结节性硬化的影像诊断

目的:探讨结节性硬化的CT和MRI影像学特征表现。方法:回顾性分析10例结节性硬化的CT和MRI表现,10例均行头部CT平扫,CT增强1例,膝关节CT平扫1例,2例行头部MRI平扫。结果:CT表现中,所有病例均见双侧侧脑室室管膜下多发高密度钙化结节,1例并有室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤,1例有皮肤血管纤维瘤。2例MRI均见双侧侧脑室室管膜下多发结节,T1WI呈稍高信号或等信号,T2WI则为低信号。结论:CT和MRI检查对结节性硬化的诊断具有重要价值,其CT和MRI影像学表现具有特征性。     

嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的评价CT和MRI在嗅神经母细胞瘤的诊断、分期和在临床随访中的价值。资料与方法回顾性分析12例经病理证实的嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现,包括肿瘤部位和大小、累及范围、骨破坏、出血和坏死以及密度和信号改变等。CT平扫4例,增强扫描3例。MRI为SET1WI和T2WI,MRI平扫10例,Gd-DTPA增强扫描9例。3例有随访CT,7例有随访MRI。结果(1)肿瘤分期:按Kadish分期标准,A期0例,B期1例,C期11例,2例伴颈部淋巴结转移。(2)信号和密度改变:MRI平扫信号均匀者6例,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号;信号不均匀者4例,肿瘤内可见出血和坏死区。增强扫描9例,3例为中度不均匀强化,5例为明显不均匀强化,1例为明显均匀强化。CT平扫示肿瘤密度较均匀,与肌肉接近,增强扫描2例呈中度均匀强化,1例呈明显不均匀强化。(3)沟通瘤:肿瘤同时累及颅内外者7例,双侧额叶同时受累2例,右侧额叶受累1例,左额叶受累1例,双侧额叶及左侧岛叶、基底核同时受累2例,仅累及硬脑膜者1例。脑组织水肿6例。(4)临床随访9例,影像学检查见肿物消失3例,缩小5例,术后复发1例。结论嗅神经母细胞瘤的影像学表现无特异性。检查目的为界定肿瘤累及范围。定期影像学随访有助于及时检出复发和及时行补救治疗。     

树胶肿型神经梅毒的影像学表现(附三例报告)

目的　探讨树胶肿型神经梅毒的影像学表现。方法　搜集 3例做过头颅手术的树胶肿型神经梅毒 ,全部 3例均有婚外性生活史 ,实验室检查血清和 (或 )脑脊液标本高度提示梅毒 ,术后病理诊断为脑树胶肿型梅毒。结果　头颅影像检查中 ,例 1CT平扫示左侧颞叶大片低密度病灶 ,约5 0cm× 3 5cm大小 ,伴明显的占位效应 ,增强扫描以环状强化为主 ,未行MR检查。例 2CT平扫见右额叶混杂密度病灶 ,增强后病变中心有小点状强化 ,呈轻度占位 ;MR扫描见右额叶、右侧脑室旁分别有一直径为 1 5cm和 1 0cm大小的T1WI呈等信号、T2 WI呈高信号的类圆形病灶 ,增强后病灶呈环状强化 ,右侧脑室前角轻度受压 ;例 3头颅CT平扫示颅内多发低密度占位性病变 ,以双额叶和左颞叶为主 ,未做增强扫描 ,而MR平扫示双侧大脑半球多发性长径 1～ 3cm大小不等的结节和团块状病灶 ,T1WI呈低信号、T2 WI呈高信号 ,注入对比剂后大多为结节样或环状强化。结论　该病的影像学表现缺乏特征性 ,术前诊断须综合分析临床表现、实验室检查及影像学资料     

侧脑室内室管膜下瘤的MRI诊断

目的 研究侧脑室内室管膜下瘤的MRI表现，以提高对该病的神经放射学认识。资料与方法 搜集8例经手术病理证实的侧脑室内室管膜下瘤，男5例，女3例，发病年龄16-47岁，平均32．9岁。着重分析肿瘤的好发年龄、部位，MRI信号特点，肿瘤增强情况。结果 左侧脑室内4例，右侧脑室内3例，双侧脑室内1例，除1例位于双侧脑室体部及三角区外，其余病例皆发生于侧脑室室问孔附近，肿瘤漂浮在侧脑室中。肿瘤最大直径4cm，最小1cm。T2WI肿瘤呈均匀高信号；T1WI肿瘤呈等、低信号，肿瘤内部可见小囊状低信号区。增强扫描，肿瘤无强化或有轻微强化。结论 室管膜下瘤的MRI表现具有特征性，术前MRI检查可以对其作出明确的定位定性诊断。     

左额叶脑室外中枢神经细胞瘤1例

患者女,50岁,6个月前无明显诱因出现右侧肢体活动不利。于当地医院行头颅 CT 拟诊为左额叶囊性占位。为求进一步诊治来本院就诊。行 MRI平扫及增强检查。MRI平扫示左侧额叶见囊实性混杂信号,大小约5.2 cm×3.6 cm×5.2 cm,囊内呈长 T1 WI 长 T2 WI 均匀信号,稍长 T1 WI 稍长 T2 WI 实性信号位于病灶周边,似壁结节(图1,2),大小约3.1 cm×2.3 cm×1.4 cm,DWI呈高信号,边缘可见点状血管流空低信号(图3,4)。病灶周围可见环形长T1 WI长T2 WI水肿信号。增强示实性成分、囊壁明显强化(图5~7)。影像诊断：胶质瘤可能性大。     

少见部位胶质母细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的 探讨少见部位胶质母细胞瘤的MRI表现,以提高对该部位脑肿瘤的影像学认识.资料与方法 回顾性分析本院1988年7月至2008年6月间经手术及病理证实的22例发生于少见部位的胶质母细胞瘤患者资料.男12例,女10例,发病年龄5-72岁,平均56.35岁.临床主要表现为头痛呕吐,癫痫和共济失调.结果 11例肿瘤位于侧脑室内,其中位于体部者9例,位于侧脑室三角区2例;4例位于左侧小脑半球,2例位于右侧小脑半球;5例位于脑干.肿瘤最大直径7 cm,最小4 cm.肿瘤实性部分T_1WI呈等或低信号,T_2WI呈等或稍高信号,部分肿瘤伴出血、囊变坏死,增强扫描肿瘤呈不均匀花环状或团块状强化,向脑室或邻近脑质浸润.结论 发生于侧脑室、小脑和脑干的胶质母细胞瘤罕见,结合肿瘤的不均质性,花环状强化,多发病灶和沿室管膜播散等特征,可对其作出预期影像学诊断.     

儿童脑神经母细胞瘤的CT、MRI和病理分析

目的 :探讨儿童脑神经母细胞瘤的CT、MRI表现及和病理的关系。方法 :对 9例经组织病理学证实的脑神经母细胞瘤进行回顾性分析 ,研究肿瘤的CT及MRI影像学特征。结果 :9例神经母细胞瘤中 ,4例肿瘤位于右侧额叶 ,1例位于左侧额叶 ,3例位于右侧颞叶并累及同侧额叶 ,1例位于左侧顶叶。 9例肿瘤均呈囊实性肿块 ,边界清楚 ,5例有钙化。肿瘤实质性部分CT平扫呈略高密度 ,MRT1WI呈等或稍低信号 ,T2 WI呈等或稍高信号 ,增强后肿瘤实性部分和囊性部分的壁明显强化。结论 :神经母细胞瘤是儿童期少见的恶性肿瘤 ,常发生钙化、囊变、坏死。肿瘤实性部分CT平扫密度通常高于脑灰质 ,MRT1WI呈等或稍低信号 ,T2 WI呈等或稍高信号。     

左额叶原发性淋巴瘤误诊1例

患者男,54岁.农民,因右侧肢体无力伴头痛、呕吐2月余来我院就诊.查体:神智清,理解力、判断力、记忆力、计算力稍减退,眼底动静脉管径比1:3,反光增强,右侧肢体肌力Ⅴ-级,左侧肢体肌力Ⅴ级,双侧肢体肌张力、感觉、生理反射均正常,病理反射未引出.MRI表现:平扫示左侧额叶深部见大小约为3.4cm×3.3cm×3.0cm占位性病变,边缘不清楚,T1WI呈不均匀低信号,T2WI呈等高混杂信号,周围脑组织呈大片指状水肿.Gd-DTPA增强扫描后肿瘤呈不规则环形强化,周围水肿不强化.中线结构明显右移,左侧侧脑室变形移位,局部脑沟变浅(图1～3).拟诊为星形细胞瘤.     

脑室内海绵状血管瘤影像学特征分析

目的探讨脑室内海绵状血管瘤影像学表现。方法回顾性分析临床确诊的7例脑室内海绵状血管瘤患者的临床资料和影像学表现。结果 7例患者中,Juri A型2例;B型3例,C型2例,病灶最小1.61cm×1.27cm,最大6.63cm×3.17cm,平均3.25cm×2.02cm。MRI表现:T_1WI 6例呈高低混杂信号,1例呈等低信号;T_2WI均呈高低混杂信号,4例边缘可见低信号环,1例病灶内可见液液平面;增强扫描2例边缘部分强化,5例增强扫描未见强化;7例中2例合并有少许脑室积血,6例合并不同程度的脑积水。CT表现:3例行CT平扫,均表现结节状、桑葚状高密度影,CT值约45～75HU,病灶内部密度大部分均匀。结论脑室内海绵状血管瘤的MRI和CT影像学表现具有一定的特征性,为临床治疗提供依据。     

软骨母细胞瘤MRI及X线平片和CT的表现特征

目的 研究软骨母细胞瘤的影像表现,探讨其MRI与X线平片、CT征象的对应关系.方法 分析16例经手术、病理证实的良性软骨母细胞瘤的影像资料,总结其MRI表现与X线平片、CT征象的对应关系.结果 16例软骨母细胞瘤均位于骨骺,大小为0.9 cm×0.8 cm×1.0 cm～4.8 cm×4.3 cm×5.1 cm,呈不同程度的分叶状.在T1WI上以等、低信号为主,T2WI上呈混杂信号,CT上为软组织密度,内见钙化和更低密度区.边缘呈长T1、短T2信号,在CT上表现为硬化边.MRI可见病灶周围有骨髓水肿,在X线和CT上表现为骨质硬化区.病灶邻近软组织肿胀.MRI显示骨膜异常9例,8例与病灶不相邻;X线和(或)CT显示骨膜新生骨6例.MRI显示关节积液12例,CT显示6例.MRI上病灶均呈不均匀强化,骨髓水肿、骨膜反应和软组织肿胀均见强化.软骨母细胞瘤在扩散加权成像(DWI)上呈等、高信号,在MR平扫中的等T1、等T2成分和长T1、长T2成分,以及骨髓水肿、骨膜反应和软组织肿胀在DWI上均呈高信号.结论 MRI和X线平片、CT从不同方面反映软骨母细胞瘤的病理改变,联合应用不同检查手段可更全面显示软骨母细胞瘤的特点.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme