不同年龄儿童及青少年分化型甲状腺癌患者的临床病理学特征与131I治疗分析

背景与目的： 既往研究已发现18岁以下的儿童及青少年分化型甲状腺癌（differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC）与成人DTC在临床病理学特征、远期预后等方面存在差异,但对其内部不同年龄段之间,特别是青春期前、围青春期和青春期之间的特征研究较少,因此本研究旨在探讨不同年龄组儿童及青少年DTC的临床病理学特征及首次¹³¹I治疗效果的差异。方法： 回顾性分析四川大学华西医院2006年7月—2022年1月收治的156例儿童及青少年DTC患者。根据年龄分为青春期前（0岁<年龄≤10岁）、围青春期（10岁<年龄≤14岁）及青春期（14岁<年龄≤18岁）3组,比较3组的临床病理学特征、初始复发危险度分层、首次¹³¹I治疗后动态风险评估及刺激性甲状腺球蛋白（stimulated thyroglobulin,sTg）水平在首次¹³¹I治疗后的变化。结果： 3组患者的性别、原发肿瘤最大直径、包膜侵犯、T分期、N分期及切除淋巴结阳性转移比例差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3组患者的远处转移率分别为63.2%、42.1%和20.2%（χ²=16.839,P=0.000）,高危患者分别占88.9%、60.5%和46.4%（χ²=12.447,P=0.009）。3组患者首次¹³¹I治疗后动态风险评估的差异有统计学意义（χ²=21.744,P=0.001）,其中3组患者的疗效满意（excellent response,ER）比例分别为10.5%、25.0%和38.1%;结构性疗效不佳（structural incomplete response,SIR）比例分别为68.4%、52.8%和25.8%;生化疗效不佳（biochemical incomplete response,BIR）比例分别为21.1%、13.9%和14.4%。63例患者接受了第2次¹³¹I治疗且TgAb低于40 U/mL,首次¹³¹I治疗后3组的中位sTg降幅分别为41.31%、38.02%和60.38%（H=4.642,P=0.098）。结论： 儿童及青少年DTC中0~10岁组患者的远处转移率和高危复发风险最高,首次¹³¹I治疗后ER的结局最少,青春期前儿童DTC的发生、发展机制和治疗值得进一步研究。     

Radioiodine therapy in non-toxic multinodular goitre. The possibility of effect-amplification with recombinant human TSH (rhTSH)

There is no consensus regarding the optimum treatment of benign non-toxic goitre. L-thyroxine suppressive therapy is widely used, but there is poor evidence of its efficacy, and it may have serious adverse effects on health. Surgery is first choice in large goitres or if malignancy is suspected. ¹³¹I therapy results in a one-year goitre reduction of around 40% in multinodular goitres, usually with a high degree of patient satisfaction and improvement of the inspiratory capacity. The effect is attenuated with increasing goitre size. The risk of hypothyroidism is 22-58% within 5-8 years. A sufficient thyroid ¹³¹I uptake is mandatory for ¹³¹I therapy to be feasible and pre-stimulation with recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) increases this considerably. This leads to an increased absorbed thyroid dose by approx.75%, mainly in those patients with the lowest thyroid ¹³¹I uptake, and a more homogeneous intrathyroidal isotope distribution. Pre-stimulation with even a small dose of rhTSH seems to allow a reduction of the ¹³¹I activity while still achieving a mean goitre reduction of approximately 40% within a year. A significantly lower extrathyroidal radiation is achieved by this approach. With an unchanged ¹³¹I activity, rhTSH pre-stimulation improves the goitre reduction by 30-50%. However, this is at the expense of a higher rate of hypothyroidism, cervical pain and transient thyrotoxicosis. Of particular concern is the observation made in healthy persons, that rhTSH results in a transient average thyroid volume increase of 35%. A similar goitre swelling may cause problems in susceptible patients during rhTSH-augmented ¹³¹I therapy. Thus, this concept still needs a closer evaluation before routine use.     

摄碘阳性的分化型甲状腺癌淋巴结转移灶131I疗效分析

背景与目的：淋巴结转移（lymph node metastasis,LNM）是分化型甲状腺癌（differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC）最常见的转移,而¹³¹I对LNM的疗效存在争议,本研究旨在明确¹³¹I对摄碘良好的LNM的疗效及影响因素。方法：纳入2015年1月—2019年6月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院接受¹³¹I治疗的90例DTC患者,共计161个摄碘阳性的转移淋巴结。分析患者的临床及影像学资料,应用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料按照正态分布,进行独立样本t检验比较,计数资料的比较采用χ²检验,用logistic回归进行多因素分析,建立多个定量指标与结局为¹³¹I治疗无效的关系间的受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线,并得到最佳诊断阈值。结果：161个摄碘阳性的转移淋巴结中,有效组为71个（44.10%）,无效组为90个（55.90%）。单因素分析提示,两组患者在年龄、性别、病理学类型、原发病灶数量、原发病灶位置、有无远处转移及血清甲状腺球蛋白（thyroglobulin,Tg）水平等方面差异均有统计学意义（P <0.05）。多变量logistic回归分析显示,病理学类型（OR = 11.827,95% CI：1.128 ~ 123.978,P = 0.039）、有无远处转移（OR = 0.220,95% CI：0.093 ~ 0.522,P = 0.001）和原发病灶数量（OR = 0.421,95% CI：0.212 ~ 0.837,P = 0.014）与治疗后的转归密切相关。结论：原发病灶多灶、病理学类型为甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC）、远处转移、血清Tg高于43.51 ng/mL及转移淋巴结的最大径大于16.8 mm是摄碘阳性淋巴结¹³¹I治疗无效的危险因素,建议对此类患者加大治疗剂量或尽早选择手术切除。     

局部晚期或转移性儿童及青少年分化型甲状腺癌的基因特征与临床特征及131I疗效的关系

背景与目的： 儿童及青少年分化型甲状腺癌（differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC）的分子生物学特征及其临床指导意义尚不明确。本研究拟初步探讨局部晚期或转移性DTC患儿的基因特征分布及其与临床特征及¹³¹I疗效的关系。方法： 采用甲状腺癌相关基因panel（ThyroLead^®）对2020年12月—2021年7月就诊于中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院的儿童及青少年侵袭性DTC的原发灶进行测序,并回顾性收集患儿的临床病理学特征及¹³¹I治疗相关资料,分析其基因特征与其临床病理学特征及¹³¹I疗效的关系。结果： 本队列纳入39例局部晚期或转移性患儿,可及数据中所有患儿均存在淋巴结转移,侧方区受累率达91.4%（32/35）,远处转移率达61.5%（24/39）。61.5%（24/39）的患儿检出甲状腺癌相关基因变异,其中以RET融合（38.5%,15/39）和BRAF V600E点突变（12.8%,5/39）最为常见。突变组与非突变组的临床特征差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。远处转移中,91.7%（22/24）的患儿在¹³¹I治疗后仍呈结构性疗效不佳（structural incomplete response,SIR）状态,其中9例患儿呈放射性碘难治（radioactive iodine-refractory,RAIR）状态。RAIR状态患儿中88.9%（8/9）检出相关基因变异,其中NCOA4/RET融合占62.5%（5/8）。进一步将RET变异组患儿细化分组显示,与其他形式的RET融合相比,NCOA4/RET融合阳性者远处转移率更高（33.3% vs 88.9%,P=0.089）,提示其具有更高的远处侵犯倾向。结论： 局部晚期或转移性DTC患儿的基因突变以融合突变尤其是RET融合为主,其中NCOA4/RET融合阳性者似乎显示出更强的侵袭性,更易呈RAIR状态。     

Thyroid cancer risk in Belarus among children and adolescents exposed to radioiodine after the Chornobyl accident

Background:

Previous studies showed an increased risk of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents exposed to radioactive iodines released after the Chornobyl (Chernobyl) accident, but the effects of screening, iodine deficiency, age at exposure and other factors on the dose–response are poorly understood.

Methods:

We screened 11 970 individuals in Belarus aged 18 years or younger at the time of the accident who had estimated ¹³¹I thyroid doses based on individual thyroid activity measurements and dosimetric data from questionnaires. The excess odds ratio per gray (EOR/Gy) was modelled using linear and linear–exponential functions.

Results:

For thyroid doses <5 Gy, the dose–response was linear (n=85; EOR/Gy=2.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.81–5.47), but at higher doses the excess risk fell. The EOR/Gy was significantly increased among those with prior or screening-detected diffuse goiter, and larger for men than women, and for persons exposed before age 5 than those exposed between 5 and 18 years, although not statistically significant. A somewhat higher EOR/Gy was estimated for validated pre-screening cases.

Conclusion:

10–15 years after the Chornobyl accident, thyroid cancer risk was significantly increased among individuals exposed to fallout as children or adolescents, but the risk appeared to be lower than in other Chornobyl studies and studies of childhood external irradiation.     

Evidence of C-Cell Destruction in the Thyroid Gland of Mice Exposed to High 131I Doses

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland were visualized by means of the Sevier-Munger silver technique in normal mice and in mice receiving ¹³¹I in amounts sufficient to completely destroy the thyroid tissue. The destruction of the C-cells was observed in all ¹³¹I injected mice, and no histologic signs of recovery were seen during a period of 40 days following the treatment.     

131I在复发性甲状腺乳头状癌临床诊治中的价值

甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）总体预后良好,但首次治疗后仍可能有高达20%~30%的患者复发,并因此导致预后不良和治疗困难。¹³¹I是初治中高危风险PTC患者术后重要的辅助治疗手段,仍可在复发性PTC诊治中发挥重要作用,诊断方面可帮助早期发现并准确定位复发灶、评估摄碘能力、指导制定治疗方案;治疗上可作为微小复发灶根治性治疗、可手术切除病灶再次术后辅助治疗和晚期不可切除病灶姑息治疗的一部分。本文重点综述131I在复发PTC再次术后辅助治疗中的价值。     

非远处转移性甲状腺乳头状癌131I疗效预测模型的分析

目的 分析影响非远处转移性甲状腺乳头状癌¹³¹I治疗疗效的危险因素,构建疗效预测模型。方法 回顾性分析我院2016年1月—2020年12月期间行甲状腺癌切除术和¹³¹I治疗的422例患者临床资料,采用多因素logistic回归分析筛选影响¹³¹I治疗疗效的独立危险因素,构建疗效预测模型,并对模型进行评价和验证。结果 选取75%的患者作为训练集(n=319),25%的患者作为验证集(n=103),训练集经多因素logistic回归分析后,非远处转移性甲状腺乳头状癌¹³¹I治疗疗效不满意的独立危险因素为BRAF^V600E突变阳性、sTg/TSH≥0.05 ng/μIU、sTg/TgAb≥0.60 ng/IU、病灶最大径≥1.05 cm、淋巴结分期N1b、淋巴结转移率≥34.58%(P＜0.05)。构建诺莫图模型,其在训练集和验证集中的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.90(95% CI:0.87~0.94,P＜0.001)和0.86(95% CI:0.78~0.94,P＜0.001)。结论 本研究基于非远处转移性甲状腺乳头状癌¹³¹I治疗疗效不满意的危险因素构建的疗效预测模型具有良好的预测效能。     

儿童青少年甲状腺癌诊治指南解读及其进展——核医学部分

儿童分化型甲状腺癌（children differentiated thyroid cancer, cDTC）的病理生理、临床特征及远期预后与成人DTC（adult DTC,aDTC）均存在较大差异,以往的指南及其证据多基于aDTC证据的推荐,2015年美国甲状腺协会（American Thyroid Association,ATA）发布的cDTC诊治指南在一定程度上填补了目前cDTC临床决策指导的空白。就cDTC的病理及预后特征、风险分层、术后评估、¹³¹I治疗决策及随访对该儿童指南进行解读,并纳入近年来有关cDTC的研究证据对指南部分内容加以补充说明。     

Thyroid cancer risk after thyroid examination with 131I: a population-based cohort study in Sweden

Ionizing radiation is the only established cause of thyroid cancer, though the effect of diagnostic administration of (131)I on thyroid cancer risk appears minimal. The annual number of thyroid examinations using radioiodine is currently 5 per 1,000 individuals worldwide, so this issue is of public health importance. Our objective was to evaluate the excess risk of thyroid cancer following a range of known doses of (131)I administered for diagnostic purposes. We conducted a nationwide, population-based cohort study in Sweden including all 36,792 individuals who received (131)I for diagnostic purposes during 1952-1969 and were alive and free of thyroid cancer 2 years after exposure. Accrual of person-time at risk commenced 2 years after the first (131)I administration. Follow-up for cancer was to the end of 1998. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as the ratio between the observed and expected numbers of thyroid cancers. Estimates were stratified by previous exposure to external radiation therapy to the neck, reason for thyroid examination, (131)I dose, sex, age at exposure and time since exposure. Thyroid cancers (n = 129) were diagnosed during 886,618 person-years at risk. Excess thyroid cancers were observed only among the 1,767 patients who reported previous external radiation therapy to the neck [SIR = 9.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.3-14.6] and among those originally referred due to suspicion of a thyroid tumor (SIR = 3.5, 95% CI 2.7-4.4 for 11,015 patients without previous external radiation therapy). The 24,010 patients without previous exposure to external radiation therapy to the neck who were referred for a reason other than suspicion of a thyroid tumor received an estimated dose to the thyroid of 0.94 Gy. Among these patients, 36 thyroid cancers were observed compared to 39.5 expected (SIR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.64-1.26). We found no evidence that administration of (131)I for diagnostic purposes increases risk of thyroid cancer. However, our study included few patients under age 20, so the results apply primarily to exposure among adults. Our data suggest that protraction of dose may result in a lower risk than brief X-ray exposure of the same total dose.     

Effect of High 131I Doses to the Thyroid Gland on Tumorigenicity of 90Sr and 90Y in Mice

The incidence of tumors was studied in mice injected with ⁹⁰Sr only or with ⁹⁰Sr in combination with high amounts of¹³¹I, The high ¹³¹I-dose to the thyroid gland was necrotizing to the glandular tissue and the main aim of the investigation was the possible effects of the thyroidal destruction on the formation of bone tumors. After correction for competing mortality, no significant difference in the frequency of bone tumors could be found between ⁹⁰Sr-treated and (⁹⁰Sr + ¹³¹I)-treated mice. The incidence rate of bone tumors, however, was higher in mice with radiogenically destroyed glands than in those with intact glands. The limitations of using the concept of 'actuarial tumor incidence' in correction for competing mortality in animal experiments are discussed. Large numbers of lymphatic tumors were found in all animal groups. The frequencies of such tumors were independent of the radiation doses but their incidence rates were shortened in a dose dependent manner. Other, directly or indirectly radiation induced tumors were observed.     

可疑甲状腺球蛋白增高性分化型甲状腺癌患者经131I治疗后的临床转归

背景与目的： 分化型甲状腺癌（differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC）中可疑甲状腺球蛋白（thyroglobulin,Tg）水平增高但无明确结构性病灶者预后差异大,临床治疗决策存在较大争议,本研究拟探究¹³¹I治疗及不同治疗剂量对于这类患者临床转归的影响。方法： 回顾并分析2007—2021年就诊于北京协和医院核医学科的138例DTC全切术后可疑Tg水平增高的患者,依据首次¹³¹I治疗剂量分为低（剂量为1.11 GBq）、中（1.11 GBq<剂量≤3.70 GBq）、高（3.70 GBq<剂量≤7.40 GBq）3组,观察不同剂量¹³¹I治疗后6个月的短期及后续未再行其他干预患者的长期疗效,并进一步观察经初始治疗评估为生化疗效不佳（biochemical incomplete response,BIR）患者的临床转归。采用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线评估预测结构性疗效不佳（structural incomplete response,SIR）和远处转移的刺激性Tg（stimulated Tg,sTg）的最佳界值点。结果： 低、中、高3个剂量组中分别有6.7%、13.5%、7.0%的患者短期疗效达到疗效满意（excellent response,ER）,3组间总体疗效差异无统计学意义（H=1.02,P=0.60）。常规随访下3组患者的长期疗效同样差异无统计学意义（H=2.94,P=0.23）。经初始治疗评估为BIR的患者经常规随访和再次¹³¹I治疗后的临床转归差异无统计学意义（U=324.5,P=0.15）。预测SIR和远处转移的sTg最佳界值点分别为27.5和61.7 ng/mL。结论： 可疑Tg水平增高的DTC患者复发率较高,以27.5 ng/mL为sTg界值点有助于尽早识别这部分患者。¹³¹I治疗有助于术后可疑Tg水平增高患者快速达到ER,但高剂量¹³¹I治疗未对患者的预后产生增益效应;再次¹³¹I治疗对于BIR患者未显示出进一步获益。     

Long‐term trend of thyroid cancer risk among Japanese atomic‐bomb survivors: 60 years after exposure

Thyroid cancer risk following exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood and adolescence is a topic of public concern. To characterize the long‐term temporal trend and age‐at‐exposure variation in the radiation‐induced risk of thyroid cancer, we analyzed thyroid cancer incidence data for the period from 1958 through 2005 among 105,401 members of the Life Span Study cohort of Japanese atomic‐bomb survivors. During the follow‐up period, 371 thyroid cancer cases (excluding those with microcarcinoma with a diameter <10 mm) were identified as a first primary among the eligible subjects. Using a linear dose–response model, the excess relative risk of thyroid cancer at 1 Gy of radiation exposure was estimated as 1.28 (95% confidence interval: 0.59–2.70) at age 60 after acute exposure at age 10. The risk decreased sharply with increasing age‐at‐exposure and there was little evidence of increased thyroid cancer rates for those exposed after age 20. About 36% of the thyroid cancer cases among those exposed before age 20 were estimated to be attributable to radiation exposure. While the magnitude of the excess risk has decreased with increasing attained age or time since exposure, the excess thyroid cancer risk associated with childhood exposure has persisted for >50 years after exposure.     

Retrospective stratification of a consecutive cohort of prostate cancer patients treated with a combined regimen of external-beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy

Purpose: The evaluation of clinical variables that influence biochemical relapse-free survival in a cohort of patients treated by combined radiotherapy over a fixed interval.

Methods and Materials: Three hundred forty-eight patients diagnosed with clinical Stage T1–T3a prostate cancer were treated with a course of ¹⁰³Pd or ¹²⁵I brachytherapy followed by a limited course of external beam radiation formed the basis for study. All censored patients had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Biochemical relapse-free survival (BRFS) was estimated using a modified American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology consensus definition. Discrete “risk groups” were developed based on BRFS as influenced by pretreatment parameters.

Results: Significant risk factors contributing to biochemical failure were serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) greater than 20 ng/mL, Gleason sum of 7 or greater, or clinical stage T2c or greater. Five-year biochemical control for those exhibiting no risk factor was 88%; one risk factor, 75%; two or more risk factors, 51%. The differences in BRFS among all three risk groups were statistically significant. Outcomes for patients presenting with PSA 10 to 20 ng/mL, but otherwise low-risk disease, fared no differently from those low risk patients presenting with PSA less than 10 ng/mL.

Conclusions: Combined radiotherapy with ¹⁰³Pd or ¹²⁵I followed by external beam radiotherapy achieves a high rate of biochemical and clinical control in patients with low- to intermediate-risk clinically organ confined disease.     

中低危分化型甲状腺癌低剂量131I治疗后短期转归的临床分析

背景与目的：2015版美国甲状腺协会（American Thyroid Association，ATA）指南首次提出治疗反应评估体系（response-to-therapy assessment system，RTAS）。该研究根据此评估体系，探讨低剂量（1 110 MBq）¹³¹I在中低危分化型甲状腺癌（differentiated thyroid carcinoma，DTC）清甲治疗后短期内不同转归的影响因素。方法：回顾性分析2015年1月—2017年1月166例中低危DTC患者资料，男性50例，女性116例，平均年龄（39.61±10.23）岁。首次清甲剂量为1 110MBq，取得清甲前及清甲后6~12个月刺激性甲状腺球蛋白（stimulated thyroglobulin，sTg）及诊断性全身显像（diagnosticwhole body scan，Dx-WBS），根据结果分为最佳治疗反应（excellent response，ER）组与非最佳反应（non-excellent response，NER）组。采用两样本t检验、Mann-Whitney U秩和检验及χ²检验进行组间临床病理资料比较，采用Logistic回归分析影响清甲疗效的因素，采用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic，ROC）曲线确定最佳界值。结果：ER组127例，NER组39例，ER率为76.5%（127/166）。治疗后短期随访ER组清甲治疗前sTg（preablative sTg，ps-Tg）明显低于NER组［1.5（0.04-30.57）ng/mL vs 17.6（0.04-21.52）ng/mL；U=2 479，P<0.05］，且性别、年龄差异有统计学意义，男性及年龄稍小者更易出现NER。多因素分析显示，ps-Tg水平、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移数目、性别、年龄及多灶性均为影响清甲疗效的相关因素（OR：0.361~2.875）。ROC曲线分析显示，ps-Tg最佳临界值为2.0 ng/mL。结论：ps-Tg水平较低、病灶较小、淋巴结转移数目较少、男性、年龄较小及单灶患者清甲治疗后短期内更易达到ER；且以ps-Tg值2.0 ng/mL为最佳临界点，对预测治疗后短期临床转归有较高的灵敏度和特异度。     

Effect of High 131I Doses on the Bone Uptake and Retention of 90Sr and 90Y

The uptake and retention of ⁹⁰Sr and ⁹⁰Y in mouse bones after injections of the two nuclides in equilibrium were examined after beavy thyroid irradiations from ¹³¹I deposited in the glands. The radiation doses to the thyroid glands as well as the gross doses to the femurs and humeri of the mice were calculated. The radiation destruction of the thyroid tissues had no effect on the bone weights nor on the skeletal metabolism of ⁹⁰Sr. The uptake of ⁹⁰Y was, however, depressed after thyroidal irradiation but reached the same bone concentration as ⁹⁰Sr at about 30 days after the administration of the nuclides, i.e. at a time when the corresponding equilibrium between ⁹⁰Sr and ⁹⁰Y in the bones was reached in mice without a thyroidal irradiation.     

The Potential of Targeted Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Leukaemia

We describe the results of clinical studies investigating the role of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) targeted radiotherapy in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) leukaemia. Seven children, aged 3-16 years, in second or subsequent meningeal relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), have been treated. Each patient received a single injection into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of between 629 and 1,702 MBq of 131-Iodine (¹³¹I) conjugated to MoAb HD37 (CD 19, n = 2), WCMH 15.14 (CD 10, n = 4) or both antibodies (n = 1). One patient underwent a course of repeated targeted therapy following his initial treatment. Acute toxicity was manifest in five patients by a transient aseptic meningitis. Myelosuppression was observed in four children. Pharmacokinetic studies investigated whole body, blood and CSF clearance of radioisotope. Progressively more rapid systemic clearance of ¹³¹I was noted in the patient receiving repeated therapy, indicating the development of the human anti-mouse Ig (HAMA) response. Dosimetric studies revealed a radiation dose to the red bone marrow of between 0.6 and 2.2 Gy. The dose to the subarachnoid CSF was between 12.2 and 25.3 Gy, over six times higher than that to the surface tissue of the brain and spinal cord and between 40 and 140 times higher than that to the whole brain. In all but one patient, a transient complete response, in terms of disappearance of lymphoblasts from the CSF, was observed. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of targeted radiotherapy in CNS ALL. The discussion focuses on both future developments, by which the response to therapy may be improved, and the potential of this technique in becoming part of accepted therapy for meningeal leukaemia.     

治疗前刺激性甲状腺球蛋白阴性合并淋巴结转移的分化型甲状腺癌131I治疗后的临床转归

背景与目的：治疗前刺激性甲状腺球蛋白（preablative stimulated thyroglobulin，ps-Tg）阴性和¹³¹I显像阴性往往提示分化型甲状腺癌（differentiated thyroid cancer，DTC）患者无病生存状态，然而临床上常遇到ps-Tg阴性伴¹³¹I显像示淋巴结转移的情况。探讨甲状腺全切术后ps-Tg阴性伴¹³¹I显像示淋巴结转移患者的临床转归及其影响因素。方法：2015年5月—2018年1月在青岛大学附属医院首次行¹³¹I治疗的ps-Tg<2 ng/mL伴淋巴结转移的DTC患者130例，随访6~36个月，根据临床转归情况分为满意（excellent response，ER）、不确切（indeterminate response，IDR）、影像学反应欠佳（structural incomplete response，SIR）3组，比较3组患者的性别、年龄、原发肿瘤大小、腺外浸润、T分期、术后N分期、淋巴结转移率、复发风险分层、¹³¹I治疗剂量、ps-Tg及甲状腺球蛋白抗体（thyroglobulin antibody，TgAb）等特征的差异，对有意义的因素进一步行亚组分析。结果：3组患者在N分期（χ²=11.274，P=0.024）、ps-Tg（H=9.579，P=0.008）和TgAb（H=11.632，P=0.003）方面差异有统计学意义，在性别（χ²=0.559，P=0.756）、年龄（F=0.408，P=0.666）、原发肿瘤大小（H=1.834，P=0.400）、腺外浸润（χ²=1.345，P=0.510）、T分期（χ²=4.494，P=0.610）、淋巴结转移率（H=3.358，P=0.187）、复发风险分层（χ²=3.008，P=0.556）和首次131I治疗剂量（H=1.335，P=0.513）方面差异均无统计学意义。术后分期N₀组14例，100.00%（14/14）达到ER，N_1a组18例，其中77.78%（14/18）达ER，22.22%（4/18）达IDR，N_1b组98例，63.26%（62/98）达ER，18.37%（18/98）达IDR，18.37%（18/98）达SIR。IDR组的中位ps-Tg水平为1.85 ng/mL显著高于ER组的1.09 ng/mL（t=2.976，P=0.003）和SIR组的0.39 ng/mL（t=2.468，P=0.014），而SIR组的中位TgAb水平为713.10 U/mL，显著高于ER组的40.42 U/mL（t=3.409，P=0.001）和IDR组的39.02 U/mL（t=2.381，P=0.017）。结论：对于ps-Tg阴性、首次¹³¹I治疗后扫描发现淋巴结转移的患者，术后N分期、ps-Tg及TgAb水平可作为预测其临床转归的敏感指标。术后分期为N_1b、ps-Tg水平很低但TgAb水平明显升高者更易出现治疗反应欠佳。     

Palladium-103 plaque radiotherapy for choroidal melanoma: an 11-year study

: To describe 11 years of experience with ¹⁰³Pd ophthalmic plaque brachytherapy for intraocular melanoma.

: Since 1990, 152 patients have been diagnosed with uveal melanoma, found to be negative for metastatic disease, and treated with ¹⁰³Pd radioactive plaque radiotherapy. This study presents the first 100 patients treated with ¹⁰³Pd and followed for ≥2 years. Plaques were sewn to the episclera to cover the base of the intraocular tumor. Treatment involved delivery of a mean apical radiation dose of 80.5 Gy during 5–7 days’ continuous treatment. Patients were evaluated for local tumor control, visual acuity, radiation damage (retinopathy, optic neuropathy, cataract), and metastatic disease.

: Patients in this series were followed for a mean of 4.6 years (55.4 months). ¹⁰³Pd seeds were found to be equivalent to ¹²⁵I with respect to plaque manufacture and ease of dosimetric calculations. We noted a local control rate of 96% and six secondary enucleations. Including the enucleated patients, the visual acuity evaluations revealed that 35% lost six or more lines of vision and 73% had vision of 20/200 or better.

: Long-term results now exist describing the use of ¹⁰³Pd plaque radiotherapy for uveal (iris, ciliary body, and choroidal) melanoma. Compared with the results from centers using ¹²⁵I, patients in this series experienced equivalent local control rates and better visual function.     

Kinetics of Radioiodinated Monoclonal antibodies in the Rat: Influence of Tumour Growth and Reticuloendothelial System Host Modulation

This experimental study in rats examines the influence of tumour growth and RES function modulation on the kinetics of iodinated MAb IgGl C241. the study was designed to investigate unspecific accumulation in liver and blood. C241 is raised against human colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 and reacts with SiLe^a tumour-associated antigen, also known as tumour-associated antigen 19-9. in 26 rats, 2 μg ¹²⁵I MAb C241 (lodobead labelling method) was given i.v. Blood, organ and tumour content was measured at 0.5, 24, 72 and 144 h. in 61 rats, 10 μg ¹³¹I MAb C241 (lodogen labelling method) was given i.v. the rats were divided into a non-tumour and a tumour-bearing group and subjected to RES function modulation with Zymosan stimulation or methyl palmitate depression. A syngeneic nitrosoguanidine-induced colonic carcinoma—mean 11 g—was growing in back subcutaneous tissue and hind leg musculature. Serum content of tumour-associated antigen was not found on IRMA testing and tumour content of SiLe^a ganglioside antigen was found only on lipid binding phase assay. the half-time in blood of iodinated MAb C241 was three days. in-vivo release of iodine was tested by plasma separation on a gel column. More than 90% of the iodine was in the IgG fraction. the activity distribution was almost in equilibrium after 24 h. A turnourblood activity concentration ratio of 0.5 and liverblood ratio of 0.3 remained at 72 h and 144 h. Radionuclide accumulation was equally low in the macrophage-rich liver and the kidneys. Tumour-bearing animals had significantly lower blood content (0.37 versus 0.99%g^-1) and liver content (0.09 versus 0.31 %g^-1) at 144 h than non-tumour-bearing rats. the whole body content at 144 h was also lower (24% versus 35% of administered activity) (p=0.10). Modulation of RES function had no significant influence on the whole body, blood or liver content of ¹³¹I MAb C241 activity in non-tumour-bearing animals. in tumour-bearing animals, RES stimulation with Zymosan increased the whole body, liver and blood content of ¹³¹I activity. the two tested methods of iodination gave similar results.