胆汁淤积儿童的维生素E缺乏和神经疾病

儿童慢性胆汁淤积可能发生与维生素E缺乏有关的,具有特征的进行性和废用性神经系统病变,但其最早体征和发病时间均不清楚。作者认为确定胆汁淤积儿童的发病率和严重程度是很重要的,故对48例儿童以前证实为胆汁淤积患者和23例儿童非胆汁淤积性吸收障碍或进行性共济失调患者进行血清维生素E测定及神经系统检查。方法将患儿分为3组。第1组48例为各类型的胆汁淤积(胆道闭锁,新生儿肝炎,Alagille综合征)其中40例曾进行Kasai型肠造口术,并定期随访,此组患儿均有血清胆酸浓度升高,结合高胆红质血症及其他肝功能损害。第2组,11例为非胆汁淤积性吸     

3β-羟基-△5-C27-类固醇脱氢酶缺陷一例分析及文献复习

目的 探讨原发性胆汁酸合成障碍中3β-羟基-△5-C27-类固醇脱氢酶缺陷患儿的临床特点、治疗进展.方法 对经HSD3B7基因突变分析明确诊断的1例3β-羟基-△5-C27-类固醇脱氢酶缺陷患儿,回顾性分析临床特点、治疗经验,并对2000年以来国外报道的51例进行了文献复习.结果 (1)病例为3个月婴儿,自新生儿期出现胆汁淤积,血清生化:总胆红素110.7 μmol/L,直接胆红素74.5 μmol/L,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶24.4 IU/L,血清总胆汁酸0.1μmol/L,给予胆酸片替代治疗后,胆汁淤积减退,临床症状及血清生化指标很快好转,基因突变检测明确患儿存在HSD3B7基因复合杂合突变,确诊为原发性胆汁酸合成障碍中的最常见类型3β-羟基-△5-C27-类固醇脱氢酶缺陷.(2)回顾国外报道的51例患儿的资料,多在新生儿期出现胆汁淤积,不给予及时、针对性治疗部分患儿可进展至严重肝病,需要肝移植;而与临床胆汁淤积不相符的是血清生化特点是γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平正常,血清胆汁酸浓度低于或在正常范围,初级胆汁酸的替代治疗可使临床症状好转;其中的31例患儿检测HSD3B7基因存在致病突变.结论 3β-羟基-△5-C27-类固醇脱氢酶缺陷患儿存在新生儿胆汁淤积,血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶水平正常,血清胆汁酸浓度低于或在正常范围,及时给予初级胆汁酸替代治疗可明显改善受累患儿肝功能,缓解病情.HSD3B7基因检测能够发现致病突变.     

2021年第39卷第1期目次页

目的分析婴儿期胆汁淤积性和非胆汁淤积性肝病的临床特点。方法回顾分析肝病婴儿的临床资料,比较胆汁淤积和非胆汁淤积肝病婴儿的临床差异。结果1985例肝病婴儿中,男性866例、女性1119例,入院月龄为(2.88±3.08)月。胆汁淤积症婴儿477例(24.0%),非胆汁淤积症婴儿1508例(76.0%)。单因素分析示,胆汁淤积婴儿的月龄小于非胆汁淤积婴儿,总胆红素、直接胆红素、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、总胆汁酸水平高于非胆汁淤积婴儿,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元logistic回归分析示,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶和总胆汁酸水平越高,月龄、白蛋白水平越低,发生胆汁淤积的可能性越高。结论在婴儿期,相比非胆汁淤积性肝病,胆汁淤积性肝病起病早,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶和总胆汁酸水平高。     

婴儿期肝病临床特点分析

目的分析婴儿期胆汁淤积性和非胆汁淤积性肝病的临床特点。方法回顾分析肝病婴儿的临床资料,比较胆汁淤积和非胆汁淤积肝病婴儿的临床差异。结果 1 985例肝病婴儿中,男性866例、女性1 119例,入院月龄为(2.88±3.08)月。胆汁淤积症婴儿477例(24.0%),非胆汁淤积症婴儿1 508例(76.0%)。单因素分析示,胆汁淤积婴儿的月龄小于非胆汁淤积婴儿,总胆红素、直接胆红素、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、总胆汁酸水平高于非胆汁淤积婴儿,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多元logistic回归分析示,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶和总胆汁酸水平越高,月龄、白蛋白水平越低,发生胆汁淤积的可能性越高。结论在婴儿期,相比非胆汁淤积性肝病,胆汁淤积性肝病起病早,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶和总胆汁酸水平高。     

进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症诊治进展

正进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis,PFIC)是一组常染色体隐性遗传性胆汁淤积性肝病,1969年由国外学者首次提出~([1]),常于新生儿期或1岁以内起病,由于不同类型基因突变导致胆汁酸转运缺陷,进而引起胆汁淤积和肝细胞损伤。主要表现为严重肝内胆汁淤积,可反复发生或者持续进展,最终进展为肝衰竭~([2])。该病发病率为1∶100 000至1∶50 000,男女发病率差异无统计学意义~([3])。最新研究表明,目前已发现6种不同类型的基因缺陷导致PFIC,包括FIC1、ATP8B1、ABCB11、TJP2、     

3β-羟基-Δ~5-C_(27)-类固醇脱氢酶缺陷一家系报告并文献复习

目的探讨HSD3B7基因突变引起的3β-羟基-Δ~5-C_(27)-类固醇脱氢酶缺陷患儿的临床特点、肝脏超微结构及预后。方法回顾性分析一家族中2例3β-羟基-Δ~5-C_(27)-类固醇脱氢酶缺陷患儿的临床特点,并复习相关文献。结果一家系中兄弟2人均有不同程度的胆汁淤积、肝大、生长发育迟缓、双肾囊肿,转氨酶升高,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)及总胆汁酸正常,肝脏病理提示肝内胆汁淤积、炎症细胞浸润、滑面内质网增生、糖原颗粒增多、毛细胆管扩张及增生。基因检测2例患儿均存在HSD3B7基因c.130_131ins A纯合突变。结论婴儿期出现胆汁淤积、转氨酶升高、肝肿大,而γ-GT和总胆汁酸正常或降低,需警惕胆汁酸合成障碍,应尽早完善基因检测,以早期诊断及治疗。     

遗传代谢相关婴儿胆汁淤积性肝病的临床特征及高通量测序检测分析

目的探讨遗传代谢相关婴儿胆汁淤积性肝病(ICH)的临床特征及基因特点, 为指导该类疾病的诊断及治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年12月于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院消化内科诊断为ICH的住院患儿80例的临床资料, 并随访患儿出院后的临床转归。80例患儿中, 女27例, 男53例;发病年龄(39±18) d。通过高通量基因测序明确病因的患儿为遗传代谢组(44例), 未能明确病因的36例特发性婴儿肝内胆汁淤积症(INC)患儿为INC组。采用t检验或独立样本秩和检验比较实验室检查结果和生化指标;采用χ2检验比较巨细胞病毒感染率。结果 1.共纳入80例, 通过高通量测序明确诊断44例, 阳性率为55.0%, 其中希特林蛋白缺陷病(CD)23例, Alagille综合征(ALGS)10例, 进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(PFIC) 6例, 先天性胆汁酸合成障碍2例, 尼曼匹克病2例, 囊性纤维化1例。2.遗传代谢组血清总胆汁酸水平[180.6(115.5, 271.6) μmol/L]、活化部分凝血酶原时间[40.6(37.1, 45.2) s]较INC组[123.3(98.8,...     

婴儿肝内胆汁淤积症患儿的临床特征及基因分析

目的 分析婴儿肝内胆汁淤积症患儿的临床资料及基因变异特点。方法 收集2017年6月至2019年6月于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院消化内科就诊的疑似遗传代谢性婴儿肝内胆汁淤积症患儿的临床资料,采用目标基因捕获结合高通量测序技术进行基因检测,并进行Sanger验证。结果 共纳入40例患儿,13例（32%）患儿发现致病基因,包括3例SLC25A13基因突变导致的希特林蛋白缺乏症,3例JAG1基因突变导致的Alagille综合征,3例ABCB11基因突变导致的进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症2型,1例HSD3B7基因突变导致的先天性胆汁酸合成障碍1型,1例AKR1D1基因突变导致的先天性胆汁酸合成障碍2型,1例NPC1基因突变导致的尼曼匹克病,1例CFTR基因突变导致的囊性纤维化。结论 婴儿肝内胆汁淤积症病因繁多,高通量测序技术对临床疑似遗传代谢病的肝内胆汁淤积症患儿的诊断有重要价值。     

疑难病研究——钠牛磺胆酸共转运多肽缺陷病表现为婴儿早期胆汁淤积性黄疸

钠牛磺胆酸共转运多肽(NTCP)缺陷病是由于SLC10A1基因突变,肝细胞基侧膜转运蛋白NTCP的胆汁酸盐摄取功能受损面形成的一种遗传代谢病。该文患儿因发现皮肤巩膜黄染5.5个月(生后第2天出现黄疸)、肝功能异常4月余就诊。肝功能示总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素和总胆汁酸均明显上升。曾按胆汁淤积性肝病内科治疗,疗效欠佳,于2月龄时行剖腹探查+胆囊造瘘+胆道造影术,术中发现胆汁粘稠但胆道通畅。术后黄疸消退,但转氨酶和总胆汁酸水平逐渐升高。患儿母亲亦发现有轻微高胆汁酸血症。患儿未予特殊治疗,目前已门诊随访两年余,转氨酶逐渐恢复正常,总胆汁酸波动于23.3~277.7μmol/L。患儿2岁9个月行SLC10A1基因分析,结果证实患儿及其母均为致病性变异c.800CT(p.S267F)的纯合子,从而确诊NTCP缺陷病。该研究提示,NTCP缺陷病成人患者仅有轻微高胆汁酸血症,但儿科患者胆汁酸升高明显而且持续,且部分病例在婴儿早期可表现为胆汁淤积性黄疸。     

CYP27A1 基因突变致脑黄腱瘤 1 例报告并文献复习

目的探讨固醇-27羟化酶(CYP27A1)基因变异引起的脑黄腱瘤患儿的临床特点,肝脏病理改变及预后。方法回顾分析1例CYP27A1基因变异引起的脑黄腱瘤患儿的临床特点,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,女,1月龄,表现为胆汁淤积、肝大、转氨酶升高,谷氨酸转移酶及总胆汁酸正常;病理检查提示肝内胆汁淤积、炎症细胞浸润,毛细胆管扩张及增生;基因检测示CYP27A1基因剪接位点c.1263+1GA/c.1477-3CG复合杂合变异,其中c.1477-3CG为一新颖变异。结论婴儿期出现胆汁淤积、转氨酶升高、肝肿大,而谷氨酸转移酶及总胆汁酸正常或减低,需警惕胆汁酸合成障碍,应尽早完善基因检测,以早期诊断及治疗,改善预后。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.