三维适形放射治疗配合全脑放射治疗肺癌脑转移临床疗效观察

 目的　观察三维适形放疗（3DCRT）配合全脑放疗肺癌脑转移的临床疗效。方法　将96例非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者随机分为两组（推量组A即全脑放疗后局部三维适形推量和单纯全脑放疗组B）。A组48例,先予全脑放射治疗30 Gy分10次,2周完成,后予针对颅内病灶行三维适形推量单次量4～6 Gy,3次／周,总剂量16～24 Gy;B组48例全脑放射治疗30 Gy分10次,2周完成。结果　经治疗前后复查CT或MRI影像学改变和临床症状的缓解,A组有效率[完全缓解（CR）＋部分缓解（PR）]为81.25 %,B组有效率为62.5 %。A组比B组疗效好,差异有统计学意义。两组患者生存率无统计学意义,但推量组也在一定程度上体现了有延长生存期的趋势。结论　三维适形放疗配合全脑放疗肺癌脑转移能提高脑转移灶的局控率。     

三维适形放疗联合全脑放疗治疗脑转移瘤38例疗效分析

目的 评价三维适形放疗联合全脑放疗治疗脑转移瘤的临床疗效.方法 38例脑转移瘤先行全脑放疗30～40 Gy,2 Gy/次,5次/周;然后对残留病灶行三维适形放疗20～30 Gy,2～4 Gy/次,3～5次/周.放疗后评价疗效和毒副反应.结果 全组38例中,CR 17例(44.7%),PR 14例(36.8%),NC 5例(13.2%),PD 2例(5.3%),有效率为81.6%.1、2年生存率分别为50.1%、29.3%.主要毒副反应为放射性脑水肿、骨髓抑制、脱发.结论 三维适形放疗联合全脑放疗治疗脑转移瘤疗效较好,能够改善患者生活质量.延长其生存期;且毒副反应可耐受.     

三维适形放射治疗配合全脑放射治疗肺癌脑转移48例

目的 观察三维适形放射治疗配合全脑放射治疗肺癌脑转移的临床疗效.方法 将96例非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者随机分为两组,推量组(A组):即全脑放疗后局部三维适形推量;单纯全脑放疗组(B组).A组48例,先予全脑放射治疗30 Gy分10次,2周完成,后予针对颅内病灶行三维适形推量单次量4～6 Gy,3次/周,总剂量16～24 Gy;B组48例全脑放射治疗30 Gy分1O次,2周完成.结果 经治疗前后复查CT或磁共振成像(MRI)影像学改变和临床症状的缓解,A组有效率[完全缓解(CR)+部分缓解(PR)]为81.25%,B组有效率为62.5%.A组比B组疗效好,差异有统计学意义.两组患者生存率差异无统计学意义,但推量组也在一定程度上体现了有延长生存期的趋势.结论 三维适形放射治疗配合全脑放射治疗肺癌脑转移能提高脑转移灶的局控率.     

三维适形放射治疗肺癌脑转移临床疗效观察

目的：通过观察脑转移三维适形放射治疗的结果，探讨三维适形放射治疗对非小细胞肺癌脑转移的临床意义。方法：1998年5月-2006年2月41例确诊肺癌脑转移患者，其中合并颅外转移18例，非颅外转移23例。所有患者首先经全脑放疗，2—3Gy／次，5次／周，DT30Gy-40Gy，然后行三维适形放射治疗局部加量，90％的等剂量曲线包括靶区，DT4—6Gy／次，总剂量12Gy-24Gy。结果：治疗有效率90．2％（37／41），中位生存期18月，半年生存率79．9％，1年生存率66．7％。结论：全脑放射治疗＋三维适形放射治疗可以提高脑转移的靶区剂量，并提高局部控制率，减少脑部复发的机会，同时颅外转移灶及原发灶的治疗也非常重要。     

脑转移瘤放射治疗疗效及预后因素分析

目的：探讨脑转移瘤放疗疗效及预后因素。方法：从1997年6月－2000年10月对36例脑转移瘤进行放射治疗，采用6MV－X线，两侧平行相对野作全脑照射，1．8－3Gy／次，30－40Gy后缩野针对转移灶加量16－20Gy。结果：总的中位生存期为5．3个月，6个月生存率为44．4％（16／36），1年生存率为13．9％（5／36）。按RTOG脑转移瘤RPA预后分级，Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ级中位生存期分别为10个月、5个月和2．8个月。I级中位生存期明显长于Ⅱ级（P＜0．05）和Ⅲ（P＜0．01）。结论：KPS、年龄、原发灶挖掘情况及颅外有无转移灶是脑转移患者的预后因素，RPA预后分级对脑转移瘤临床治疗有指导价值。     

脑转移性肿瘤75例放射治疗的临床研究

[目的]评价脑转移性肿瘤全脑放疗后残瘤灶三维适形加量的放疗价值。[方法]回顾性分析75例脑转移性肿瘤全脑放射治疗及全脑放疗联合残瘤灶三维适形加量的不同疗效。A组42例，先予全脑放射治疗30Gy～40Gy/10～20FX，后残瘤灶追加三维适形放疗9Gy～20Gy/3～10FX；B组33例，全脑放疗30Gy～40Gy/10～20FX。分别对两组患者CT或MRI影像学变化及近期疗效进行统计学分析。[结果]A组CT或MRI影像学改变优于B组（X^2=3.99，P＜0.05），临床症状缓解A组优于B组（X^2=4.87，P＜0.05），差异有显著性。[结论]全脑放疗联合列瘤灶三维适形放疗加量能提高脑转移性肿瘤的局部控制率。     

35例脑胶质瘤术后三维适形放射治疗

背景与目的：脑胶质瘤是颅内常见肿瘤，手术是主要的治疗手段，术后常需补充放射治疗。三维适形放疗是近几年发展起来的一种特殊放射治疗技术。本文旨在初步探讨三维适形放射治疗脑胶质瘤的疗效及不良反应。方法：35例脑胶质瘤患者，其中术后残留34例，术后放疗后复发1例，均接受三维适形放射治疗，予4～6个野共面或非共面照射，3例脑干肿瘤DT50～54Gy／25～27F，其他部位肿瘤DT56～60Gy／28～30F，每日一次，每周5次。结果：随访6-38个月，完全缓解25．7％（9／35），部分缓解48．6％（17／35），稳定14．3％（5／35），疾病进展8．6％（3／35），缓解率为74．3％；6个月、1年、2年生存率分别为94．3％、78．5％、53．9％。CT或MRI显示脑水肿9例，未见严重放射反应发生。结论：采用三维适形放射治疗技术治疗脑胶质瘤安全、有效，无严重不良反应。     

尼莫司汀配合全脑放疗治疗35例肺癌多发性脑转移的临床观察

背景与目的：肺癌脑转移的临床预后较差,本研究观察尼莫司汀配合放疗治疗肺癌多发性脑转移的疗效及不良反应。方法：35例肺癌多发脑转移患者。放疗后使用尼莫司汀单药化疗。全脑放疗为DT1．8～2Cy／次。5次,周,总剂量36～40Gy。尼莫司汀化疗平均剂量125mg/次,每4～6周重复,所有患者使用2～3次。治疗期间注意血常规及肝肾功能变化情况,并给予脱水、支持对症治疗。在放疗结束后3个月复查脑MR／,观察肿瘤大小,并统计1年生存情况。结果：所有病例在治疗期间无颅内、外病灶进展病例,28例伴有神经症状者均得到缓解。放疗结束后3个月单纯颅内病灶评价：其中CR5例,PR26例,SD4例,PD0例。颅内病灶有效率（CR＋PR）为88．6％（31／35）。一年生存率为45．7％（16／35）,中位生存期9．3个月。不良反应主要是脑充血水肿以及尼莫司汀化疗反应,多为Ⅰ、Ⅱ度,无Ⅳ度不良反应。结论：尼莫司汀配合放疗治疗肺癌多发性脑转移的疗效好,不良反应轻,远期效果尚需进一步观察。     

脑转移瘤伽玛刀配合全脑放疗的临床研究

目的探讨脑转移瘤伽玛刀治疗配合全脑放疗的疗效。方法自2002年3月至2006年3月收治脑转移瘤患者79例。原发灶控制稳定,脑转移患者中,44例采用伽玛刀配合全脑放疗,35例单纯给予伽玛刀治疗。伽玛刀治疗处方等剂量线采用45%～75%等剂量包绕计划靶区,边缘剂量15～20 Gy,中心30～45 Gy;全脑放疗每次分割剂量为2～3 Gy,1次/d,每周照射5次,总剂量25～30 Gy。结果伽玛刀治疗开始后3个月,复查MRI,影像学结果显示总的有效率为83.5%（66/79）。伽玛刀配合全脑放疗组的1年生存率为29.5%,2年生存率9.1%;单纯伽玛刀组患者的1年生存率为17.1%,2年生存率2.9%。随访期内未见严重放射性并发症。结论对脑转移瘤采用伽玛刀配合全脑放疗是较有效的局部治疗方式,副反应轻,均能耐受治疗。     

全脑适形调强放疗同步加量治疗脑转移瘤疗效分析

目的探讨全脑适形调强放疗（IMRT）同步加量治疗脑转移瘤的剂量学优势、患者依从性、疗效和预后因素。方法回顾性分析41例脑转移瘤患者临床资料,均经增强脑CT或磁共振成像（MRI）证实为脑转移,均接受全脑IMRT同步加量,大体肿瘤体积（GTV）（影像学可见的脑转移灶）：DT4994～6990cGy／22—30次,每4．4—6．0周;全脑：DT3990～5000cGy／22～30次,每4．4—6．0周。结果中位随访时间6．4个月。41例患者均完成整个放疗过程,其中完全及部分缓解27例,未控11例,其余3例无治疗后影像资料对照,缓解情况不详。总有效率、中位生存时间、1年生存率分别为65．8％、8个月、24．4％。脑干、脊髓、左晶体、右晶体、左视神经、右视神经、视交叉接受的最高剂量平均值分别为48．7、32．4、7．3、7．0、40．2、39．5、47．1Gy,均在安全剂量范围之内,仅21例发生放射性脑水肿,其余未出现早期及晚期放射性不良反应。结论脑转移瘤接受全脑IMRT同步加量可使靶区剂量分布均匀,有效保护脑干和其他重要器官,患者治疗依从性高,可作为脑转移瘤患者的一种有效治疗方法。     

Brain metastases

Opinion statement Metastatic tumors to the brain are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic cancers. Many new therapies used to treat systemic cancers do not penetrate the central nervous system (CNS) and do not protect patients from the development of brain metastases. Surgery, radiosurgery, and radiation therapy are all used to treat brain metastases. It is in our opinion a mistake to use only one or two of these modalities to the exclusion of other(s). The role of systemic chemotherapy is still limited, due to both the issues of drug delivery caused by the blood brain barrier and to the relative resistance of many of these tumors to chemotherapy. Traditionally, brain metastases have been grouped together regardless of the origin of the tumor and have been treated with a single algorithm. As we encounter more patients for whom treatment of the brain metastases is an important determinant of survival, we must tailor our treatment strategies to individual tumor types. Also, we must recognize differences in each tumor’s sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and differences in their biology.     

Brain metastases

The topic of brain metastases has recently become a popular subject for review. The reasons for this most likely include technical advances in therapy, notably radiosurgery, as well as recently-published reports of phase III studies, which have addressed certain aspects of management, notably the combination of surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of patients with a single metastasis. The main purpose of treatment is to reverse the patient's neurological deficits and prolong life. Nevertheless, opinions remain divided on whether meaningful clinical progress has been achieved overall. A clinician working in a tertiary referral center offering radiosurgery for a selected group of favorable patients may believe that the therapeutic nihilism of the past is no longer warranted, whereas another, whose experience is based on the management of patients dying from metastatic lung cancer, may still question the value of active treatment. The purpose of this review will be to try to reconcile these opinions by providing a critical analysis of the available evidence, identify current problems in management, and suggest future directions for clinical investigation.     

Brain tumors

Brain tumors generally arise as the culmination of a multistep process that involves a variety of genetic abnormalities. Theoretically, replacement of abnormal genes with normal genes is essential to brain tumor treatment. However, it is very difficult to replace all damaged genes. Currently, most clinical protocols for gene therapy in brain tumors include transfer of a gene which can induce tumor cells to die or which can enhance the environment to generate a systemic immune response against the tumor. The former strategy includes suicide gene therapies, tumor suppressor gene therapy and oncolytic virus therapy. The latter adopts immunogene therapy. In this report, we also focus on other gene therapies, such as therapies to control the cell cycle or apoptosis, and promote antiangiogenesis. Gene therapy is generally accepted to be rather safe in recent years. In fact, the current single-gene therapies for brain tumor are limited and probably restricted to a few tumors. Several agents with different mechanisms of action would be necessary to kill heterogenously mixed tumor cells. Further molecular techniques and basic studies may overcome the malignancy of cancers.     

Brain metastases

Opinion statement Brain metastases are an increasingly common complication in patients with systemic cancer. The optimal treatment for each patient depends on careful evaluation of several factors: the location, size, and number of brain metastases; the patient's age, general condition, and neurologic status; and the extent of systemic cancer to name a few. For patients with a single brain metastasis and limited systemic disease, the standard treatment is surgical resection followed by whole brain radiation therapy. In patients with a small, single metastasis, stereotactic radiosurgery is probably comparable to surgery. Patients with several metastases (up to three) and controlled systemic disease can be treated with whole-brain radiation and stereotactic radiosurgery. Patients with multiple metastases (more than three) are generally treated with whole-brain radiation alone. Radiosurgery is effective in treating patients with a limited number of recurrent brain metastases and stable systemic diseases. Surgery may have a role in patients with a large symptomatic recurrent lesion producing mass effect. Reirradiation and chemotherapy may have a limited role in patients with multiple recurrent metastases.     

脑瘤的组胺研究及其临床意义

报告36份脑瘤组织的组胺测定结果,其中包括低恶度及高恶度星形细胞瘤22份,不同亚型脑膜瘤14份;并以10份正常脑组织为对照.结果发现脑瘤组织的组胺含量显著增高,其增高水平与肿瘤的恶性程度明显相关;故认为脑瘤组织的组胺可以作为评估肿瘤恶性程度的生化标志物,而且也为今后进一步研究H_2受体阻断剂治疗脑瘤提供线索及实验依据.     

X刀加全脑常规放疗治疗脑转移瘤

1997年 3月～ 1999年 12月利用JX 10 0X刀系统加全脑放疗共治疗 40例脑转移瘤患者。 2 9例先行全脑常规放疗 35～ 40Gy ,而后行X刀治疗 ;11例X刀治疗后 ,再加全脑放疗。X刀治疗采用单次或分次照射 ,其中单次照射 2 8例 ,处方剂量 16～ 2 2Gy ,平均 19.2Gy ,分次照射 12例 ,分割 2～ 3次 ,处方剂量 6～ 12Gy 次 ,每周 1次 ,总剂量达 2 0～ 30Gy ,平均 2 5 4Gy。全组 40例均获 3～ 2 6个月的随访 ,中位 12个月。 40例患者生存期为 2～ 2 6个月 ,中位 11.5个月 ,其中 36例生存期超过 6个月 ,占 90 % ,2 7例超过 12个月 ,占 67.5 %。 2例超过 2 6个月 ,4例在治疗后 2～ 5个月内死亡 ;治疗后 6个月CT或MRI复查 ,32例病灶明显缩小或消失 ,占 80 %。 3例出现新的转移灶 ,占 7.5 %。 4例无明显变化占10 %。 4例死亡。在随访期间 ,有 2 6例死亡。死亡病例中 ,脑部肿瘤复发或出现新病灶者仅 5例 ,其余病例均因有其他脏器转移或原发肿瘤进展合并脏器衰竭而死亡。结果提示 ,X刀与常规放疗相结合治疗脑转移瘤优于单纯常规放疗。     

Primary Brain Lymphoma

The broad spectrum of C.T. findings in a group of 15 patients with primary brain lymphoma are reviewed. An attempt has been made to emphasize the more typical lesion characteristics, including location, definition, multiplicity and attenuation, both prior to and following contrast administration. Clinical presentation, changing C.T. appearances following radiotherapy and ultimate prognosis are briefly described. Differential diagnoses and their significance for management are discussed.