单臂外固定支架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折

目的报告单臂外固定架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法186例胫腓骨粉碎性骨折,其中开放骨折42例,闭合骨折142例,均采用单臂外固定架,配合跟骨牵引治疗。结果随访185例,183例骨愈合,平均愈合时间6个月,按Johner-Wrichs,优113例,良69例,差2例。针为17.5%。结论单臂外固定支架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折,方法,疗效肯定。     

Altered fibular growth patterns after tibiofibular synostosis in children

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic synostosis of the tibia and fibula following an operation on the leg in a child has been reported rarely in the literature, and the effects of this complication on future growth, alignment, and function are not known. This is a retrospective case series, from one institution, of crossunions of the distal parts of the tibia and fibula complicating operations on the leg in children. The purpose is to alert surgeons to this possible complication. METHODS: The senior author identified eight cases of iatrogenic tibiofibular synostosis seen in children since 1985. The patients had various diagnoses and were from the practices of four pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. Synostosis developed in six patients after osteotomies of the distal parts of the tibia and fibula, in one after internal fixation of distal tibial and fibular metaphyseal fractures through a single incision, and in one after posterior transfer of the anterior tibialis tendon through the interosseous membrane combined with peroneus brevis transfer to the calcaneus. Medical records were reviewed, and preoperative and follow-up radiographs were analyzed for changes in the relative positions of the proximal and distal tibial and fibular physes and in the alignment of the ankle. RESULTS: Five patients were symptomatic after crossunion; they presented with prominence of the proximal part of the fibula, ankle deformity, or ankle pain. Three patients were asymptomatic, and a synostosis was identified on routine follow-up radiographs. Intraoperative technical errors caused two of the crossunions; the cause of the others was unknown. Following tibiofibular synostosis, growth disturbances were noted radiographically in every patient. The normal growth pattern of distal migration of the fibula relative to the tibia was reversed, resulting in a decreased distance between the proximal physes of the tibia and fibula as well as proximal migration of the distal fibular physis relative to the distal part of the tibia. Shortening of the lateral malleolus led to greater valgus alignment of the ankle. CONCLUSIONS: Tibiofibular synostosis can complicate an operation on the leg in a child. After crossunion, the normal distal movement of the fibula relative to the tibia is disrupted, resulting in shortening of the lateral malleolus and ankle valgus as well as prominence of the fibular head at the knee. The synostosis also interferes with the normal motion that occurs between the tibia and fibula with weight-bearing, potentially leading to ankle pain.     

Distal fibular length needed for ankle stability

BACKGROUND: The fibula is commonly used for bone grafts. Previous clinical and biomechanical studies have suggested that the length of the residual portion of the distal part of the fibula has an important effect on the long-term stability of the ankle joint. However, we cannot find clear-cut guidelines for the amount of bone that can be harvested safely. METHODS: Using six normal fresh-frozen cadaver legs, motions of the tibia, talus and calcaneus were measured. The fibula was cut sequentially 3 cm from the proximal tip of the fibula and distally 10 cm, 6 cm, and 4 cm from the distal tip of the lateral malleolus. The angular motion of each bone was measured while a medial and lateral traction force of 19.6 N was applied to the proximal tibia. Angles of the tibia, talus, and calcaneus were measured. RESULTS: Sequential resection of the fibula increased the inversion angles of the ankle joint. The proximal 3-cm cut increased the inversion angle from 42.1 +/- 6.2 degrees to 49.6 +/- 3.6 degrees, and the distal 4-cm cut increased the angle from 57.6 +/- 6.6 degrees to 67.4 +/- 5.9 degrees. The rotational angles were almost constant with sequential resections of the fibula; however, the distal 4-cm cut increased the rotational angle from 11.3 +/- 25.1 degrees to 78.7 +/- 37.5 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The whole fibula including the head is essential for the stability of the ankle joint complex, and the distal fibula is responsible for stabilizing the ankle mortise during external rotation and inversion. We recommend fixation of the syndesmosis or bracing to prevent ankle joint instability with rotation of the talus in the mortise, especially when the distal fibula is shortened 6 cm or more.     

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm and fibula. A case report

Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the ulna and contralateral fibula occurred in a seven-year-old boy. Multiple limb involvement is extremely rare and has only been reported involving the tibia and fibula. Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia is a well-known entity, with other bones affected much more rarely. A case is reported involving the ulna and the contralateral fibula. This appears to be the first case of congenital pseudarthrosis reported involving an upper and a lower limb.     

螺管支架固定牵引器治疗胫腓骨干骨折

目的：介绍螺管支架固定牵引器的使用方法和治疗腓骨干骨折的临床特性。方法：用自蝗螺管支架固定牵引器治疗胫腓骨干骨折80例,并与跟骨牵引组在X线片骨痂,踝关节僵硬,临床痊愈等方面对照研究,结果：螺管支架组在6周后的骨痂X线评分及防止踝关节僵硬,促进骨折愈合等方面明显优于跟骨牵引组,结论：螺管支架固定牵引器适合于胫腓骨干各型骨折,操作简便,疗效可靠。     

Irreducible Fracture Dislocation of the Ankle Caused by Tibialis Posterior Tendon Interposition

A patient with severe irreducible open fracture dislocation of the ankle was admitted to our emergency department. After wound irrigation and debridement, skeletal traction was applied to the calcaneus to minimize soft tissue injury and swelling. The patient was followed in traction for 1 week, after which reduction and fixation of the fibula was attempted but not achieved. We extended the incision distally, visualized the ankle, and located the tibialis posterior tendon between the distal tibia and fibula, thereby inhibiting the reduction. The tendon coursed into the tibiotalar joint anteriorly and pushed the talus anterolaterally. After manipulation of the tendon to its anatomically correct location, the ankle was easily reduced. The wound at the medial side was closed with a fasciocutaneous rotational flap. The ankle was then immobilized for 6 weeks postoperatively. The patient regained her full range of motion, and there were no problems with the tibialis posterior tendon, such as rupture or insufficiency. Isolated tibialis posterior tendon interposition between the distal tibiofibular and tibiotalar joints has rarely been reported, and can inhibit anatomical reduction of the fractured ankle.     

Limb salvage treatment for congenital deficiency of the tibia

Nine limb salvage treatments were performed in 7 patients with congenital deficiency of the tibia. All feet showed equinovarus deformity and were centralized in a slightly equinus position by placing the distal end of the fibula into the posterior facet of the calcaneus. Tibiofibular fusion was performed in 4 patients with partial deficiency, and fibular transfer (fibular centralization; Brown procedure) in 5 with complete deficiency of the tibia. Callus distraction lengthening was performed repeatedly for leg-length discrepancy on either the femur or the centralized fibula. Satisfactory functional and cosmetic results were obtained in all limbs with partial deficiency, whereas in limbs with completely deficiency, none of the 5 knees treated by fibular transfer achieved a satisfactory functional result because of insufficient quadriceps strength, progressive knee flexion contracture, and persistent ligamentous instability. Nevertheless, in these 5 cases, all patients were ultimately able to withstand weight-bearing.     

Bilateral fracture of the tibial shaft with intact fibulae

We report the case history, treatment, and follow-up of a 16-year-old girl who sustained symmetrical fractures of the right and left tibia without fractures of the fibulae. Although a fracture of the tibia with an intact fibula is not an uncommon fracture pattern, a bilateral fracture of this type is quite rare, and we have been unable to find such a reported case in our review of the literature. The management of a fracture of the tibia with an intact fibula is controversial, with potential complications of delayed union and varus malunion. For this reason, as well as the bilateral nature of the injury, we felt operative treatment to be indicated.     

Residual deformities following successful initial bone union in congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia

The pathology of congenital pseudoarthrosis of tibia is an enigma and the treatment is challenging. Despite achieving union of the pseudoarthrosis, these patients may have compromised function secondary to residual deformities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the prevalence of these deformities, the morbidity caused by them, and the methods to overcome the problems. Sixteen patients who had a successful union were retrospectively reviewed. Clinically, the following parameters were assessed: pain, joint stiffness, and limb length discrepancy (LLD). Anteroposterior and lateral lower extremity radiographs were performed to analyze (1) union of the tibia and fibula, (2) deformity of the tibia, (3) degree of ankle valgus, (4) degree of calcaneus of the os calcis, (5) LLD, and (4) refracture. The average follow-up was 16 years from the first and 8 years from the last surgical procedure. Residual deformities included valgus of tibia (average 11.4 degrees) and procurvatum (average 19.4 degrees) deformities of the tibia or valgus deformity of the ankle (average 21.3 degrees) and calcaneus of the os calcis (average 46 degrees). There were 9 refractures in 8 patients. Nine patients had an LLD (average 3.5 cm). The study demonstrates that careful follow-up of these patients is necessary and residual problems are to be treated as they occur.     

Acute plastic bowing fractures of both the tibia and the fibula in a child

A case of acute plastic bowing fractures of both the fibula and tibia in a child is presented. This type of fracture has never been reported in the tibia, but has now been reported in all the major bones of the limbs. The clinical picture is described, and the indications for treatment discussed. In case of doubt, radiographs should be taken of the opposite limb, if the clinical picture suggests a bowing fracture.     

Surgical Correction of Checkrein Deformity after Malunited Distal Tibia Fracture: A Case Report

Checkrein deformities are rare and involve entrapment or tethering of the flexor hallucis longus and, occasionally, flexor digitorum longus tendons. The deformity has typically been secondary to traumatic fractures of the talus, calcaneus, or deep posterior compartment syndrome resulting from fractures of the tibia and fibula and most fractures of the ankle. These result in flexion contractures at the interphalangeal joint of the hallux. Because of the rarity of this deformity, no single surgical technique has been defined as the standard. Previous interventions have included release of adhesions with or without Z-plasty lengthening of the involved tendons. The present study reports a case of checkrein deformity secondary to a malunited distal tibia fracture, with flexion deformities to digits 1 through 3. The patient underwent successful surgical correction with flexor tenotomies to the affected digits with interphalangeal arthrodesis to the hallux.     

腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复肢体复合组织缺损

目的总结腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复肢体外伤性复合组织缺损的临床修复效果。方法依照患者肢体复合组织缺失情况及全身状况,采用腓骨骨皮瓣移植进行修复,其中男9例,女3例。年龄12～45岁。胫骨缺损伴腓骨骨折2例,单纯胫骨缺损2例,桡骨缺损2例,尺骨缺损3例,跟骨缺损1例,第1跖骨缺损2例;骨缺损长度4.2～10.6cm,平均7.8cm;皮肤缺损10.0cm×4.5cm～27.0cm×15.0cm。合并胫前和(或)胫后动脉损伤2例,胫后神经损伤2例,腓总神经损伤1例。一期修复4例,延期修复8例。骨皮瓣游离移植手术9例,推移手术2例,逆行移位手术1例。4例于术后3～6个月行二期肌腱移位动力重建术。行腕、踝关节融合术各1例。结果术后出现静脉危象及腓总神经牵拉性损伤各1例,经探查、大隐静脉移植等对症治疗,12例骨皮瓣全部成活。术后随访6～24个月,移植腓骨与受区断端均达骨性愈合,肢体功能均得到良好恢复。供区未出现膝及踝关节运动障碍。结论采用急诊或延期的腓骨骨皮瓣移植手术,可较好地修复肢体长管状骨干和软组织复合组织缺损。应注意受区移植腓骨皮瓣术后的感觉功能重建。     

Diplopodia with reversed foot. Normal gait after operation at 8 years of age

Diplopodia with the duplicated foot tucked up posteriorly, was reconstructed successfully in an 8-year-old boy. The knee joint, fibula and tibia were uninvolved; he had been walking on the dorsum of the foot wearing an ordinary shoe with the heel forward. The foot had ten toes, nine metatarsals and nine tarsal bones including one talus and one large calcaneus on which two Achilles tendons were inserted into two tuberosities. The lateral supernumerary foot was excised and the medial foot was dorsiflexed by almost 180 degrees by massive release and elongation of tendons. He could walk on his bare reconstructed foot without a brace 10 months after the operation.     

骨折后腓骨长度的恢复与踝关节创伤性关节炎的关系

目的　探讨胫腓骨下段粉碎骨折后腓骨长度的恢复与踝关节创伤性关节炎发生的关系。方法　 1986～ 1996年间收治的胫腓骨双骨折病例中 ,有 15 0例获得随访的经过手术治疗的闭合性胫腓骨下段粉碎骨折。平均随访时间为 6年 (2～ 10年 )。15 0例中 30例在固定胫骨的同时固定腓骨 ,恢复腓骨长度 ,12 0例仅固定胫骨。术后均以石膏托固定 4～ 6周。结果　腓骨固定组术后踝关节不同程度创伤性关节炎的发生率为 6 % ,而单纯固定胫骨者 ,创伤性关节炎的发生率为 30 %。结论　踝关节创伤性炎症的发生与小腿双骨折后腓骨长度是否恢复有关 (r=0 0 0 98) ,在治疗胫腓骨下段骨折时应注意恢复腓骨的长度     

Fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap with a variant perforator and peroneal artery arising from the anterior tibial artery

Since the report of the first cases of vascularized free fibula graft for treatment of open fracture of the tibia and fibula in 1975, there have been many other reports of the use of vascularized free osteocutaneous fibula flaps for reconstruction of the mandible or lower leg. Usually, these flaps have a single pedicle composed of the peroneal artery, to supply the fibula with septocutaneous or musculocutaneous branches arising from the peroneal artery to supply the lateral skin of the leg. Although some authors have reported variant perforators, there have been no reports of the peroneal artery arising from the anterior tibial artery and perforator arising from the posterior tibial artery. This is the first report of a variant of the peroneal artery and perforator using a vascularized free osteocutaneous fibula flap.     

胫腓骨下段开放性粉碎骨折的治疗(附20例临床报告)

目的探讨胫腓骨下段开放性粉碎骨折的综合治疗。方法20例胫腓骨下段开放性粉碎骨折采用半环槽式外固定器固定、皮瓣转移、腓骨内移、骨折端加压并同期行上干骺端骨延长等综合治疗方法。结果伤口均一期愈合，所有皮瓣均成活，骨折临床愈合平均时间19周，7例因严重骨缺损经骨折端加压并同期行上干骺端骨延长后肢体均恢复正常长度。无1例针眼感染和血管、神经损伤。临床优良率为90％(18／20)。结论a)半环槽外固定器能克服胫腓骨下段开放性粉碎骨折的治疗困难，具有立体均衡固定。刚性可调，避免肢体受压。便于再次创面处理以及同期行骨折端加压和肢体延长等优点。b)半环槽式外固定器结合皮瓣转移、腓骨内移以及骨折端加压并同期行上干骺端骨延长等综合治疗方法是胫腓骨下段开放性粉碎骨折可选择的较好治疗措施之一。     

Uncontacted tire explosion causing trauma to bilateral lower extremities: A case report

It is uncommon for tire explosion related injuries on the lower extremity. The bilateral lower extremities were injured by tire explosion when the patient was seated in a bus. She sustained an open fracture with partial bone loss in the right calcaneus (a comminuted fracture in the right ankle joint) and a closed comminuted fracture in the left tibia and fibula. This damage was caused by uncontacted tire explosion, thanks to a thick floor between the exploded tire and the patient''s feet. This type of injury on lower extremity caused by uncontacted tire explosion was uncommon.     

Neurovascular calcaneo-cutaneus pedicle graft for stump capping in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: preliminary report of a new technique

The operative treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, especially when associated with neurofibromatosis type I (Recklinghausen's disease), often leads to failure. Frequently, regardless of the type of deformity, multiple operative procedures end in the amputation of the affected limb. Soft tissue coverage of the amputation stump may confront the surgeon with new problems. Secondary perforation of the soft tissue envelope of the stump owing to terminal overgrowth is not a rare complication. A new technique of stump capping is demonstrated in a 10-year-old boy and a 14-year old girl, both with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia of the right leg and neurofibromatosis. During this procedure, a radical resection of the pseudarthrotic tissue is performed although all neurovascular structures supplying the calcaneus are carefully maintained (Arteria, vena et nervus tibialis posterior et peronealis). Subsequently, the tibia and fibula are inserted into the calcaneus. This construct is stabilized with two crossed Kirschner wires. Afterwards, the skin of the lower limb and the hindfoot are sutured together covering the neurovascular bundles, which are arranged in a loop-like fashion. The documented active range of motion was similar to that of the unaffected knee joint. Twelve weeks after operation in both patients, full weight bearing was achieved with a lower-leg prosthesis. This new procedure leads to a durable, full weight-bearing stump with complete sensitive innervation without the risk of future soft tissue perforation caused by the growing bone. The stump fits with an end-bearing lower-leg prosthesis.     

Congenital posterior and posteromedial bowing of the tibia and fibula]

Five children with congenital posteromedial bowing of the tibia and fibula and 1 child with posterior bowing of the tibia and fibula have been followed-up. At the final examination age of the patients ranged from 6 months of 16 years (mean 69 months). In most of the cases the angulation had a tendency to decrease, shortening of the tibia remained constant. Pseudoarthrosis appeared in one of the children in 4th month of life at distal tibial diaphysis/metaphysis junction but healed spontaneously in 13 months time.