猕猴单次注射重组人血小板生成素后的药动学及外周血小板计数 …

AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics and the change of peripheral platelet counts after a single dose of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTpo). METHODS: After i.v. or s.c. injections of rhTpo in 12 rhesus monkeys, rhTpo concentration in serum was determined by ELISA. Platelets were counted by automatic microcell counter. RESULTS: The terminal half-lives of rhTpo were 12-18 h. AUC following s.c. were linearly increased with dose, while Cls were 0.061, 0.08, and 0.07 L.kg-1.h-1 in s.c. 0.5, 2, and 8 micrograms.kg-1 groups, respectively. Bioavailability was 0.50 +/- 0.18 after s.c. Single dose of rhTpo was associated with an increase in platelets (55.9%-107.4%, P < 0.05) in a dose-related manner. The peak response and the sustained days of platelet increase were dose-related. The degree of platelet increase (% x time) correlated with the systemic exposure to rhTpo (C x time). CONCLUSION: rhTpo behaved as a linear pharmacokinetics in the monkey within dose range of 0.5-8 micrograms.kg-1.     

猕猴多次皮下注射重组人血小板生成素后药代动力学,血小板计数和抗体的变化

研究猕猴多次 sc重组人血小板生成素(rh TPO) 2 μg· kg-1· d-1× 2 0 d或保护剂白蛋白后药代动力学 ,外周血小板计数及血清 TPO抗体变化 ;通过猴血清对 TD- 3细胞依赖 TPO增殖效应的影响评价抗体性质 .酶联免疫法测定血清 rh TPO浓度表明在第 1 ,7和 2 0次注药后 cmax和 AUC0 -τ随注药次数增加明显降低 ,而 Tp 提前 ,提示 TPO存在时间依赖性非线性过程 .血小板于 d5开始增高 ,d 1 4达峰值 ,d 2 0仍保持较高水平 (2 97±2 7) % .于 d 9- 1 1出现低滴度抗 TPO抗体 ,d 2 1达最高滴度 (1∶ 2 5- 1∶ 1 2 5) .sc TPO和白蛋白后猴血清对 TD- 3依赖 TPO增殖效应均有轻微抑制作用 ,抑制曲线呈非中和抗体性质 .     

重组巴曲酶在猕猴体内的药动学

目的:研究重组巴曲酶(rBAT)在猕猴体内的药动学。方法:用Iodogen法制备125I-rBAT,然后采用交叉试验设计,分别给猕猴静脉注射不同剂量和肌内注射125I-rBAT,用酸沉淀法测定血清125I-rBAT浓度,计算药动学参数。结果:猕猴单次静脉注射0.1,0.4和1.6μg.kg-1的125I-rBAT后,末端半衰期t1/2分别为(1.9±0.8),(2.5±0.5)和(2.3±0.4)h,AUC0~12 h分别为(4.1±1.4),(17.3±3.8)和(63.3±16.6)ng.h.mL-1。肌内注射0.4mg.kg-1的125I-rBAT后,AUC0~12 h为(3.6±0.4)ng.h.mL-1,t1/2为(3.2±0.9)h,Tm ax为(3.3±0.6)h,Cm ax为(0.7±0.1)ng.mL-1,肌内注射的AUC0~12 h显著低于同剂量静脉注射的AUC0~12 h,肌内注射的生物利用度为(20.8±2.3)%。结论:重组巴曲酶在猕猴体内的药动学过程符合线性药动学。     

血小板减少患者多次皮下注射重组人血小板生成素的药代动力学研究

目的研究国产重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)多次皮下注射在人体内的药代动力学。方法8例血小板减少患者分为隔日给药组,隔日皮下注射rhTPO 1.0 mg.kg-1,共7次;每日给药组,每日皮下注射rhTPO 1.0 mg.kg-1,共14次,每组4例。在给药前及给药后不同时间取血,分离血清。用酶联免疫吸附实验法测定血清rhTPO浓度。结果随给药次数的增加,血药浓度随之升高,隔日给药组和每日给药组的谷浓度(Cmin)分别在5,7次给药后达到稳态水平,稳态Cmin分别为1.64 ±0.97和2.91 ± 1.74mg.L-1。2组Cmax的变化趋势与Cmin相似,稳态峰Cmax分别为2.14 ± 1.10和 4.19±3.44mg.L-1。首次给药与末次给药后的药代动力学参数无明显差异。结论 血小板减少患者多次皮下注射rhTPO后,血药浓度升高的水平与累积给药量呈正相关;在给药14次后,药物在体内无蓄积倾向。     

猕猴静脉给予重组水蛭素变异体—2的药代动力学和部分促凝血酶原时间

目的:研究猕猴单次和多次(7天)静脉推注加滴注(剂量比为 1:1)新型重组水蛭素变异体-2(rHV-2)的药代动力学和部分促凝血酶原时间(KPTT)变化.方法:交叉设计比较单次1,3和6 mg·kg~(-1)及多次3mg·kg~(-1)注射后血浆rHV-2浓度及KPTT.ELISA法测定血浆rHV-2.结果:浓度曲线形状和水平与推注量及滴注速率相关.推注后 C_(max)分别为 2.90,9.78和15.68 mg·L~(-1),随后分别稳定在0.73-0.86,1.94-2.04和5.41-5.59 mg·L~(-1),剂量间血浆rHV-2浓度有统计差别.AUC随剂量呈线性增大,剂量间清除率和各时间常数无统计差别.各剂量组KPTT比基线值明显延长,随剂量增加有延长趋势.结论:推注剂量和滴注速率对控制rHV-2水平起重要作用,这对临床试验优化给药方案有一定作用.     

单次静滴重组葡激酶在健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究重组葡激酶（r-SAK）（抗急性心肌梗死药）单次静脉给药后在健康人体内的药代动力学。方法24例健康受试者随机分为3组（5，10，15mg剂量组），建立双抗体酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA），测定r-SAK的血药浓度，用3P97药代动力学软件进行数据处理。结果r-SAK符合二房室一级消除模型，％为6．68-23．19L，AUC0-t为1．39-3．59μg·h·mL^-1,为1．35～4．37h。结论建议临床给药方法为r-SAK10mg、30min内静脉输注。     

单剂口服盐酸托烷司琼胶囊的人体药代动力学

目的　研究口服单剂盐酸托烷司琼胶囊人体药代动力学。方法　22名健康志愿者口服盐酸托烷司琼胶囊,18例剂量为10 mg, 4例剂量为20mg,于给药后设定时间点采血, 用反相高效液相色谱法-二极管阵列紫外法测定受试者血浆中的盐酸托烷司琼浓度, 并对盐酸托烷司琼的血药浓度-时间数据进行拟合,求算其药代动力学参数。结果　10和20 mg剂量组盐酸托烷司琼胶囊的药代动力学参数分别为:达峰时间tmax为(2.53±0.52)和(2.35±0.90) h;Cmax为(10.16±2.89) 和(19.56±4.04) mg.L-1,曲线下面积AUC0-24h 分别为(113.61±40.34)和(213.36±42.53) mg.h.L-1。结论　单剂量给药,盐酸托烷司琼胶囊在志愿者体内分布及消除较快,且Cmax及AUC与剂量成正比。     

基因重组人粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子/白细胞介素-3融合蛋白在猕猴中的药代动力学

目的　研究重组人粒 /巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 白细胞介素 3融合蛋白 (PIXY32 1)在猕猴中的药动学。方法　12 5I 标记结合反相高效液相和酸沉淀法。结果　 12 5I PIXY32 1纯度为 94 5 % ,标记前后PIXY32 1对TF 1细胞增殖的ED50 分别为 0 12 5和 0 119μg·L-1。12 5I PIXY32 1在体内迅速降解。iv和sc后末端T1/ 2 相近 ,为 6 6～ 8 2h。AUC随sc剂量增大 ,全身清除率ClS 相近 ,sc生物利用度6 3 %± 2 1%。泌尿系统浓度最高 ,胆汁其次 ,骨髓和脾脏高于其它组织略低于血清 ,脑内最低。主要经尿排泄 ,少部分在尿中以原型排出。结论　猕猴sc12 5I PIXY32 12 0～ 80 μg·kg-1后为线性药代动力学。肾脏在12 5I PIXY32 1的降解中起一定作用     

单剂量口服奥扎格雷钠在健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究健康人体单剂口服奥扎格雷钠口服液的人体药代动力学。方法12名健康志愿者口服奥扎格雷钠口服液200mg,用反相高效液相色谱法—二极管阵列紫外法测定血浆中奥扎格雷钠浓度,并求算其药代动力学参数。结果奥扎格雷钠口服液的药代动力学参数tmax为(0.42±0.12)h、Cmax为(3.10±1.06)mg·L-1、AUC0-t为(3.50±0.91)mg·h·L-1,t1/2β为(0.72±0.26)h。结论单剂量口服奥扎格雷钠,在体内分布及消除较快,且Cmax及AUC与剂量成正比。     

Pharmacokinetics of His-tag recombinant human endostatin in Rhesus monkeys

AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics and accumulation of an Escherichia coli expressed His-tag fused recombinant human endostatin (rh-endostatin) in Rhesus monkeys. METHODS: Rh-endostatin was iv or sc injected in Rhesus monkeys, and the rh-endostatin concentration in serum samples was determined by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. The serum drug concentration-time data were analyzed by compartmental analysis using the practical pharmacokinetic program 3p97. RESULTS: Following iv administration at a dose rate of 1.5, 4.5, and 13.5 mg/kg in rhesus monkeys, the concentration-time curves of rh-endostatin were best fitted to a three-compartment open model. AUC(0-infinity) linearly increased with dose, while Cls exhibited no significant difference among different dose groups. The terminal half-lives (lambda3) were 8+/-8, 3.1+/-1.4, and 20+/-14 h, respectively. After sc administration at a dose rate of 1.5 mg/kg, the concentration-time curve was best fitted to a two-compartment open model, with a terminal half-life (T(1/2beta)) of 8+/-3 h. Bioavailability following sc injection was approximately 70%+/-3%. After consecutive iv injection of rh-endostatin at a dose rate of 1.5 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) for 7 d, the AUC(0-24 h) substantially increased from 22+/-13 mg.h.L(-1) (d 1) to 50+/-29 mg.h.L(-1) (d 7), with an accumulation factor of 2.3+/-0.6 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetic behavior of rh-endostatin in Rhesus monkeys complies with linear kinetics within the examined dose range. It tends to be accumulated in bodies after repeated administration at a dose level of 1.5 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) for more than 7 consecutive days.     

健康人单剂量口服他扎司特胶囊的尿药动学

目的 :建立反相HPLC法定量分析尿液中的他扎司特体内活性代谢物 ,研究其尿药动力学特征。方法 :8名健康受试者口服单剂量 75mg他扎司特胶囊后 ,按时间段收集尿液 ,反相HPLC法测定尿中活性代谢物浓度 ,考察 16h内尿药排泄变化。尿药排泄数据处理采用亏量法。结果 :主要药动学参数 :消除半衰期 (t1/ 2 )为 (1.8± 0 .6 )h ,累积尿药排泄量 (Xu∞)为(2 8.8± 7.7)mg ,累积排泄率 (P % )为 (48.0± 10 .6 ) %。结论 :本方法适用于他扎司特的药动学研究及临床尿药浓度监测     

单剂口服盐酸吡格列酮片在健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究健康人体单剂量口服盐酸吡格列酮片(胰岛素增敏剂)的药代动力学。方法24名健康男性志愿者单次口服盐酸吡格列酮片30mg,用HPLC-MS/MS同时测定血浆中吡格列酮及其活性代谢产物的浓度,计算其主要药代动力学参数。结果吡格列酮:Cmax为(1504.9±447.8)ng.mL-1;tmax为(1.46±0.69)h;t1/2Ke为(7.58±3.21)h;AUC0-48为(11.22±2.60)μg.h.mL-1。吡格列酮代谢物M-Ⅲ:Cmax为(249.4±82.7)ng.mL-1;tmax为(11.94±6.14)h;t1/2Ke为(20.09±4.13)h;AUC0-120为(10.90±3.55)μg.h.mL-1。吡格列酮代谢物M-IV:Cmax为(487.2±108.6)ng.mL-1;tmax为(13.33±5.23)h;t1/2Ke为(21.07±3.99)h;AUC0-120为(22.78±5.04)μg.h.mL-1。结论健康人体单剂量口服盐酸吡格列酮片剂后,吡格列酮代谢物M-Ⅲ和M-IV的达峰时间约为12～13h,峰浓度分别约为吡格列酮的16%和32%,AUC0-120分别约为吡格列酮AUC0-48的97%和203%。     

Pharmacokinetics of dipipanone after a single oral dose.

A single oral dose of Diconal (dipipanone HCl 10 mg, cyclizine HCl 30 mg) was given to six volunteers. The mean peak plasma dipipanone concentration was 29 ng ml-1, the time to peak plasma concentration was 1-2 h, the mean elimination half-life was 3.5 h and the mean AUC was 156 ng ml-1 min. Less than 1% of the dose was excreted in urine unchanged over 24 h.     

猕猴多次给药后癌泰得原形及其代谢产物的药代动力学研究

目的:研究猕猴经多次静脉滴注反义寡核苷酸药物癌泰得后原形药物及其代谢产物的药代动力学特征。方法:每天静脉滴注8 mg.kg-1癌泰得1次,连续7 d。采用两步固相萃取法结合无胶筛分毛细管电泳技术测定猕猴血浆中癌泰得及其代谢产物M1和M2的血药浓度,并计算其药代动力学参数。结果:给药后,猕猴血浆中癌泰得被迅速消除,首末次给药后原形药物的末端t1/2分别为(57.91±23.64)和(57.45±24.38)min,其峰浓度分别为(72.21±8.68)和(58.34±17.39)μg.mL-1。代谢产物紧随原形药物之后达到峰浓度,且峰浓度均明显低于原形药物。首末次给药后原形药物及代谢产物的血浆药物浓度和药代动力学参数均无统计学显著差异。结论:癌泰得多次给药后在猕猴体内的药代动力学行为没有明显改变,无药物蓄积或诱导代谢现象。     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of recombinant human growth hormone after subcutaneous administration by jet-injection: comparison with conventional needle-injection

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) were studied after a single subcutaneous dose given by jet-injection, and have been compared with the results obtained after conventional needle-injection.Twelve healthy male volunteers completed an open label, randomised, two-way crossover study, with a 7-day washout period between the two single sc doses. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from rhGH concentrations in blood samples collected regularly over 24 h after dosing on Day 1 of each period. To investigate the pharmacodynamics, additional samples were taken for the analysis of somatomedin C (IGF-I) and free fatty acids (FFA).A higher and earlier C_max was found after jet-injection (ratio (%) jet-injected/needle-injected 124; 90%-confidence interval 108 – 142). The AUC_0– for rhGH were similar (ratio (%) jet-injected/needle-injected 98; 90%-confidence interval 93 – 103). Both treatments were associated with a significant and similar rise in IGF-I. Both administrations of rhGH were associated with identical rhythmical changes in FFA.The study indicates that jet-injected and needle-injected rhGH are bioequivalent with respect to the amount absorbed. The criterion for bioequivalence is not met for the rate of absorption. It is unlikely that the latter finding will influence the pharmacodynamics of rhGH, since bioequipotency was established for the effect on IGF-I generation. Jet-injection was safe in use and was generally well tolerated.     

Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in volunteers after a single dose study

The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid (VPA) was investigated in six healthy volunteers. This was done by monitoring total and free (unbound) valproic acid levels in the serum, and the amount of one of its metabolites, VPA glucuronide, in the urine as a function of time, after a single dose administration of the parent drug. VPA half-life calculated from the urine data of the metabolite was shorter than the half-life calculated from the blood data. About 15 to 20 per cent of the administered oral dose of VPA was excreted in the urine as VPA glucuronide. The average free fraction of VPA obtained in this study, by using the EMIT technique, ranged from 1.5 to 11.5 per cent with a mean value of 4.9 per cent.     

Pharmacokinetics of tiaprofenic acid in children after a single oral dose

Summary. Twelve healthy children in three age groups anaesthetized for minor surgery were given a single oral dose of tiaprofenic acid (3 mg · kg^–1) (TA). Seven blood samples and zero to 8 and 8 to 24 h urines were collected. TA concentrations in plasma and urine were measured by HPLC.No significant difference was found between the age groups in the kinetic parameters of TA and no correlation was found between these parameters and age; t_max=2.12h, C_max=8.78mg · l^–1, AUC_{(08 h)} 33.9mg · h · l^–1, AUC=39.3 mg · h · l^–1, t_1/2=2.35 h, V_z=0.319 l · kg^–1, CL=0.094 l · h^–1 · kg^–1. Renal clearance was 14 ml · h^–1. kg^–1. 33% of the TA dose was recovered in the 24 h urine, 48% of which was conjugated, whereas in adults, TA is only found in urine as conjugates.The apparent plasma clearance was significantly higher (56%) than in 12 healthy adults given 1.5 mg · kg^–1 TA. Volume of distribution and t_1/2 did not significantly differ between children and adults. Since no relationship has been established between plasma TA and either efficacy or toxicity, a different dose regimen cannot be recommended in 3–11 year-old children from that in adults.     

单剂量巴洛沙星片在健康人体的药代动力学

目的 研究巴洛沙星片(喹诺酮类抗生素)在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学.方法 采用随机开放的三周期交叉试验设计,健康志愿者12例随机分成3组,分别单剂量交叉口服巴洛沙星100、200、400 mg,以反相高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间点巴洛沙星的血浆浓度,血药浓度经DAS软件处理.结果 巴洛沙星的主要药代动力学参数Cmax分别为(0.93±0.30)、(1.97±0.60)、(3.54±0.83)mg·L-1,t1/2分别为(8.78±2.65)、(8.11±1.42)、(7.68±1.31)h,AUC0～t分别为(9.9±1.4)、(20.38±3.20)、(40.02±5.54)mg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(10.41±1.44)、(21.19±3.16)、(44.07±7.29)mg·h·L-1.结论 单剂量口服巴洛沙星片,其消除半衰期t1/2与给药剂量无关;而Cmax、AUC0-t、AUC0～∞与剂量呈明显相关性,且随给药剂量的增大而增加.表明巴洛沙星在体内为线性动力学特征.     

Pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in tear fluid after a single oral dose

BACKGROUND: Antihistamines (histamine H(1) receptor antagonists) are effective and convenient drugs for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Because of the short duration of action generally observed for drugs administered topically to the eye, the oral route is often preferred. However, the presence of a selective barrier between blood and ocular tissues, the so-called blood-ocular barrier, does not allow a priori assessment of the most suitable dosage for ocular therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the tear concentrations of cetirizine, a second-generation antihistamine, over time following oral administration, and to study the relationship between plasma and tear fluid concentrations. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Pharmacokinetic study of a single oral dose of cetirizine 10mg in 40 patients treated for allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS: Patients received a single oral dose of cetirizine. Samples of blood and tear fluid were taken according to predefined sampling schedules and the concentrations of cetirizine were determined by a new high performance liquid chromatography method. RESULTS: Concentration-time profiles for cetirizine in serum and tear fluid were similar, although the mean maximum concentration in tear fluid was reached later than in serum (90 and 30 min, respectively). However, at 60 and 120 min the cetirizine concentration in tear fluid was 98 and 92% of the mean maximum concentration, respectively, showing a plateau region and indicating that the disposition rate for the tear fluid compartment was very similar to that for the blood compartment. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of cetirizine yields therapeutically effective concentrations of the drug at the anterior surface of the eye.