支气管舒张试验在小儿慢性咳嗽鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨支气管舒张试验在小儿慢性咳嗽鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法对以干咳为主的263例慢性咳嗽患儿进行肺功能检测,其中气道阻力增高者加做支气管舒张试验,改善率>20%为阳性。结果115例支气管舒张试验中阳性共71例,支气管舒张前后呼吸阻抗各值比较差异有统计学意义。结论支气管舒张试验阳性有助于咳嗽变异型哮喘(CVA)诊断,在小儿慢性咳嗽鉴别诊断中有一定应用价值。     

呼出气一氧化氮预测慢性咳嗽患儿气道高反应性临床价值研究

目的分析慢性咳嗽患儿呼出气一氧化氮(Fe NO)水平与支气管激发试验结果的相关性,探讨能否应用Fe NO预测慢性咳嗽患儿气道高反应性。方法对于中国医科大学附属盛京医院小儿呼吸内科门诊就诊的276例慢性咳嗽患儿,进行Fe NO、肺功能和乙酰甲胆碱为激发剂的支气管激发试验检查。结果支气管激发试验阳性组患儿122例,阴性组154例,阳性组的Fe NO值为20.0×10-9(14.0×10-9~37.51×10-9),阴性组的Fe NO值为16.0×10-9(12.0×10-9~21.0×10-9),两者间差异存在统计学意义(P=0.000);为明确Fe NO对于支气管激发试验结果是否存在判别作用,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),Fe NO预测气道激发试验结果的最佳阈值为31.5×10-9,相对应的敏感性为28.7%,特异性为97.4%,阳性预测值89.5%,阴性预测值63.0%;Fe NO与FEV1%下降20%时吸入的乙酰甲胆碱累积剂量(PD20-FEV1)之间不存在剂量相关性。结论慢性咳嗽患儿的Fe NO值对于气道高反应性有一定的预测作用。当Fe NO31.5×10-9时预测支气管激发试验阳性的准确性较高,提示患儿存在气道高反应性;当Fe NO31.5×10-9时,不能对支气管激发试验阳性或阴性做出预测,须进一步行支气管激发试验以判断气道的反应性。     

71例咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿肺功能改变及意义

目的　了解咳嗽变异性哮喘 (CVA)患儿肺功能改变。方法　对 71例CVA患儿检测肺功能 ,指标包括用力肺活量 (FVC)、第一秒时间肺活量 (FEV1)、最大通气量 (MVV)、最大呼气流速容量 (PF , V75, V50 , V2 5)。结果　大部分CVA患儿存在不同程度肺功能损害 ,其中以FVC ,MVV和 V75最常见 ,并以轻度损害为主。在肺功能基本正常的患儿中 ,仍有 6 3%支气管舒张试验阳性 ,其结果与肺功能损害组相同 ,二者 V50 、 V2 5阳性率最高。结论　CVA患儿存在一可逆气道阻塞性改变 ,特别以小气道明显 ;对长期反复咳嗽者 ,临床疑诊CVA应做肺功能检查和支气管舒张试验以帮助明确诊断。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿气道反应性特点

目的了解咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)患儿气道反应性特点。方法对38例CVA患儿、42例典型哮喘患儿和30例健康儿童进行肺功能和气道反应性测定。结果 CVA组和典型哮喘组患儿的气道反应性测定中的初始阻力值(Rrs cont)、基础呼吸传导率(Grs cont)与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;而最小诱发累积剂量(Dmin)、传导率下降斜率(SGr)和特异性气道传导下降第35百分位(PD35)均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CVA与典型哮喘患儿气道敏感性和气道反应性高于正常儿童,存在气道高反应。气道反应性测定可成为鉴别诊断慢性咳嗽的重要方法之一。     

儿童不同呼吸系统疾病气道反应性特点及其临床价值

目的探讨儿童支气管哮喘、咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)和支气管炎等不同呼吸系统疾病气道反应性特点及其临床价值。方法应用Astograph法气道反应性测定技术,对42例哮喘患儿、38例咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)患儿、36例支气管炎患儿及30例健康儿童进行气道反应性测定;分别对反映气道敏感性和气道反应性的Dmin、SGrs、PD35等各指标进行统计学分析和评估。结果哮喘组、CVA组和支气管炎组患儿的Dmin、SGrs、PD35等指标均低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),哮喘组、CVA组与支气管炎组患儿之间比较,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05),而哮喘组与CVA组患儿比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论哮喘病、CVA和支气管炎等不同呼吸系统疾病患儿的气道反应性及气道敏感性均高于健康儿童,而不同呼吸系统疾病患儿的气道反应性、气道敏感性变化也各不相同,以此可为鉴别诊断提供依据。     

缓解期哮喘患儿的支气管反应性与小气道功能的关系

目的　测定缓解期哮喘患儿支气管反应性及小气道功能 ,探讨支气管反应性与小气道功能及临床缓解时间的关系。方法　对 39例缓解期哮喘患儿进行支气管激发试验 ,用传统方法测定肺通气功能。比较最大呼气中段流量 (maximalmid expiratoryflow ,MMEF) <80 %患儿和MMEF≥80 %患儿的支气管激发试验阳性率 ,以及临床缓解时间≤ 12个月和 >12个月的患儿支气管激发试验阳性率。结果　缓解期哮喘患儿 39例中 2 8例 (72 % )支气管激发试验阳性 ;15例 (38% )MMEF <80 %。在MMEF <80 %患儿和MMEF≥ 80 %患儿之间支气管激发试验阳性率差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。缓解时间≤ 12个月和 >12个月的患儿间支气管激发试验阳性率差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　缓解期哮喘患儿仍然存在支气管高反应性及小气道阻塞 ,提示缓解期气道炎症仍持续存在 ;症状缓解时间超过 1年者支气管激发试验阳性率较缓解时间 1年之内者无明显改善。     

慢性咳嗽儿童140例肺功能的特点

目的分析慢性咳嗽儿童肺功能,探讨慢性咳嗽病因与咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)的相关性。方法慢性咳嗽患儿140例,根据第1s用力呼气容积(FEV1)或最大呼气流量(PEF)分成二组:运动试验组93例,舒张试验组47例。二组分别予运动和舒张试验。检测二组患儿肺功能,包括用力肺活量(FVC)、FEV1、PEF、用力呼吸50%及75%肺活量时瞬间流量(FEF50及FEF75)。结果运动试验组阳性30例,其FEV1及PEF变异率分别为(18.30±10.50)%及(18.78±9.44)%;舒张试验组阳性35例,FEV1及PEF变异率分别为(30.36±27.27)%及(36.13±26.83)%。结论FEV1、PEF可用于评价CVA儿童的呼吸道阻塞程度。肺功能可客观评价慢性咳嗽呼吸道反应性及炎性反应程度。     

哮喘和咳嗽变异性哮喘儿童肺常规通气功能的比较

目的：比较哮喘与咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）患儿肺常规通气功能的变化。方法：选择2010年 5月至2011年5月确诊为哮喘或CVA的患儿140例,分为哮喘急性发作组（发作组,50例）、哮喘缓解组（缓解组,50例）和CVA组（40例）;同期正常健康体检儿童30例作为对照组。测定4组儿童用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气峰流速(PEF)、用力呼气25%流速(FEF25)、用力呼气50%流速(FEF50)、用力呼气75%流速(FEF75)、最大呼气中期流速(MMEF75/25)等7项肺功能指标。结果：发作组患儿各项肺功能指标如大气道指标FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF25及小气道指标FEF50、FEF75、MMEF75/25的实际值/预计值平均水平均<80%,且以FEF50、FEF75、MMEF75/25等小气道指标下降为著。CVA组患儿小气道指标FEF75、MMEF75/25实际值/预计值的平均水平<80%。发作组各项肺常规通气功能指标均低于对照组;缓解组、CVA组FVC、FEV1、FEF25及 MMEF75/25实际值/预计值的平均水平低于对照组;发作组各项肺功能指标均明显低于缓解组和CVA组;CVA组与缓解组各项肺功能指标差异均无统计学意义。结论：哮喘急性发作期患儿存在大小气道功能障碍,以小气道功能障碍为主;CVA患儿以小气道功能轻微障碍为主,与哮喘缓解期相似。     

肥胖对轻中度过敏和非过敏性哮喘儿童肺功能的影响

目的比较肥胖对轻中度过敏及非过敏性哮喘患儿基础肺功能、气道高反应性(AHR)的影响。方法选择230例初诊、非急性发作轻中度哮喘患儿,根据皮肤点刺试验(SPT)分为过敏组和非过敏组,再根据不同体质指数(BMI)Z评分分为过敏体质量正常组、过敏超重组、过敏肥胖组、非过敏体质量正常组、非过敏超重组、非过敏肥胖组;检测各组患儿的肺功能及支气管激发试验并进行比较。结果各组轻中度哮喘患儿的呼气流速峰(PEF)、用力呼气75%流量(MEF75)、MEF50、MEF25、最大呼气中段流量(MMEF)的差异有统计学意义(P0.05),均以非过敏肥胖组最低,非过敏超重组次低。过敏哮喘患儿各指标与BMI-Z评分不相关(P0.05),非过敏哮喘患儿肺功能指标PEF、MEF75、MEF50、MEF25、MMEF与BMI-Z值呈负相关(r=-0. 314～-0. 273,P均0. 01)。各组间不同等级AHR发生率的差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。支气管激发试验后,各组患儿间PEF、MEF75、MEF25、MMEF下降率的差异有统计学意义(P0.05),均以非过敏肥胖组的下降率为最低。结论肥胖对非过敏哮喘儿童肺功能影响更大,且主要影响通气功能。     

无创性检查对哮喘长期缓解患儿气道炎症的评价

目的探索常用无创性检查对哮喘长期缓解的评价。方法选择45例哮喘患儿,分发作组、短期缓解组、长期缓解组;另设对照组12例。检测肺功能、乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)支气管激发试验、诱导痰液计数EOS%、酶联免疫荧光法测定痰液及血清嗜酸性细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、ELISA法检测痰液及血清IL-5。结果①46.15%长期缓解期患儿FEF75<80%预计值,高于对照组(P<0.05);FEF25为(106.3±14.8)%,高于发作组(P<0.05)。②长期缓解患儿气道高反应性(AHR)与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③缓解期患儿痰液EOS%,血清ECP,痰液、血清IL-5与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);痰液ECP高于对照组(P<0.05)。④各小气道通气指标与Mch激发试验、痰液EOS%、ECP、IL-5呈负相关(P均<0.05)。⑤小气道阻塞哮喘患儿AHR重于小气道功能正常者(P<0.05),小气道阻塞患儿各小气道指标与痰IL-5呈负相关(P<0.05)。⑥Mch激发试验与痰液、血清ECP,痰液IL-5呈正相关(P均<0.05)。⑦两组缓解期患儿肺功能,AHR,痰液EOS%、ECP、IL-5,血清ECP、IL-5差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。⑧上述指标对哮喘长期缓解无预测价值(P>0.05)。结论长期缓解哮喘患儿存在一定程度小气道功能异常及气道炎症,痰液ECP是反映气道炎症更敏感的指标。研究所选取的无创性检查对评价哮喘缓解均有一定指导作用,但对哮喘长期缓解无预测价值。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.