国家监测点结果分析

目的 了解土源性线虫病流行动态及影响因素,为制定土源性线虫病防治策略与措施提供科学依据.方法 2006-2010年,在海南省五指山市毛阳地区每年监测人数不少于1000人;用改良加藤厚涂片法检查粪便中的土源性线虫卵,用透明胶纸肛拭法检查3～12周岁儿童蛲虫卵;采用改良饱和硝酸钠漂浮检查法检测土壤中的蛔虫卵.结果 土源性线虫的总感染率从2006年的51.02％下降至2010年的27.97％,总下降率为45.18％;其中钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫感染率从2006年的43.81％、3.88％和10.54％分别下降至2010年的25.94％、0.19％和2.03％,分别下降了40.79％、95.10％和80.74％.感染者和人群的虫卵算术均数及几何均数均逐年下降.各种虫的重度及多重感染者也逐年减少,但年长者、农民和文盲的钩虫感染率仍较高,分别为62.77％、33.24％和63.64％.儿童各年蛲虫感染的差异不大,平均感染率为39.79％.结论 土源性线虫感染率呈逐年下降趋势,农民钩虫感染率仍然较高,必须采取综合性的防治措施.     

湖南省新宁县2006-2011年土源性线虫感染调查分析

目的 了解湖南省新宁县土源性线虫病流行规律,为湖南地区的土源性线虫病防治提供科学依据.方法 2006-2011年,每年9-11月在新宁县高桥栗叶村进行调查,应用改良加藤厚涂片法查土源性线虫卵,透明胶纸肛拭法查儿童蛲虫卵;土壤监测采用改良饱和硝酸钠漂浮法,分别对虫卵进行检测与计算,调查污染情况.结果 2006-2010年共监测5021人,蛔虫的感染率由2006年的6.78％降至2010年的0.70％;钩虫的感染率由2006年的2.29％降至2010年的0.30％;鞭虫的感染率在2006、2008、2009年均为0;蛲虫的感染率2006、2007年为0.70％、0.60％,2008、2009、2010年均为0.结论 新宁县2006-2011年人群土源性线虫感染率呈下降趋势.     

2006-2015年江苏省土源性线虫病国家级监测点调查结果分析

目的了解农村居民土源性线虫感染情况,为土源性线虫病的防治提供指导。方法2006-2015年在江苏省宿迁市沭阳县设立国家土源性线虫病监测点。每年秋季收集至少1 000名年满3周岁的常住居民粪便,采用改良加藤厚涂片法粪检肠道蠕虫卵;对参检的3~12周岁儿童用透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵。随机选择居民居所附近的菜地、厕所周边、庭院和厨房等环境的土壤,检测蛔虫卵和钩蚴污染情况。结果沭阳县监测点居民土源性线虫感染率和儿童蛲虫感染率均呈下降趋势,从2006 年的1.81%（19/1 049）和4.72%（5/106）分别下降至2015 年的0.25%（3/1 180）和0（0/ 263）,分别下降了86.19%和100%。所有感染者均为轻度感染。土壤样本未检出蛔虫卵和钩蚴。结论沭阳县土源性线虫和儿童蛲虫感染率呈逐年下降趋势,处于较低流行水平。     

四川省国家级监测点2006-2010年土源性线虫病流行特征分析

目的 了解四川省国家级监测点2006-2010年居民土源性线虫病感染时段变化及其影响因素,了解居民的菜园、厕所周边、厨房和庭院4类环境中土壤蛔虫卵污染情况,掌握土源性线虫病的流行规律,为制定防治对策提供科学依据.方法 采用改良加藤厚涂片法和透明胶纸肛拭法,对监测点常住居民土源性线虫感染情况进行调查;2006-2010年共对50户农家的菜园、厕所周边、庭院、厨房采集土壤标本,每个场所各检测土壤样本50份,用饱和硝酸钠漂浮法检查土壤蛔虫卵污染情况.结果2006-2010年共检查5616人,其中男性2725人,女性2891人.2006-2010年土源性线虫感染率分别为32.06％、14.4％、10.16％、3.21％和5.62％.男、女性蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫感染率分别为1.32％、11.16％、0.37％和1.56％、11.41％、0.42％.2006-2010年土源性线虫、蛔虫、钩虫和鞭虫的感染率呈下降趋势;2006-2010年菜园、厕所周边、庭院、厨房土壤中活受精蛔虫卵的检出率分别为6.0％、4.0％、2.0％和4.0％,各场所未受精蛔虫卵、受精蛔虫卵、活受精蛔虫卵的分布差异均无统计学意义,但受精蛔虫卵的检出和活受精蛔虫卵检出随年份变化呈下降趋势.结论 四川省国家级监测点2006-2010年人群土源性线虫感染率呈下降趋势,与当地村民服药驱虫密切相关;土壤中人蛔虫卵的检出情况随着年份变化也呈下降趋势.     

2006～2010年湖北省阳新县土源性线虫病监测结果分析

目的了解阳新县2006～2010年居民土源性线虫病感染现状。方法收集受检者粪便,采用改良加藤厚涂片法查蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫虫卵;采用改良饱和硝酸钠漂浮法检查土壤中蛔虫虫卵;采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查12岁以下儿童蛲虫虫卵。结果 2006～2010年粪检5 421人,检出土源性线虫感染者218人,总感染率4.02%。2006年感染率为11.04%,2007～2010年居民土源性线虫的感染率分别降至5.80%、2.08%、0.45%和0.55%。检出虫种分别为钩虫、蛔虫和蛲虫,其感染率分别为1.90%、2.17%和0.05%。共检查土壤200份,未检出蛔虫虫卵。结论阳新县居民土源性线虫感染率较低,且呈逐年下降趋势。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.