茵陈蒿汤治疗热重于湿证阻塞性黄疸患者的临床疗效研究

目的探讨茵陈蒿汤联合常规治疗对热重于湿证阻塞性黄疸患者的临床疗效。方法:选取2020年6月—2021年12月天津市南开医院收治的热重于湿证阻塞性黄疸(良、恶性胆道梗阻均可)96例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组48例,所有患者行手术、内镜取石或置入胆道支架等操作解除梗阻。术后,对照组给予常规治疗(丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸肠溶片),观察组在对照组基础上加用茵陈蒿汤,疗程1周。检测患者黄疸指标[总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)]、肝功能[谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)]、血总胆汁酸(TBA)、尿TBA、中医证候评分、临床疗效变化。结果:与术后第1天比较,两组患者解除胆道梗阻后第7天的TBIL、DBIL、ALT、GGT、血TBA均有所降低(P ＜0.05),与对照组比较,治疗组降低更明显(P ＜0.05);两组患者尿TBA、24h尿量均增加(P ＜0.05),与对照组比较,治疗组增加更加明显(P ＜0.05)。治疗组中医症状量化评分低于对照组(P ＜0.05);治疗组总有效率优于对照组(P ＜0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05)。结论:阻塞性黄疸热重于湿证患者胆道梗阻解除后,给予茵陈蒿汤联合常规治疗可以促进患者胆汁酸排泄,减轻黄疸,保护肝功能,有效改善患者中医临床症状,进而提高患者的临床治疗有效率,耐受性较好。     

腺苷蛋氨酸联合复方赶黄草方治疗胆道梗阻所致胆汁淤积性肝损伤的疗效分析

目的:探讨腺苷蛋氨酸联合复方赶黄草方治疗胆道梗阻所致胆汁淤积性肝损伤的临床疗效。方法:选取2018 年10 月—2019 年4 月在我院收治的胆道梗阻所致胆汁淤积性肝损伤的患者70 例,根据随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组患者35 例。其中对照组患者使用丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸肠溶片,观察组患者额外联合复方赶黄草方汤剂,比较两组的疗效、肝功能以及炎性因子的水平。结果:治疗后,两组患者血清中的直接胆红素(DBIL)、总胆固醇(CHOL)、丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TBIL)、间接胆红素(IBIL) 水平均显著降低(P ＜ 0.05),且观察组优于对照组;两组患者白细胞计数(WBC)、C 反应蛋白(CRP)表达水平均显著降低(P ＜ 0.01),同时观察组下降水平较对照组更加明显(P ＜ 0.05),而两组患者血清IgA、IgE、Ca2+ 水平与治疗前比差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。结论:腺苷蛋氨酸联合复方赶黄草方可以有效缓解胆道梗阻所致胆汁淤积性肝损伤临床症状,能够改善患者肝功能并降低炎症反应水平。     

舒肝宁联合思美泰治疗肝硬化黄疸的疗效观察

目的观察舒肝宁联合腺苷蛋氨酸(思美泰)治疗肝硬化黄疸的疗效。方法肝硬化黄疸患者共43例,治疗组(20例)用舒肝宁注射液(10mL,日1次静脉滴注)联合注射用腺苷蛋氨酸(思美泰1000mg/d静脉滴注)治疗,不使用甘草酸制剂等保肝药;对照组(23例)应用思美泰,其余药物基本相同。疗程2周,观察临床症状、肝功能的变化。结果经治疗后两组患者临床症状均有明显改善,肝功能指标均有好转(P<0.01)。结论舒肝宁联合思美泰治疗肝硬化黄疸效果更好。     

重组人生长激素在阻塞性黄疸病人术后治疗的作用

目的 探讨重组人生长激素治疗各种阻塞性黄疸病人的临床应用价值。方法 选择90例阻塞性黄疸病人随机分为实验组45例和对照组45例,在常规应用营养治疗上的基础上对实验组病人加用重组人生长激素治疗,观察两组病人术后氮平衡、营养生化指标、肝功能和AKBR进行统计学处理并计算平均住院日、死亡率了解其效果。结果 重组人生长激素治疗阻塞性黄疸较对照组疗效好。结论 重组人生长激素能改善阻塞性黄疸胆道引流术后病人的肝功能．促进组织愈合,减轻术后疲劳,具有良好的临床应用价值.     

不同途径胆道内支架置入治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸

目的：探讨不同方式胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸的临床应用价值、优缺点及选择。 方法：回顾分析40 例恶性阻塞性黄疸患者的临床资料,其中记忆合金胆道内支架18 例经开腹手 术置入,经PTCD 置入5 例,经ERCP 置入17 例。 结果：患者均完成胆道内支架置入达到内引流。支架植入术后胆红素均在第3 天下降约80 μmol/L; 谷 草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶及谷氨酰转肽酶也在术后第3 天开始较术前明显下降(P<0.05)。 主要并发症有胆道出血3 例, 胆管炎8 例, 多器官衰竭1 例;并发症发生率为30.0%,经非手术治 疗后大多数恢复。全组中位生存时间为28 周, 平均生存(33.79±36.83) 周。全组围手术期死亡1 例, 病死率为2.5%。 结论：胆道内支架经开腹手术置入、经ERCP 置入及经PTCD 置入均可有效解除恶性阻塞性黄疸 的胆管梗阻, 改善肝功能但总并发症发生率较高。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的疗效分析

目的回顾性分析无法手术的恶性梗阻性黄疸的经皮肝穿胆道引流治疗疗效和相关影响因素。方法无法手术切除恶性梗阻性黄疸住院病人233例。常规经皮肝穿刺胆道造影后,放置外引流管或内外引流管及金属内支架留置,用以解除胆管梗阻。临床观察治疗前后总胆红素、BUN等生化指标改变,并观察生存时间、引流有效时间。结果全部病人经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流手术成功。治疗后总胆红素明显下降,由3492±1556mmol/L降至1789±1412mmol/L(t=1790,P=0000)。术前合并感染62例,术后控制23例,术后新发胆道感染27例,胸部感染2例,术后存在感染68例。30d内死亡30例,死亡组与非死亡组比较,术前术后胆红素差异显著,年龄差异显著,并与蛋白相关,与术后ALT、Cr相关、与HBDH、BUN相关,术后51例出现再梗阻,7例引流管脱落。全组生存中位时间73个月,通畅中位时间140个月。结论经皮经肝穿刺胆汁引流,可有效缓解黄疸,改善由于梗阻性黄疸引起的各种症状。对于老年人或身体状况较差的病人应慎重,术后应及时控制感染,条件许可情况下,尽量放置支架。     

胆道内支架术结合黄连温胆汤治疗晚期恶性胆道梗阻

目的:晚期恶性胆道梗阻的治疗.方法:本组35例,互补性地联用ERCP和PTCD法置入胆道内支架引流胆道,同时服用中药黄连温胆加减汤,清热化痰祛瘀、解毒抗癌.结果:联合应用ERCP和PTCD能提高内支架置入胆管成功率,而内支架置入并配服黄连温胆汤1周后,病人黄疸明显消退,总胆红素水平下降＞50%,总胆红素平均值从276μmol/L降到104μmol/L(P＜0.01),同时肝功能有相应的恢复.结论:胆道内支架植入配服黄连温胆汤对晚期恶性胆道梗阻疗效较显著.     

术前胆道引流在胰十二指肠切除术患者中的临床应用价值探讨

目的探讨术前胆道引流对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床价值及其对术后并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析2006年6月至2018年6月期间在广东医科大学附属高州市人民医院肝胆外科行胰十二指肠切除术的101例患者的临床资料,根据胆红素水平分为胆红素正常组及胆红素异常组,胆红素异常组再依据是否术前引流进一步分为未引流组和引流组。比较3组的并发症发生情况及其严重程度。结果 3组患者的术中失血量、手术时间和术后住院时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。3组的胆汁漏发生情况、肺部感染情况和并发症综合指数(CCI)值比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后胆红素正常组、未引流组和引流组的凝血时间、血清白蛋白和血红蛋白变化趋势基本一致;胆红素正常组和胆道引流组术后7 d的谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶恢复良好,优于未引流组。结论合并高胆红素血症、胆管炎及肝功能异常的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行术前胆道引流虽未明显改善各并发症的发生率,但可明显改善整体并发症发生的严重程度。     

经PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸137例临床疗效分析

目的 探讨经皮经肝胆道引流(PTCD)后置入胆道金属支架姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值.方法 对137例失去根治性手术机会或不愿行手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,在超声引下行PTCD,术后1周在DSA下经PTCD窦道置入胆道金属支架,经此途径将体外引流转换为内引流.结果 137例患者术前血清总胆红素水平为(274.7±151.5)μmol/L,术后1周血清总胆红素下降到(150.1±100.6)μmol/L (P＜0.01),肝功能明显改善(P＜0.01),术后平均生存时间为(9.29 ±0.77)个月.结论 经PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术是一种治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,可明显延长患者生存时间、改善生活质量,具有安全、简便、创伤小、可重复等优点.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗短期疗效影响因素的研究

目的：探讨影响恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿胆道引流（PTBD）联合胆道支架置入术（PTBS）短期疗效的相关因素。方法：分析2004年6月—2009年6月经PTBD和PTBS治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者107例,参照胆红素下降程度和术后30 d内生存情况分为短期治疗有效（91例）和无效（16例）2组,应用卡方检验进行单因素分析,非条件Logistic进行多因素分析。结果：单因素分析显示患者年龄、性别、梗阻时间、梗阻部位、术前胆道感染和肝功能Child-Pugh评分、TBIL、HGB、Cr 9个因素与恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗预后相关。多因素分析示术前胆道感染、肝功能Child-Pugh评分≥9分、Cr≥111μmol/L是恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的高危因素。结论：术前胆道感染、肝功能Child-Pugh评分≥9分、Cr≥111μmol/L与恶性梗阻性黄疸短期预后关系密切,对梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的术前评估有重要参考意义。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.