宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的高危因素分析

目的:探讨宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的高危因素,为个体化治疗提供依据。方法:回顾性分析了经根治术并行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术的298例宫颈癌患者的相关危险因素。结果:298例患者共清除淋巴结6 691枚,99例(326枚)有淋巴结转移,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移26例,转移率为8.7%,髂总淋巴结转移33例,盆腔淋巴结转移97例。其中腹主动脉旁淋巴结单一转移2例,合并髂总转移20例。单因素分析提示,脉管癌栓(χ2=4.198,P=0.040)、治疗前血清SCC-Ag水平(χ2=4.452,P=0.035)、髂总淋巴结转移(χ2=92.942,P=0.000)和盆腔淋巴结阳性个数(χ2=51.230,P=0.000)与腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移有关。Logistics回归多因素分析示,髂总淋巴结转移(P=0.000)和盆腔淋巴结阳性个数(P=0.001)为腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移独立的危险因素。结论:宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移与髂总淋巴结转移及盆腔淋巴结转移个数相关,对于有上述2个危险因素的宫颈癌患者可能存在腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的风险,需认真评估,指导个体化治疗。     

Secondary cytoreductive surgery for isolated lymph node recurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer: A multicenter study

Introduction

Chemotherapy is the standard treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but its use in nodal relapses is still debated. On the other hand, the role of secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) remains controversial. Aim of this study is to evaluate feasibility and outcomes of SCS for the specific setting of recurrent ovarian cancer, exclusively relapsing in lymph nodes.

Patients and methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis in five Italian Institutions (University of Torino, INT of Milano, CRO of Aviano, University of Pisa and INT of Napoli) from 2000 to 2012. Patients with EOC who underwent secondary surgery for isolated lymph node recurrence (ILNR) were selected.

Results

Seventy-three patients were identified. At first diagnosis, patients received debulking surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. The median disease free interval from completion of primary chemotherapy to nodal recurrence was 18 months. Nodal recurrence was para-aortic in 37 patients (50.7%), pelvic in 21 (28.8%), pelvic and para-aortic in 9 (12.3%), pelvic and inguinal in 3 (4.1%) and inguinal in 3 (4.1%). During SCS, in 1 patients nephrectomy was necessary for renal vein injury. No significant postoperative morbidity occurred. Median follow-up is 50 months. After secondary surgery, 32 (43.8%) are alive without disease, 18 (24.6%) are alive with disease and 23 patients (31.5%) are dead of disease. Five-year overall survival from the time of treatment of recurrent disease is 64%.

Conclusions

Secondary surgery for ILNR of ovarian cancer is feasible, safe, with low morbidity and it is associated with a favorable outcome.     

中晚期宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移治疗的临床研究

目的:研究中晚期（Ⅱb-Ⅲb期）宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结(PALN)转移采用手术和放疗治疗的疗效。方法:选择中晚期（Ⅱb-Ⅲb期）腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的宫颈癌患者76例,观察组43例,行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术,术后行同步放化学治疗。对照组33例,行宫颈癌同步放化学治疗。分析与患者3年生存率有关的临床病理因素,探讨影响患者预后的因素。结果:手术分期、病理分级、SCCA水平、局部肿瘤大小、腹主动脉旁淋巴结大小、治疗方法与患者的3年生存率有关。多因素分析表明影响患者生存期的因素是分期、分级、局部肿瘤大小、腹主动脉旁淋巴结大小、治疗方法。结论:中晚期宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除并辅以术后延伸放疗联合同期化疗,对于病人治疗有重要意义。     

The management of clinically suspicious para-aortic lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer: A systematic review

Approximately 1%–2% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) develop para-aortic lymph node (PALN) metastases, which are typically considered markers of systemic disease, and are associated with a poor prognosis. The utility of PALN dissection (PALND) in patients with CRC is of ongoing debate and only small-scale retrospective studies have been published on this topic to date. This systematic review aimed to determine the utility of resecting PALN metastases with the primary outcome measure being the difference in survival outcomes following either surgical resection or non-resection of these metastases. A comprehensive systematic search was undertaken to identify all English-language papers on PALND in the PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases. The search results identified a total of 12 eligible studies for analysis. All studies were either retrospective cohort studies or case series. In this systematic review, PALND was found to be associated with a survival benefit when compared to non-resection. Metachronous PALND was found to be associated with better overall survival as compared to synchronous PALND, and the number of PALN metastases (2 or fewer) and a pre-operative carcinoembryonic antigen level of <5 was found to be associated with a better prognosis. No PALND-specific complications were identified in this review. A large-scale prospective study needs to be conducted to definitively determine the utility of PALND. For the present, PALND should be considered within a multidisciplinary approach for patients with CRC, in conjunction with already established treatment regimens.     

子宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的术前CT评价

目的：探讨螺旋CT检查对子宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法：60例经临床及病理诊断为子宫颈癌的患者,做子宫颈癌根治术之前行盆腔螺旋CT检查,并以术后病理检查为金标准进行对照,按病例数和盆腔淋巴结部位(粒)数分别计算CT检查的灵敏度、特异度、Youden指数。结果：术前盆腔淋巴结螺旋CT检查的病例对照和部位对照的灵敏度分别为33．3％、28．6％,特异度分别为100％、98．8％,Youden指数分别为0．333、0．274。结论：螺旋CT检查对诊断子宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的特异度较高,具有一定的参考价值;但灵敏度偏低,有待改进。     

Hyperfractionated radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for para-aortic lymph node recurrence in carcinoma of the cervix

PURPOSE: To evaluate efficacy, toxicity, and patterns of relapse in patients treated with hyperfractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) with concurrent chemotherapy for para-aortic lymph node (PALN) recurrence of cervical carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between September 1997 and October 2000, 12 cervical carcinoma patients with isolated PALN recurrence who had previously received radical or postoperative radiotherapy were treated with HFRT and concurrent chemotherapy. The initial FIGO stage was Stage IB in 4 (33%) patients, Stage IIA in 2 (17%), and Stage IIB in 6 (50%). The radiation field encompassed the gross recurrent PALN with the superior margin at the upper end of the T12 body and the inferior margin between L5 and S1. The fractionated dose was 1.2 Gy in 2 daily fractions, and the median total dose was 60 Gy. The weekly concurrent chemotherapy consisted of paclitaxel in 11 patients and cisplatin in 1. The median number of cycles of chemotherapy was 5. RESULTS: The latent period to PALN recurrence from the time of initial treatment for all patients ranged from 2 to 92 months (median: 12 months). One month after treatment, the clinical tumor response evaluated was complete in 33% (4/12) and partial in 67% (8/12). The 3-year overall survival rate and median survival were 19% and 21 months, respectively. The latent period to PALN recurrence was the only significant prognostic factor; the median survival of patients who relapsed in < or =24 months from the initial treatment of cervical carcinoma was 13 months vs. 45 months for those relapsed at >24 months (p = 0.026). Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity developed in 2 patients. Six (50%) patients experienced Grade 2 nausea. There were no late gastrointestinal or neurologic complications during the follow-up period. Subsequent distant metastases after PALN treatment developed in 58% (7/12). CONCLUSION: HFRT of 60 Gy to PALN with concurrent chemotherapy could be regarded as an effective treatment modality without significant acute or late toxicity. Patients with a latent period >24 months until PALN recurrence had a more favorable survival rate than those with a latent period 相似文献   

Isolated right external iliac lymph node recurrence from a primary cecum carcinoma: report of a case

Isolated lymph node recurrence in the right external iliac region in cases of cecum carcinoma is extremely rare, and the significance of surgical resection for isolated lymph node recurrence has not been established due to the low number of such cases. We report the first case of isolated right external iliac lymph node recurrence from a primary cecum carcinoma, successfully treated by surgical resection.     

Surgical versus radiographic determination of para-aortic lymph node metastases before chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

BACKGROUND: Patients with cervical cancer who had negative para-aortic lymph nodes (PALNs) identified by pretreatment surgical staging were compared with patients who had only radiographic exclusion of PALN metastases before they received treatment with pelvic radiation and brachytherapy (RT) plus cisplatin (C)-based chemotherapy. METHODS: Patients who participated in 1 of 3 Phase III Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) trials (GOG 85, GOG 120, and GOG 165) and who were assigned randomly to receive either RT plus C or RT plus C combined with 5-fluorouracil with or without hydroxyurea comprised this retrospective analysis. Patients who had negative PALN status determined by surgical sampling (mandatory in GOG 85 and GOG 120 and optional in GOG 165) were compared with patients who had negative PALN status determined radiographically (GOG 165). RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-five patients underwent surgical PALN sampling (the S group), and 130 patients underwent radiographic evaluation only (the R group). Age, race, histology, and tumor grade were similar. Patients in the R group had better performance status (P < .01), less advanced stage (P = .023), and smaller tumor size (P = .004) compared with patients in the S group, although patients with stage III and IV disease in the S group had better 4-year progression-free survival (48.9% vs 36.3%) and overall survival (54.3% vs 40%) compared with patients in the R group. In multivariate analysis, the R group was associated independently with a poorer prognosis compared with the S group (for disease progression: hazard ratio [HR], 1.35, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.01-1.81; for death: HR, 1.46, 95% CI, 1.08-1.99). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical exclusion (compared with radiographic exclusion) of positive PALNs in patients with cervical cancer who received chemoradiation (RT plus C-based chemotherapy) had a significant prognostic impact.     

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression as a predictor of para-aortic lymph node recurrence in uterine cervical cancer

PURPOSE: The overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with a worse prognosis and the development of distant metastases in cervical cancer. This matched-pair analysis examined whether COX-2 expression is associated with para-aortic lymph node (PALN) recurrence in uterine cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: For this study, we matched 20 patients with PALN recurrence after definitive or postoperative RT by stage with 20 others who did not have PALN recurrence. Of the 20 patients with PALN recurrence, definitive or postoperative RT was performed in 11 and 9 patients, respectively. COX-2 expression was assessed immunohistochemically using a mouse monoclonal antibody on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens taken before RT. A logistic regression model was used to predict for PALN recurrence. RESULTS: COX-2 was expressed in 28 (70%) of the 40 patients. The staining intensity was as follows: weak in 19 (47%), moderate in 6 (15%), and strong in 3 (8%) patients. The patients with PALN recurrence had much greater expression of COX-2 (17 patients, 85%) than did the control group (11 patients, 55%; p = 0.04). Strong staining intensity of COX-2 was seen only in the PALN recurrence group. The statistically significant factors associated with PALN recurrence were positive pelvic lymph nodes (odds ratio, 7.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-37.37; p = 0.01) and COX-2 expression (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.09; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that COX-2 overexpression in the initial tumor tissue might be associated with PALN recurrence after RT in cervical cancer patients.     

Curative chemoradiotherapy for isolated retroperitoneal lymph node recurrence of colorectal cancer

Purpose

To investigate the efficacy of curative chemoradiotherapy for isolated retroperitoneal lymph node recurrence of colorectal cancer.

Materials and methods

Twenty-two colorectal cancer patients who received three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (n = 20) or helical tomotherapy (n = 2) for isolated retroperitoneal lymph node recurrence were analyzed retrospectively. Radiation dose was 55.8 Gy in 31 fractions or 63 Gy in 35 fractions, and 60 Gy in 20 fractions by helical tomotherapy. All patients received concurrent chemotherapy and 16 (72.7%) received adjuvant chemotherapy.

Results

The treatment response was complete in 13 (59.1%), partial in 6 (27.3%), and stable in 3 (13.6%) patients. Median follow-up for 11 (50%) surviving patients was 32 months (range, 27-61). The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 64.7% and 36.4%, and median overall survival was 41 months. Recurrences developed in 15 (68.2%) patients; outside the retroperitoneum in 13. The 3- and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were 34.1% and 25.6%, and median recurrence-free survival was 20 months. Response and adjuvant chemotherapy were significant prognostic factors for overall survival. Gastrointestinal toxicity ? Grade 3 was not observed.

Conclusions

Definitive chemoradiotherapy is an effective salvage treatment for isolated retroperitoneal lymph node recurrence of colorectal cancer without severe complications.     

Radiation therapy with chemotherapy for patients with cervical cancer and supraclavicular lymph node involvement

Objective

We wanted to evaluate the outcomes of cervical cancer patients with supraclavicular lymph node (SCLN) involvement and who received radiation therapy (RT) combined with chemotherapy.

Methods

From August 2001 to April 2009, nine cervical cancer patients with SCLN involvement were treated by RT and cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Most of the patients (8/9, 88.9%) also had a positive para-aortic lymph node (PALN). The RT field was designed to include the whole pelvis, the involved PALNs and the SCLN area. The median SCLN RT dose was 66.6 Gy (range, 60 to 70 Gy).

Results

The median follow-up period was 61 months (range, 13 to 98 months). The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 66.7% and 55.6%, respectively and the 3- and 5-year progression-free survival rates were 66.7% and 44.4%, respectively. The acute hematologic toxicities according to the criteria of Radiation Therapy of Oncology Group (RTOG) were G1/2 leucopenia in 3 (33.3%), G3/4 leukopenia in 6 (66.7%), G1/2 anemia in 7 (77.8%), G3 anemia in 1 (11.1%), G2 thrombocytopenia in 2 (22.2%), and G3/4 thrombocytopenia in 2 (22.2%). Within 6 months after RT, most of the patients (5/6, 83.3%) recovered from the G3/4 leukopenia, except for 1 patient who received chemotherapy after completing RT due to subsequent bone metastasis.

Conclusion

For patients with advanced cervix cancer and SCLN involvement, RT with chemotherapy as active therapy can be expected to provide favorable results, although there is an increased risk of G3/4 hematologic toxicity.     

Radiation sigmoiditis mimicking sigmoid colon cancer after radiation therapy for cervical cancer: the implications of three-dimensional image-based brachytherapy planning

External-beam radiation therapy with intracavitary high-dose-rate brachytherapy is the standard treatment modality for advanced cervical cancer; however, late gastrointestinal complications are a major concern after radiotherapy. While radiation proctitis is a well-known side effect and radiation oncologists make an effort to reduce it, the sigmoid colon is often neglected as an organ at risk. Herein, we report two cases of radiation sigmoiditis mimicking sigmoid colon cancer after external-beam radiation therapy with intracavitary high-dose-rate brachytherapy for uterine cervical cancer with dosimetric consideration.     

Analysis of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix after definitive radiation therapy alone: patterns of recurrence, latent periods, and prognosis

A retrospective analysis was performed with emphasis on the patterns of recurrence, latent period, and prognosis in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma of the uterus treated with definitive radiation therapy alone. Late recurrence, which was observed more than 5 years after the initial radiation therapy, was finally focused on and discussed.

Between 1976 and 1994, 256 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix without hematogenous metastasis were treated with definitive radiation therapy alone. The patients were staged as follows according to the FIGO classification: 26 in Stage I, 56 in Stage II, 124 in Stage III, 28 in Stage IVa, and 22 in Stage IVb. All the patients were treated with external beam irradiation and low-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy.

A total of 74 patients had recurrence. The recurrence appeared in 67 cases (90.5%) within 5 years. Metastasis to para-aortic and/or supraclavicular nodes developed later than other types of recurrence. Among patients with lymphogenous metastasis, there were more 5-year survivors after recurrence than with other types of recurrence. Patients with early recurrence, within 2 years of the initial therapy, had a worse prognosis than those with recurrence more than 2 years after treatment. Seven patients (2.7%) in all developed late recurrence more than 5 years after the treatment. The first site of recurrence was an abdominal para-aortic or supraclavicular node in all patients, excluding one patient who developed intrapelvic lymph node metastasis. Six patients had pelvic node metastasis detected with lymphangiography at the initial treatment. Median survival after late recurrence was 16.0 months. Two of 7 patients survived more than 3 years after secondary radiation therapy, and the remainder died of recurrent disease.

Patients with para-aortic and/or supraclavicular node metastasis that developed late after the initial treatment are more likely to survive due to secondary radiation therapy. Careful follow-up is emphasized for long-term survivors.     

宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移调强放射治疗的疗效分析

目的 探讨调强放射治疗(IMRT)对宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移患者的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析94例宫颈癌患者的临床资料,将47例行IMRT方法治疗的患者作为IMRT组,将47例行普通放疗方法治疗的患者作为普通放疗组.分析比较两组患者治疗3个月后的近期疗效、急性不良反应和3年的生存情况.结果 治疗3个月后,IMRT组盆腔淋巴结完全消失和缩小消退的比例均高于普通放疗组(P﹤0.05).IMRT组3年死亡29例,累积生存率为38.3%,普通放疗组3年死亡34例,累积生存率为27.7%,IMRT组和普通放疗组的中位生存时间分别为29(23~35)个月和13(7~20)个月,IMRT组中位生存时间长于普通放疗组(P﹤0.05).IMRT组消化系统和骨髓抑制等急性不良反应均较普通放疗组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01),且IMRT组均未出现3级不良反应.结论 I MRT不仅可以提高瘤体组织的放射剂量,还可以提高治疗的疗效,减少急性不良反应的发生,延长患者治疗后3年的中位生存时间.     

A case of lateral pelvic lymph node recurrence after TME for submucosal rectal carcinoma successfully treated by lymph node dissection with en bloc resection of the internal iliac vessels

In Japan, lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) is generally performed for the treatment of T3-4 lower rectal carcinoma, and not for T1 lower rectal carcinoma, because of a low positive rate in patients with T1 lesion. We experienced a rare case of lateral pelvic lymph node recurrence after total mesorectal resection for T1 lower rectal carcinoma, successfully treated by LLND with en bloc resection of the internal iliac vessels. There is no guideline for the treatment of patients with isolated lateral lymph node recurrence; however, surgery should be considered for such patients.     

Risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer from a randomized controlled trial of JCOG9501

BACKGROUND: No risk factor has been confirmed for para-aortic lymph node (PAN) metastasis from gastric cancer. To identify the risk factors and the most frequent route of metastasis to PAN, we analyzed the prospective data from a phase III trial. METHODS: In JCOG9501 comparing D2 and D2 + PAN dissection, 260 patients with T2(SS)-T4 gastric cancer underwent radical gastrectomy with PAN dissection. The association between various clinicopathological factors and PAN metastasis was examined. RESULTS: Macroscopic N stage and tumor size > or = 5 cm were significant risk factors for PAN metastasis after adjusting for other factors. The proportion of PAN metastasis was clearly different between the N0-1 group and the N2-4 group (2.8% versus 20.5%). In the additional multivariate analysis including 17 regional lymph node stations, station No. 7 was the only station with statistical significance (P = 0.002, odds ratio = 41.0). CONCLUSION: Macroscopic N stage and tumor size were associated with PAN metastasis, and the lymphatics along the left gastric artery seemed to be the most frequent route to the nodes surrounding the aorta. These findings may be useful in predicting PAN metastasis.     

唾液腺腺样囊性癌颈淋巴结转移规律的临床研究*

目的:本研究旨在回顾性分析头颈部腺样囊性癌的颈部淋巴结的临床转移规律。方法:回顾性分析1995年1 月至2008年12月就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面- 头颈肿瘤科的616 例腺样囊性癌患者的临床资料,对其中62例腺样囊性癌合并颈部淋巴结转移的患者进行临床统计学分析。结果:头颈部腺样囊性癌的颈淋巴结转移的发生率约为10% ,原发于舌根、舌体及口底部的腺样囊性癌较其他部位更易发生颈部淋巴结转移,分别为19.2% 、17.6% 和15.3% ,转移部位多发生在Ⅰb区与Ⅱ区。淋巴结转移的方式以经典的管道性转移为主,直接浸润型转移仅常见于下颌下腺的腺样囊性癌累及颌下淋巴结。原发部位及瘤周淋巴血管浸润与颈部淋巴结转移的发生密切相关。出现颈部淋巴结转移的患者其临床预后明显较差（P < 0.01）。结论:舌- 口底复合体为头颈部腺样囊性癌发生淋巴结转移的常见原发部位,在临床治疗及随访上应得到更多关注。