重组新城疫病毒rl-RVG抑制人肺腺癌A549系细胞迁移及相关机制

目的观察表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白的重组新城疫病毒(rl-RVG)对人肺癌细胞系A549的迁移影响,初步探讨其可能的机制。方法重组新城疫病毒rl-RVG直接感染A549细胞为rl-RVG实验组,新城疫病毒La Sota株处理的A549细胞组及未感染病毒的A549细胞组作为对照组。Western blot法检测NDV-HN蛋白及狂犬病毒糖蛋白(RVG),细胞增殖实验测定新城疫病毒使用的最佳作用浓度;划痕实验及Transwell法测A549迁移;Western blot法及免疫荧光法检测E-cadherin,MMP2蛋白表达。结果空白对照组无NDV、rl-RVG表达,rl-RVG仅在感染rl-RVG细胞组有表达,NDV在感染rl-RVG细胞组及感染NDV细胞组皆有表达;与空白对照组相比,rl-RVG及NDV稀释浓度大于5×10-5对细胞的增殖有抑制作用(P0.05);rl-RVG组迁移的距离及细胞数明显减少(P0.05)。与空白对照组及NDV感染组相比,rl-RVG组E-cadherin蛋白表达水平上调(P0.05),MMP2蛋白表达水平减弱(P0.05)。结论重组新城疫病毒rl-RVG能抑制人肺癌细胞系A549的迁移,并可能通过影响肺腺癌A549上皮细胞-间质转化(EMT)过程中的调控因子E-cadherin,MMP2蛋白而对细胞迁移而作用。     

rL-RVG体外抑制肺癌细胞增殖并促进其凋亡

目的将表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白的重组LaSota株新城疫病毒疫苗(rL-RVG)感染至A549肺腺癌细胞,观察其对肺癌细胞增殖和细胞凋亡的影响。方法采用直接感染的方法将rL-RVG感染至A549细胞,采用Western blot法检测rL-RVG中RVG和NDV蛋白在A549细胞内的表达;MTT法检测rL-RVG对细胞增殖的影响,TUNEL法检测rL-RVG对A549细胞凋亡的影响;AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI染色结合流式细胞检测术检测A549细胞凋亡情况;Western blot法检测caspase-3的表达,并与对照组LaSota株进行比较,PBS组为空白对照组。结果 A549细胞感染rL-RVG后RVG蛋白和NDV蛋白都稳定表达,MTT法结果显示细胞增殖明显被抑制,rL-RVG组抑制率高于LaSota组。A549细胞凋亡增多,其中流式细胞检测术中显示rL-RVG组早期凋亡细胞较其他2组增多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),TUNEL检测凋亡指数增加,rL-RVG组较其他2组增多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Western blot法显示促凋亡蛋白caspase-3表达增加,加入caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK后,caspase-3蛋白表达明显降低。结论 rL-RVG感染A549细胞后能在细胞内稳定表达,rL-RVG可抑制肺癌细胞生长、促进肺癌细胞凋亡,效果优于野生LaSota株。     

rL-RVG体外抑制肺癌细胞增殖并促进其凋亡北大核心CSCD

目的将表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白的重组LaSota株新城疫病毒疫苗(rL-RVG)感染至A549肺腺癌细胞,观察其对肺癌细胞增殖和细胞凋亡的影响。方法采用直接感染的方法将rL-RVG感染至A549细胞,采用Western blot法检测rL-RVG中RVG和NDV蛋白在A549细胞内的表达;MTT法检测rL-RVG对细胞增殖的影响,TUNEL法检测rL-RVG对A549细胞凋亡的影响;AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI染色结合流式细胞检测术检测A549细胞凋亡情况;Western blot法检测caspase-3的表达,并与对照组LaSota株进行比较,PBS组为空白对照组。结果 A549细胞感染rL-RVG后RVG蛋白和NDV蛋白都稳定表达,MTT法结果显示细胞增殖明显被抑制,rL-RVG组抑制率高于LaSota组。A549细胞凋亡增多,其中流式细胞检测术中显示rL-RVG组早期凋亡细胞较其他2组增多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),TUNEL检测凋亡指数增加,rL-RVG组较其他2组增多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Western blot法显示促凋亡蛋白caspase-3表达增加,加入caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK后,caspase-3蛋白表达明显降低。结论 rL-RVG感染A549细胞后能在细胞内稳定表达,rL-RVG可抑制肺癌细胞生长、促进肺癌细胞凋亡,效果优于野生LaSota株。     

pcEgr-hp53稳定转染联合X射线诱导人肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡及相关凋亡蛋白表达变化

目的：探讨辐射诱导表达载体pcEgr-hp53体外稳定转染人肺腺癌A549细胞后联合X射线照射,诱导细胞凋亡的作用及相关凋亡蛋白Bax、Bcl-2和caspase-3蛋白表达的变化。方法：以脂质体介导携有外源野生型p53基因的辐射诱导表达载体pcEgr-hp53和pcDNA3.1,体外转染A549细胞,筛选稳定转染的细胞克隆并扩增培养,所表达的A549-hp53和A549-vect分别接受0、0.5、2和5Gy X射线照射,即8个实验组,采用TUNEL法和流式细胞术检测稳定转染联合辐射对细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl-2和caspase-3蛋白表达变化的影响。结果：A549-hp53组加不同剂量照射与0 Gy组比较,其百分数均明显增加（0.5-5Gy,P〈0.05-P〈0.01）,Bcl-2蛋白表达在0.5-5Gy时明显下降,而Bax蛋白明显增加（P〈0.05-P〈0.01）,caspase-3蛋白表达在2-5Gy时明显增加（P〈0.01）;A549-hp53照射组不同剂量照射,与A549-vect相应照射剂量组比较,其百分数在0.5Gy时无明显差异,在2-5 Gy时为（P〈0.01）,Bcl-2蛋白表达明显下降（0.5Gy,P〈0.01;2-5Gy,P〈0.05）,Bax和caspase-3蛋白表达0.5-5Gy时明显增加（P〈0.05-P〈0.01）。结论：体外p53基因转染联合X射线照射可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡明显增多,凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达下调,Bax、caspase-3表达上调,具有显著的肿瘤抑制作用。     

氯喹对S_(180)荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用及其机制

目的探讨氯喹(CQ)对小鼠移植性肉瘤S_(180)的抑瘤作用及其可能机制。方法采用40只S_(180)荷瘤小鼠分为模型组,氯喹低剂量组,氯喹中剂量组,氯喹高剂量组进行体内抑瘤实验,观察不同浓度氯喹对小鼠肉瘤S_(180)的抑制作用;透射电子显微镜观察氯喹作用下荷瘤鼠肿瘤细胞超微结构的变化;流式细胞术检测氯喹诱导荷瘤鼠S_(180)细胞凋亡的情况;免疫组织化学方法检测相关凋亡因子Bcl-2、细胞色素C和Cle-Caspase-3的表达情况;Western blotting检测荷瘤组织Bcl-2和Cle-Caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化以及线粒体和细胞质中细胞色素C蛋白含量的变化。结果与模型组相比较,氯喹处理组小鼠移植肉瘤S_(180)生长速度显著减慢,肿瘤体积和瘤质量明显减小(P0.05);透射电子显微镜观察发现,与模型组比较氯喹处理组肿瘤细胞形态出现明显凋亡损伤改变,凋亡小体形成;各剂量组氯喹均可诱导荷瘤鼠S_(180)细胞凋亡,使抗凋亡因子Bcl-2表达下调,凋亡因子Cle-Caspase-3表达上调(P0.05);并且氯喹能够降低线粒体内细胞色素C蛋白的表达,提高细胞质细胞色素C蛋白的表达(P0.05),促使线粒体内细胞色素C向细胞质内释放。结论氯喹能够抑制小鼠S_(180)肉瘤的生长,可能是通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导细胞凋亡,从而发挥抑瘤的作用。     

c-Met基因调控肺腺癌A549细胞放射敏感性

目的探讨上调和下调肺腺癌细胞株A549细胞中c-Met基因表达水平后,该细胞鼠移植瘤放射敏感性的变化情况。方法利用电穿孔法将c-Met siRNA和重组表达载体pc DNA3.1-c-Met分别转染入肺癌A549细胞后采用G418筛选得到稳定转染的肺癌细胞系。转染48 h后用RT-PCR法和Western blot法分别检测细胞中c-Met基因和蛋白表达水平,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活性;克隆形成实验研究分别上调和下调c-Met基因表达水平对肺腺癌细胞株A549放射敏感性的影响;TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡影响,移植瘤实验检测基因沉默和激进c-Met基因表达水平并联合放射射线照射对肺腺癌细胞生长的抑制作用。结果 c-Met下调组中肺癌A549细胞内c-Met基因和蛋白表达水平明显降低,而上调组中的表达水平则得到了明显升高。c-Met下调组肺癌A549细胞放射敏感性升高,c-Met上调组肺癌A549细胞放射敏感性降低(P0.05)。下调组中肺癌A549细胞的增殖活性受到抑制而细胞凋亡率显著增加(P0.05),上调组肺癌细胞的增殖能力明显增强而细胞凋亡率明显降低(P0.05);下调组裸鼠移植瘤的平均体积明显小于对照组,而上调组裸鼠移植瘤的瘤体平均体积则显著大于对照组(P0.05)。结论基因沉默c-Met的基因表达水平能显著降低肺癌细胞的增殖活性,抑制人肺癌A549细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长并明显提高移植瘤瘤体的放射敏感性。     

去甲肾上腺素和缺血预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究去甲肾上腺素预处理(NE-P)和缺血预处理(IP)对大鼠缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响。方法:复制缺血再灌注损伤(IRI),采用末端标记技术(TUNEL)检测心肌细胞凋亡;应用免疫组化SABC法检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果:I/R组凋亡细胞较多,NE-P组及IP组凋亡细胞明显少于I/R组(P＜0.01)。在I/R组Bcl-2的表达少而Bax的表达较多,NE-P组及IP组Bcl-2的表达明显高于I/R组(P＜0.01),而Bax的表达明显低于I/R组(P＜0.01)。NE-P组与IP组各指标均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结论:NE-P可抑制I/R诱发的心肌细胞凋亡,Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达在心肌凋亡的发生中起重要作用。NE-P与IP两者对心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的影响的作用相近。     

腺病毒介导的IL-24表达对PC-3人前列腺癌细胞体内外抑癌效应

目的:研究腺病毒介导的IL-24基因表达对前列腺癌细胞体内外的抑癌效应及分子机制。方法:将扩增的Ad-IL-24感染PC-3细胞,用RT-PCR和Western blot法检测IL-24基因在PC-3细胞中的表达;MTT法检测IL-24基因表达对PC-3细胞的生长影响;流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡变化;RT-PCR法检测IL-24基因的表达对PC-3细胞中的Bcl-2、Bax、p53和Caspase3凋亡相关基因表达的影响。用Ad-IL-24在裸鼠PC-3移植瘤的瘤体内注射治疗,通过免疫组化法检测Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3、CD34等与细胞凋亡和血管形成相关因子的表达。结果:IL-24基因在PC-3细胞中成功表达,对PC-3细胞增殖有明显抑制作用,可上凋p53、Bax、Caspase-3基因和下凋Bcl-2基因表达,进而诱导细胞凋亡。Ad-IL-24能显著抑制裸鼠前列腺癌移植瘤生长,瘤重的抑制率可达54%;免疫组化结果显示Ad-IL-24不仅能明显上调Bax和Caspase-3基因和下调Bcl-2基因表达,而且能引起与血管形成标记基因CD34表达水平下降。结论:腺病毒介导的IL-24基因表达在体内外可明显抑制PC-3细胞的生长,诱导其凋亡。其机制可能与上凋P53、Bax、Caspase-3基因和下凋Bcl-2和CD34基因表达水平有关。     

miRNA-210对肺癌细胞株A549增殖及凋亡的作用

目的探讨miRNA-210是否通过调控STAT3表达来影响肺癌细胞株A549增殖及凋亡。方法选用肺癌细胞株A549,通过干扰慢病毒敲低miRNA-210表达水平,RT-PCR检测miRNA-210、STAT3基因表达水平,Western blot检测STAT3蛋白水平,CCK-8检测A549细胞增殖水平。结果肺癌A549细胞中miRNA-210、STAT3表达上调(P0.01);敲低miRNA-210后,STAT3表达水平明显降低(P0.01),Bax与Bcl-2比值明显升高(P0.01),而A549细胞增殖被显著抑制(P0.01)。结论 miRNA-210可能通过调控STAT3表达从而影响肺癌细胞A549增殖和凋亡。     

芹菜素对人肺癌A549细胞凋亡及相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

目的研究芹菜素对人肺癌 A549细胞增殖抑制和凋亡诱导作用与 Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。方法10~80μmol/L 不同浓度芹菜素作用 A549细胞,采用 MTT 法检测芹菜素对 A549细胞增殖抑制作用;Hoechst 33258细胞核染色法观察芹菜素诱导细胞凋亡形态学的变化;流式细胞仪 AnnexinV- FITC/PI 双染色法检测细胞凋亡率;Western blot 法检测凋亡相关蛋白 Bax 和 Bcl-2表达的变化。结果 MTT 法显示,芹菜素对 A549细胞有显著的增殖抑制作用（P <0.01）,且具浓度和时间依赖性;荧光显微镜下观察到芹菜素处理组细胞出现典型的凋亡形态学改变：细胞核固缩、染色质凝集和核碎片化等;流式细胞仪分析结果显示,芹菜素呈浓度依赖性诱导 A549细胞凋亡;Western blot结果显示,促凋亡蛋白 Bax 随着芹菜素浓度升高表达增加,抗凋亡蛋白 Bcl-2随着芹菜素浓度升高表达减少。结论芹菜素具有抑制人肺癌 A549细胞增殖,诱导其凋亡的作用,其机制可能与上调 Bax 蛋白表达和下调 Bcl-2蛋白表达有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.