LC-MS/MS法测定健康人血浆中的特比萘芬

目的:建立一种快速测定人血浆中特比萘芬血药浓度的LC-MS/MS法.方法:采用C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),柱温30℃,流动相为甲醇-水(含20 mmol·L-1乙酸铵)(95∶5),流速1.0 mL· min-1;气动辅助电喷雾离子化(ESI),正离子模式多反应离子检测(MRM);特比萘芬和内标(酮康唑)分别为:m/z 292.00→141.10,m/z 530.95→82.10.结果:特比萘芬在10.3～2054 ng·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9978),定量下限10.27 ng·mL-1.特比萘芬低、中、高三个浓度批内及批间相对标准偏差、准确度、绝对回收率均符合方法学要求,无显著基质效应.结论:该方法专属性强、分析周期短,适合于临床上特比萘芬血浆含量的测定.     

高效液相-质谱串联法测定大鼠血浆中辛伐他汀及辛伐他汀酸的浓度

目的:建立HPLC-MS法测定大鼠血浆中辛伐他汀及其代谢物辛伐他汀酸的浓度。方法:血浆样本加入适量内标和醋酸铵缓冲液,以甲基叔丁基醚萃取后采用LC-MS进行分析。色谱柱采用Inertsil ODS-3柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5.0μm);流动相由乙腈-2.5 mmol.L-1醋酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)(75∶25)组成,柱温35°C;流速0.3 mL.min-1;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),以多反应监测方式(MRM)进行定量分析。辛伐他汀和内标洛伐他汀在正离子模式下定量分析离子对分别为m/z 419.2→m/z199.2和m/z 405.2→m/z 199.2;辛伐他汀酸和内标洛伐他汀酸在负离子模式下定量分析离子对分别为m/z 435.2→m/z319.2和m/z 421.4→m/z 319.2。结果:辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸在5.0～6 400 ng.mL-1内线性关系良好(r>0.999),最低定量限为0.1 ng.mL-1,提取回收率为87.91%～99.77%,日内、日间精密度均不高于8.95%。结论:该方法分析速度快、灵敏、准确,为临床进一步研究辛伐他汀提供了基础。     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)。方法:100μL血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以乙腈-水-冰醋酸(60:40:1.5)为流动相,经Neucleosil ODS柱(50 mm×2.0 mm,5μm)分离,采用电喷雾电离源,以多反应监测(MRM)方式进行正离子检测。用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z 705→m/z 392(伊曲康唑),m/z 721→m/z 408(羟基伊曲康唑)和m/z 383→m/z 337(内标氯雷他定)。结果:测定血浆伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑的线性范围分别为:10～2 500 ng.mL-1和20～4 000ng.mL-1,最低定量限(LLOQ)分别为:10和20 ng.mL-1。日内、日间精密度(RSD)均<15.0%,准确度(RE)在±7.8%以内。结论:该方法分析时间短、灵敏度高、专属性强,适用于伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑的药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS方法同时检测人血浆中异烟肼、乙胺丁醇和吡嗪酰胺的浓度

目的:建立同时检测人血浆中3种抗结核药物异烟肼、乙胺丁醇和吡嗪酰胺浓度的LC-MS/MS方法,用于肺结核患者及临床试验中三药血药浓度的测定。方法:以对乙酰氨基酚为内标,血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白等处理后检测。采用AgilentZORBAX SB-Aq色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)为分析柱,ZORBAX SB-Aq柱(2.1 mm×12.5 mm,5μm)为保护柱,以乙腈-5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)(8:92,v/v)为流动相,使用电喷雾离子源(ESI),以正离子多反应监测(MRM)方式进行检测,异烟肼m/z 138.2→121.0,乙胺丁醇m/z 205.2→116.1,吡嗪酰胺m/z 124.1→81.1,对乙酰氨基酚m/z152.0→110.0。分析时间为5 min。结果:血浆中内源性物质对测定无干扰,异烟肼线性范围为0.1～6.0μg.mL-1,定量下限(LLOQ)为0.1μg.mL-1,乙胺丁醇线性范围为0.1～5.0μg.mL-1,定量下限(LLOQ)为0.1μg.mL-1,吡嗪酰胺线性范围为1.0～50.0μg.mL-1,定量下限(LLOQ)为1.0μg.mL-1。日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于10%,准确率为90.4%～108.7%。结论:本方法特异性强,灵敏度高,测定结果可靠,适用于临床血浆样品的高通量分析。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定琥乙红霉素颗粒体内活性代谢物

目的:建立琥乙红霉素人体内活性代谢物红霉素的HPLC-MS/MS分析方法。方法:选用克拉霉素为内标,血浆样品经正己烷-二氯甲烷-异丙醇(300∶150∶15)提取处理,通过检测活性代谢物红霉素的浓度来监测琥乙红霉素体内行为。色谱条件Waters C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),甲醇-水(80∶20,含0.5%甲酸)为流动相,流速0.6 mL·min-1,采用HPLC-MS/MS检测系统(SRM模式),质谱采用电喷雾电离源(ESI),红霉素选择检测离子对为m/z 734→m/z 158,内标克拉霉素选择检测离子对为m/z 748→m/z 158。结果:血浆中红霉素检测方法的线性范围为9.724～2431.0 ng·mL-1,最低检测限可达9.724 ng.mL-1。血浆中红霉素的平均回收率为77.6%～80.0%;日内、日间RSD均小于11%。结论:本法灵敏、准确、选择性高,可用于监测琥乙红霉素的体内行为。     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中咪达唑仑和 1-羟基咪达唑仑的浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆样本中咪达唑仑和1-羟基咪达唑仑浓度的LC-MS/MS方法.方法:以d4-咪达唑仑为内标,血浆样本加入含内标的乙腈处理后进样分析.色谱柱为Kinetex C18(2.1mm×50 mm,2.6μm),流动相为乙腈-1 mmol· L-1甲酸铵溶液(含0.1％甲酸),梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL·min-1,进样量为3.0 μL.质谱条件采用电喷雾正离子源,扫描方式为多重反应监测,用于定量分析的检测离子分别为m/z 325.9→291.0(咪达唑仑)、m/z 342.0→324.1(1-羟基咪达唑仑)、m/z 329.9→295.0(d4-咪达唑仑).结果:咪达唑仑和1-羟基咪达唑仑分别在0.300～200 ng· mL-1和0.150～100 ng·mL-1线性关系良好,定量下限分别为0.300 ng· mL-1和0.150ng·mL-1,批内和批间精密度均小于15％,准确度在-4.7％～9.9％,基质效应为95.5％～101.4％,提取回收率为100.6％～102.4％.血浆样本室温放置12h、3次冻融循环及-40℃冰冻12个月稳定性良好,待测溶液进样器放置24h稳定.结论:本研究建立的分析方法灵敏、准确,样本前处理简便、快捷,可用于人血浆样本中咪达唑仑和1-羟基咪达唑仑浓度的测定.     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定比格犬血浆中阿司匹林、水杨酸和单硝酸异山梨酯的浓度

目的:建立灵敏的超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定比格犬血浆中的阿司匹林、水杨酸和单硝酸异山梨酯的浓度。方法:选用Waters BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,分别以0.5%甲酸/5 mmol.L-1醋酸铵-乙腈和2 mmol.L-1醋酸铵-乙腈为流动相,采用梯度洗脱进行分离,样品采用乙酸乙酯提取后进样,通过电喷雾电离源,以多重反应监测(MRM)方式进行负离子检测,用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 178.9→136.9(阿司匹林)、m/z 136.9→64.9(水杨酸)和m/z 293.7→250.0(内标,双氯酚酸钠)测定阿司匹林和水杨酸;m/z 249.6→58.9(单硝酸异山梨酯)和m/z 293.7→250.0(内标,双氯酚酸钠)测定单硝酸异山梨酯。结果:阿司匹林、水杨酸和单硝酸异山梨酯的线性范围分别为2.0～2000.0,20.0～16000.0,9.6～9557.0 ng.mL-1;定量下限分别可达2.0,20.0,9.6 ng.mL-1;日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于15%。结论:本方法灵敏度较高,血浆用量少,适用于比格犬血浆样品中阿司匹林、水杨酸和单硝酸异山梨酯的测定和药物动力学研究。     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀羟基酸的浓度

目的:建立UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀羟基酸的浓度。方法:血浆样品用甲基叔丁基醚提取,离心后取上清液氮气吹干,流动相复溶后进行UPLC-MS/MS测定。色谱柱:BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm);流动相:乙腈-0.01 mol.L-1醋酸铵(72∶28);流速:0.15 mL.min-1;柱温:40℃,进样量:8μL。电喷雾离子化(ESI),正离子模式多重反应选择离子检测(MRM),辛伐他汀、辛伐他汀羟基酸及内标洛伐他汀的检测离子对分别为:m/z 419→199,437→303,405→199。结果:血浆样品中辛伐他汀、辛伐他汀羟基酸线性范围分别为0.241～61.76 ng.mL-1(r=0.999,n=5)和0.344～88.16 ng.mL-1(r=0.997,n=5),日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于15%,方法的平均回收率分别为100.6%和106.0%,血浆基质对血浆中的辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀羟基酸测定无干扰。结论:建立的UPLC-MS/MS法处理简单、灵敏、特异性高,定量准确,为辛伐他汀制剂的临床药代动力学研究提供了简便、准确的分析测定方法。     

HPLC-MS/MS法检测人血浆中游离花生四烯酸浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中花生四烯酸浓度的液相色谱串联质谱法。方法:以奥美拉唑为内标,待测血浆经乙酸乙酯萃取后,采用Agilent SB-C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)色谱柱,以水-甲醇(10∶90,v/v)为流动相,流速0.2 mL.min-1,柱温25℃;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)负离子模式将样品离子化,多反应监测(MRM)模式下对花生四烯酸(m/z 303.2→259.2)和奥美拉唑(m/z 344.2→191.1)进行测定。结果:花生四烯酸在497.88～4997.24 ng.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9989)。低、中、高浓度的平均回收率均大于70%,批内与批间RSD均小于10%。结论:本方法简单、快速、灵敏,适用于大样本量血浆中游离花生四烯酸的分析研究。     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定大鼠血浆中槐角苷及染料木素

目的:建立快速、灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱方法测定大鼠血浆中槐角苷及其苷元染料木素。方法:血浆经过乙酸乙酯提取,以大豆苷元为内标,采用Zorbax SB-C18(2.1 mm×30 mm,3.5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.001%甲酸铵溶液(加氨水调节pH至7.5)(45∶55),流速0.2 mL·min-1;质谱条件为电喷雾离子源(ESI源),负离子模式检测,扫描方式为多反应监测(MRM),定量离子对为m/z 252.9→223.7(大豆苷元)、m/z 431.1→267.6(槐角苷)、m/z 268.8→132.8(染料木素)。结果:槐角苷浓度在1.072～536 ng·mL-1,染料木素浓度在1.068～534 ng·mL-1的范围内线性关系良好(r>0.995);日间和日内精密度RSD均小于10%,低、中、高3个浓度的提取回收率在85%～97%之间。结论:本法可用于大鼠血浆中槐角苷和染料木素的测定及其药代动力学研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.