两种溶媒配制皮试液疼痛程度的比较

目的选择1种可减轻患者皮试疼痛的溶媒。方法2组患者分别采用灭菌注射用水和0.9%生理盐水溶液做溶媒,用Mecill问答法观察患者皮试后疼痛的程度。结果采用0.9%生理盐水做溶媒比灭菌注射用水疼痛反应轻,有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。结论采用0.9%生理盐水做皮试液的溶媒可缓解患者疼痛,减轻患者对做皮试时的恐惧感,是一种值得提倡的方法。     

两种溶媒肌肉注射博莱霉素所致疼痛的比较

目的探讨博莱霉素(bleomycin,BLM)肌肉注射的一种疼痛较轻的溶媒。方法2组患者肌肉注射BLM时分别采用0.9%氯化钠溶液、灭菌注射用水做溶媒,观察注射后疼痛反应。结果采用0.9%氯化钠溶液做溶媒比灭菌注射用水做溶媒引起的疼痛反应有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论肌肉注射BLM以0.9%氯化钠溶液为溶媒可有效减轻患者疼痛。     

两种溶媒肌肉注射博莱霉素所致疼痛的比较

目的 探讨博莱霉素(bleomycin,BLM)肌肉注射的一种疼痛较轻的溶媒.方法 2组患者肌肉注射BLM时分别采用0.9%氯化钠溶液、灭菌注射用水做溶媒,观察注射后疼痛反应.结果 采用0.9%氯化钠溶液做溶媒比灭菌注射用水做溶媒引起的疼痛反应有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 肌肉注射BLM以0.9%氯化钠溶液为溶媒可有效减轻患者疼痛.     

两种溶媒肌内注射绒毛膜促性腺激素的效果比较

目的为肌内注射绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)寻找一种可减轻疼痛的有效溶媒.方法对两组患者肌内注射HCG时分别采用灭菌注射用水和0.9%氯化钠溶液作溶媒,用双盲法对患者注射后疼痛反应和局部反应进行观察.结果采用0.9%氯化钠溶液做溶媒比灭菌注射用水疼痛反应轻,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论采用0.9%氯化钠溶液做溶媒肌内注射HCG,能有效缓解患者疼痛,是一种安全可靠的溶媒.     

两种鼠神经生长因子溶媒肌内注射的疼痛比较

目的 选择最佳溶媒稀释鼠神经生长因子进行肌内注射,以达到减轻患者疼痛的效果。 方法 选择门诊患者196例,采用自身对照法,单号选择0.9%氯化钠注射液2ml做为溶媒稀释鼠神经生长因子,双号选择灭菌注射用水2ml做为溶媒稀释鼠神经生长因子,为患者进行肌内注射。注射后采用描述式疼痛评估法对患者注射疼痛程度进行评估。 结果 应用0.9%氯化钠注射液做为溶媒时,患者疼痛程度显著低于应用灭菌注射用水做为溶媒(Z＝10.636,P＜0.01)。 结论 在进行鼠神经生长因子肌内注射时,选择0.9%氯化钠注射液做为溶媒,能更有效地减轻肌内注射给患者带来的疼痛。     

两种不同溶媒皮下注射抗胃癌免疫核糖核酸效果观察

目的 对比两种不同溶媒皮下注射抗胃癌免疫核糖核酸粉针的效果,寻找减轻胃癌患者皮下注射抗胃癌免疫核糖核酸注射用粉针疼痛和局部反应的有效方法.方法 采用双盲目法进行自身对照观察,即单日用灭菌注射用水做溶媒,双日用0.9％的氯化钠注射液做溶媒.对单日、双日两组的临床资料进行比较分析.结果 用0.9％的氯化钠注射液做溶媒双日注射疼痛反应小于单日用灭菌注射用水做溶媒皮下注射,而且比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);局部反应无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 采用0.9％的氯化钠注射液做溶媒皮下注射抗乳腺免疫核糖核酸注射用粉针,能有效缓解患者的疼痛和局部反应,是一种安全可靠的溶媒.     

皮下注射金磊赛源不同溶媒比较分析

目的 探讨一种可减轻患者皮下注射金磊赛源疼痛的有效溶媒.方法 采用双盲法进行自身对照观察,即单日用灭菌注射用水作溶媒,双日用0.9%氯化钠注射液作溶媒.结果 两种溶媒注射疼痛反应比较,有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 采用0.9%氯化钠注射液作溶媒皮下注射金磊赛源,能有效缓解患者疼痛,是一种安全可靠的溶媒.     

2种溶媒对链霉素皮试结果的影响

目的 比较0.9%氯化钠溶液和无菌注射用水2种溶媒对链霉素皮试结果的影响。 方法 选取2013年9月-2014年7月住院的100例需做链霉素皮试的肺结核确诊患者,每位患者左前臂用0.9%氯化钠溶液配制的链霉素皮试液进行皮试(0.9%氯化钠溶液组),右前臂用无菌注射用水配制的链霉素皮试液进行皮试(无菌注射用水组),20min后观察和判定皮试结果。 结果无菌注射用水组皮试结果阳性16例,0.9%氯化钠溶液组皮试结果阳性4例,注射用水组皮试阳性率高于0.9%氯化钠溶液组(χ²=8,P<0.01)。 结论 用无菌注射用水为溶媒配制链霉素皮试液易造成皮试结果假阳性,应用0.9%氯化钠溶液配制链霉素皮试液。     

生理盐水与灭菌注射用水配制皮试的结果观察对比

目的探讨用生理盐水与灭菌注射用水分别配制各种皮试液的结果有何不同。方法对2007年1～6月注射皮试的患者随机分为3组：甲组用生理盐水配制皮试液500例；乙组用灭菌注射用水配制皮试液500例；丙组用两种方法分别配制并做皮试进行对照观察50例。结果甲组阴性453例，阳性45例，强阳性2例，427例疼痛不明显；乙组阴性407例，阳性85例，强阳性8例，105例疼痛不明显；丙组两种方法均阴性者29例，均阳性者2例。用灭菌注射用水阳性而生理盐水阴性者19例，前者较后者疼痛明显者43例。结论使用生理盐水配制皮试阳性率较使用灭菌注射用水低，而且疼痛感不明显，灭菌注射用水配制皮试可能存在假阳性。     

HCG肌内注射引起局部组织反应的相关因素探讨

目的探讨减少肌内注射绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)对局部组织的反应,缓解患者疼痛的有效方法。方法采用双盲法进行自身对照观察(前后两组样本分两阶段做),即前组选用不同型号的注射器,同一个人第一次注射选用2 ml注射器,第二次选用5 ml注射器,药物溶媒均用0.9%的氯化钠溶液1.5 ml;后组均选用5 ml注射器但溶媒不同,第一次用0.9%氯化钠溶液,第二次用灭菌注射用水。结果同一溶媒两种不同规格注射器(2 ml;5 ml)和同一规格注射器(5 ml)不同溶媒注射后局部组织反应和患者疼痛比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论采用5 ml注射器抽吸0.9%的氯化钠溶液1.5 ml溶化的绒毛膜促性腺激素进行肌内注射,能有效减少患者注射部位局部组织反应,缓解疼痛。     

The osmoregulatory and natriuretic functions of the kidneys in the early stages of the evolution of hypertension

Overall 78 men were examined. Of these, 30 presented with borderline arterial hypertension (BAH), 30 with stage I essential hypertension (EH), and 18 healthy subjects served as control. To assess osmoregulating and natriuretic renal functions, water and water plus salt were administered (at a rate of 22 ml water or isotonic sodium chloride per kg bw). Use was made of classic approaches in this case, with the determination of K+, Na+ excretion, blood plasma and urine osmolarity, calculation of the concentration index, clearance of osmotic-active substances and free water, total reabsorption of Na in the distal parts of nephron and intensity of that process. Besides, flame photometry was employed to measure blood K+, Na+ concentration and RIA to examine plasma renin activity. The data obtained indicate the heterogeneity of the patients with BAH and stage I EN according to the response to water and water and salt administration. Approximately 1/3 of the patients showed a tendency towards water retention in the body as well, which is common to patients with the volume-dependent form of arterial hypertension. In that case the compensatory potentialities of modulating renin-angiotensin system activity were preserved.     

Parturition pain treated by intracutaneous injections of sterile water

Forty-five pregnant women in the first stage of labour presenting with lower back pain were randomized into 2 groups. One group received intracutaneous injections of sterile water in the lumbosacral region, while the other group was given corresponding subcutaneous injections of isotonic saline, regarded as a placebo treatment. In the group that received intracutaneous sterile water injections the mean VAS score was significantly more reduced compared to the placebo group at 10 min (P less than 0.001), 45 min (P less than 0.02), and at 90 min (P less than 0.05) after the treatment. The midwives' blind estimation of the effectiveness of treatment was consistent with the VAS assessment. However, the requirement of pethidine (meperidine) was similar in the 2 groups. The analgesic method presented was found to be an effective treatment against lower back pain during the first stage of labour and it is speculated that the mode of action resembles acupuncture.     

皮下注射组织胺丙种球蛋白不同溶媒的对比观察

子宫内膜异位症是指有生长功能的子宫内膜组织出现在子宫腔被覆黏膜以外的身体各部位。会阴部位的子宫内膜异位症非常少见，我院资料发生率仅为0．87／万。1983年1月-2003年7月，我院共收治会阴子宫内膜异位症行手术治疗的患者15例，现将其护理报告如下：     

防治果糖二磷酸钠致痛的效果比较

目的研究利百素凝胶对防治果糖二磷酸钠（FDP）致痛的效果.方法将36例静脉滴注FDP的患者随机分成盐水组、湿敷组、利百素组3组,每组各12例,每例均输注FDP 100 ml,20 min内输完,1次/天,每组共84例次.盐水组用生理盐水50 ml于输注FDP前、后输入.湿敷组用1：1的75%酒精与2%的利多卡因混合液,湿敷于穿刺点上方.利百素组在静脉穿刺前15～30min、输注FDP前、后,共3次在穿刺局部及沿静脉血管走向外涂一薄层利百素,观察记录疼痛情况.结果盐水组与湿敷组、盐水组与利百素组疼痛发生率差异有极显著意义（P＜0.01）.湿敷组与利百素组疼痛发生率差异有显著意义（P＜0.05）.结论利百素凝胶对防治FDP致痛效果显著、安全.     

Experimental pain in human temporal muscle induced by hypertonic saline, potassium and acidity

The study was aimed at developing a reference model for experimental pain and tenderness in the human temporal muscle by the local injection of hypertonic saline, potassium chloride and acidic phosphate buffer, using isotonic saline as control. The design was randomized and double-blind. Twenty healthy subjects had 0.2 ml test solution injected into one temporal muscle and saline into the other. Following each injection, pain was rated on a 10-point ordinal scale and pressure-pain thresholds were measured every minute for 10 min by a pressure algometer. Hypertonic saline (n = 11) and potassium chloride (n = 12) induced significantly more pain than isotonic saline (ANOVA, p less than 0.0001). Compared to control injections, hypertonic saline and potassium chloride induced a significant reduction in pressure-pain threshold (ANOVA, p less than 0.0001 and p less than 0.05). Forty-eight percent of the injections led to the referral of pain most often to the jaws. A positive correlation between the relative occurrence of referred pain and pain intensity was observed (p less than 0.001) as was a negative correlation between the decrease in pressure-pain threshold and pain intensity (p less than 0.05).     

Effects of ouabain on contractions induced by manganese ions in C2+a-free, isotonic solutions with varying concentrations of K+ in guinea-pig taenia coli

The action of ouabain, a cell membrane Na+, K+-ATPase blocker, on contractions induced by manganese ions (Mn2+) in Ca2+-free, isotonic solutions with varying concentrations of K+ in the external medium were investigated in order to evaluate the underlying role of external Na+ in Mn2+-induced contractions in isolated taenia coli of the guinea-pig. Mn2+ at 5 mM induced greater contractions as external isotonic K+ concentrations progressively increased from 10 to 100 mM. Ouabain (2 x 10(-4) M) completely inhibited tension development stimulated by 5 mM Mn2+ in isotonic, 30 mM K+ (96 mM Na+) medium. Whereas, the tension inhibitory effects of ouabain became progressively weaker as isotonic, external K+ concentrations increased to 60 mM, which successively decreased external Na+ concentrations. Eventually, ouabain failed to affect contractions stimulated by Mn2+ in isotonic, 126 mM K+, Na+-deficient medium. Ouabain caused progressively greater increase in cellular Na+ concentrations as the Na+ concentrations increased in the isotonic, K+ medium. While, pyruvate, which penetrates cell independently of external Na+, reversed the inhibition of tension by ouabain in isotonic, 30 mM K+, Na+-sufficient (96 mM) medium containing 5 mM Mn2+. These results suggested that Mn2+ induced the contraction, which was maintained by glucose transport depending on external Na+, in the case of Na+-sufficient medium in K+-depolarized taenia coli. However, it induced the contraction independent of external Na+, in the case of Na+-deficient, K+ medium. Ouabain might exhibit greater inhibition of the contraction induced by Mn2+ as the decrease in the Na+ gradient across the cell membranes continues.     

An osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells

The cytoplasm of cells of the liver and of the kidney is in large part occupied by bodies which respond to the water content of these cells and are modified by dissolved substances in the surrounding fluid or by physical change such as freezing. These bodies, in part mitochondria but designated more broadly cytochondria, constitute an osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells. When the specific gravity of liver or kidney tissue is used as an index of changes in the water content of tissue, swelling of cytochondria in general follows the intake of water but this relation may be modified by a variety of conditions. When liver that has been frozen and thawed is immersed in water, cytochondria become swollen though the containing cells diminish in size. Solutions of sodium and of potassium chloride isotonic with blood plasma cause delayed swelling of cells and cytochondria, greater with the potassium salt; solutions of calcium chloride of equal molar concentration cause immediate swelling of cells and cytochondria. The basophile material of the cytoplasm (ribonucleic acid and related substances) and the material that gives to mitochondria their characteristic stain are removed by immersion in water but their disappearance is retarded by isotonic solutions of sodium or of potassium chloride and further delayed by hypertonic solutions. When the intensity of staining reactions is diminished by the partial loss of basophile substance or of the distinctive mitochondrial material, these are found at the surfaces of the cytoplasmic bodies, held perhaps by adsorption. When water, isotonic solutions of sodium chloride, or Ringer's solution comes into contact with immersed liver, they remove basophile and mitochondrial material from a superficial zone and substances with similar staining reactions appear in the cytoplasm of cells at a deeper level. Osmotic changes in the cytoplasmic bodies may be reversible. When liver tissue which has been for a short time immersed in water is transferred to a solution that is approximately isotonic in relation to blood plasma, swollen cytochondria return in part or completely to their former size; but with continued immersion in water, this reversibility becomes increasingly less complete.     

0.45%氯化钠溶液与灭菌注射用水在机械通气患者气道湿化中的对照研究

目的 观察两种不同湿化液在建立人工气道机械通气患者气道湿化中的作用.方法 将我院2009年1-4月心脏外科接受心脏手术治疗后行机械通气的患者40例,利用随机数字表随机分为A组和B组各20例,A组给予0.45%氯化钠溶液100 ml加沐舒坦15 mg气道湿化液,B组给予灭菌注射用水100 ml加沐舒坦15 mg作为气道湿化液,观察2组患者吸出痰液的量、颜色、黏稠度、患者的体温、肺部的听诊以及X线胸片情况.结果 机械通气后4、8、16、24 h及1～2、3～5、6～7 d 2组患者痰液的量、颜色、黏稠度、患者的体温以及X线胸片情况比较无显著差异,2组患者机械通气后4、16、24 h,1～2、3～5、6～7 d患者的肺部听诊情况无显著差异,机械通气后8 h的肺部的听诊情况B组优于A组.结论 没有足够的依据认为0.45%氯化钠溶液100 ml加沐舒坦15 mg和灭菌注射用水100 ml加沐舒坦15 mg作为气道湿化液在机械通气患者气道湿化中的作用效果不同.     

0．45％氯化钠溶液与灭菌注射用水在机械通气患者气道湿化中的对照研究

目的观察两种不同湿化液在建立人工气道机械通气患者气道湿化中的作用。方法将我院2009年1-4月心脏外科接受心脏手术治疗后行机械通气的患者40例,利用随机数字表随机分为A组和B组各20例,A组给予0．45％氯化钠溶液100ml加沐舒坦15mg气道湿化液,B组给予灭菌注射用水100ml加沐舒坦15mg作为气道湿化液,观察2组患者吸出痰液的量、颜色、黏稠度、患者的体温、肺部的听诊以及x线胸片情况。结果机械通气后4、8、16、24h及l～2、3～5、6．7d2组患者痰液的量、颜色、黏稠度、患者的体温以及x线胸片情况比较无显著差异,2组患者机械通气后4、16、24h,1-2、3-5、6-7d患者的肺部听诊隋况无显著差异,机械通气后8h的肺部的听诊情况B组优于A组。结论没有足够的依据认为0．45％氯化钠溶液100ml加沐舒坦15mg和灭菌注射用水100ml加沐舒坦15mg作为气道湿化液在机械通气患者气道湿化中的作用效果不同。