尿道粘膜上皮细胞的分离培养和鉴定

目的：为采用组织工程技术构建尿道粘膜组织提供实验依据。方法：取雄性新西兰幼兔尿道粘膜组织小块,酶消化成单细胞悬液,接种后静置培养、传代。动态观察细胞形态变化及生长增殖情况。细胞进行常规组化染色、免疫组化染色及流式细胞仪检查,并观察超微结构。结果：整个上皮细胞生长期内无成纤维细胞混杂生长,均为单一的上皮细胞,并证实为二倍体细胞。细胞可传11－13代,成活50－60d。结论：新西兰幼兔尿道粘膜上皮细胞可在体外培养,在一定时间内保持增殖能力。     

尿道移行上皮细胞与生物可降解尿道支架体外复合培养的研究

目的：研究体外培养的兔尿道上皮细胞在生物可降解性网状尿道支架上的贴附和生长增殖情况,观察其对尿道上皮细胞形态和功能的影响,利用组织工程技术培养种植细胞的尿道内支架。方法：应用机械分离与酶消化法分离培养兔尿道移行上皮细胞,并在体外行原代培养与扩增后制成细胞悬液接种在网状尿道支架上,形成尿道移行上皮细胞-支架复合物。采用免疫组织化学、荧光染色法鉴定尿道上皮细胞及其活性;采用倒置显微镜、扫描电镜观察尿道上皮细胞在支架表面吸附与生长状态。结果：网状尿道支架具有良好的生物相容性,能使尿道移行上皮细胞增殖,不影响其活性。尿道移行上皮细胞在尿道支架上贴附生长良好,1～2天后完全贴壁,3～7天细胞生长增殖活跃,支架网眼内充满上皮细胞,长期培养仍保持尿道移行上皮细胞特性,扫描电镜可见上皮细胞与网状支架贴附紧密,适度伸展并有基质分泌。结论：网状尿道支架适合尿道移行上皮细胞黏附生长．可作为尿道组织工程的细胞载体,利用组织工程方法可获得适于移植尿道细胞的组织工程化尿道。     

以L929细胞为滋养层的尿道黏膜上皮细胞体外培养

目的 探索尿道黏膜上皮细胞体外培养的技术和方法，为进一步采用组织工程技术构建尿道黏膜组织奠定基础，并为尿道黏膜的生理、药理、毒理学及微生态研究提供实验模型。方法 取刚离乳的雄性新西兰幼兔尿道黏膜组织，分别以DispaseⅠ消化液和混合消化液消化成单细胞悬液，以差速贴壁法排除成纤维细胞，接种后以L929细胞为滋养层细胞进行培养，定期换液，细胞生长、增殖至80％～90％融合时传代。细胞进行常规HE染色、流式细胞仪检测，以扫描电镜、透射电镜观察其超微结构。再分别设立实验组(n=20)、阳性对照组(正常尿道黏膜组织石蜡切片，n=20)及阴性对照组(成纤维细胞铺片，n=20)行免疫组织化学染色。结果 原代培养10天左右细胞逐渐生长融合成片，如铺路石状，细胞大小均一。上皮细胞为二倍体细胞，生长期内均为单一的上皮细胞，无成纤维细胞混杂生长，细胞可传11～13代，成活50～60天。结论 新西兰幼兔尿道黏膜上皮细胞可在体外进行培养，在一定时间内保持增殖活力，为构建组织工程化尿道奠定了基础，且为尿道黏膜的体外研究提供了实验模型。     

兔包皮上皮细胞的分离培养和鉴定

目的:收集兔的小块包皮组织,分离培养上皮细胞,并传代增殖,为组织工程化尿道构建提供细胞来源.方法:取雄性家兔包皮小块组织,酶消化成单细胞悬液,接种后静置培养、传代.并定期观察细胞形态变化及生长增殖情况,免疫组化染色,细胞计数及MTT测定以判断细胞增殖能力.结果:分离消化后的上皮细胞生长良好,经免疫组化测定为正常上皮细胞,并传代3代,细胞数量达到植入生物支架并生长的需要.结论:家兔的包皮上皮细胞可在体外培养增殖并传代,并达到相应细胞数量.     

尿道移行上皮细胞与生物可降解尿道支架体外复合培养的研究

目的:研究体外培养的兔尿道上皮细胞在生物可降解性网状尿道支架上的贴附和生长增殖情况,观察其对尿道上皮细胞形态和功能的影响,利用组织工程技术培养种植细胞的尿道内支架.方法:应用机械分离与酶消化法分离培养兔尿道移行上皮细胞,并在体外行原代培养与扩增后制成细胞悬液,接种在网状尿道支架上,形成尿道移行上皮细胞-支架复合物.应用免疫组织化学、荧光染色法鉴定尿道上皮细胞及其活性,并用倒置显微镜、扫描电镜观察尿道上皮细胞在支架表面吸附与生长状态.结果:网状尿道支架具有良好的生物相容性,能使尿道移行上皮细胞增殖,不影响其活性.尿道移行上皮细胞在尿道支架上贴附生长良好,1～2天后完全贴壁,3～7天细胞生长增殖活跃,支架网眼内充满上皮细胞;长期培养仍保持尿道移行上皮细胞特性,扫描电镜可见上皮细胞与网状支架紧密贴附,适度伸展并有基质分泌.结论:网状尿道支架适合尿道移行上皮细胞黏附生长,可作为尿道组织工程的细胞载体,利用组织工程方法可获得适于移植尿道细胞的组织工程化尿道.     

组织工程尿道粘膜的体外构建

目的:利用组织工程方法在体外构建形成尿道粘膜结构。方法:酶消化法获得猪膀胱尿路上皮细胞(UC),以免疫荧光和RT-PCR方法进行UC鉴定。制备膀胱脱细胞基质移植物(BAMG)作为支架材料,以苏木精-伊红染色、Masson染色、免疫组化和扫描电镜进行评价。经过体外培养和扩增后,将P3代UC接种在BAMG上。结果:BAMG支架上的UC经过体外培养1周后即可形成沿基膜排列的复层上皮结构。扫描电镜显示细胞-材料复合良好,免疫组化检测支架上的UC广谱角蛋白表达阳性。结论:运用组织工程方法能够在体外快速进行尿道粘膜上皮结构的初步构建,为进一步临床修复诸如尿道下裂、尿道狭窄等尿道缺损奠定技术基础。     

骨髓间充质干细胞复合组织工程化脱细胞真皮基质构建组织工程皮肤

目的：体外培养扩增SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs），复合组织工程化脱细胞真皮基质构建组织工程皮肤，为进一步临床应用奠定基础。方法：将SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞进行体外培养扩增后，以生长状态良好的骨髓间充质干细胞接种于制备好的组织工程化脱细胞真皮支架上，进行体外联合培养，构建组织工程皮肤。观察细胞生长情况及组织工程皮肤结构。结果：体外培养的SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞生长良好，传代扩增容易，组织工程化脱细胞真皮基质去细胞完全，骨髓间充质干细胞在脱细胞真皮基质中生长良好，可体外构建组织工程皮肤。结论：利用体外扩增培养的骨髓间充质干细胞及制备的组织工程化脱细胞真皮基质可以体外联合构建组织工程皮肤。     

犬膀胱平滑肌细胞的体外连续培养

目的通过体外培养不同代次的犬膀胱平滑肌细胞,比较其生物学特征,探讨多次传代后的平滑肌细胞作为种子细胞的可行性,为构建组织工程膀胱和尿道筛选种子细胞提供方法和依据。方法取体重10～12kg的12月龄雄性犬膀胱肌层,混合酶消化法获取平滑肌细胞,并于含10%小牛血清的培养基中培养,观察比较不同代次细胞的形态变化及生长、增殖过程,电镜下观察细胞超微结构,并通过免疫组织化学方法检测特征性蛋白的表达。结果体外培养的平滑肌细胞单层生长至亚融合状态后,倒置相差显微镜下细胞呈长梭形,并呈峰-谷样结构,可连续传至12代。生长曲线显示第7代以前的细胞具有相似的增殖特点,约每40小时为1次生长周期,透射电镜下可见平滑肌细胞特有的密体结构,平滑肌肌动蛋白免疫组织化学染色为阳性;第7代后细胞增殖逐渐迟滞,至第10代细胞内肌丝及密体结构消失。结论犬膀胱平滑肌细胞可在体外连续培养,通过适当的纯化方法可获得大量高纯度的平滑肌细胞。第7代以前的平滑肌细胞均可作为种子细胞,用于构建组织工程膀胱和尿道。     

膀胱黏膜上皮细胞体外培养的实验研究

目的 探索组织工程化尿道黏膜类似组织体外培养条件。方法取雄性大耳白兔幼兔的膀胱壁组织，分别用Ⅱ型胶原酶和DispaseⅡ处理后，胰蛋白酶消化获得单细胞悬液，接种后用含有或不含有表皮生长因子的培养液培养并传代，动态观察细胞形态变化及生长增殖的不同情况．并对细胞进行超微结构观察。结果用Ⅱ型胶原酶处理的标本在有表皮生长因子存在的情况下，细胞生长良好，混杂少量的成纤维细胞，在体外可传10代以上，成活30天以上。结论Ⅱ型胶原酶处理的幼兔膀胱黏膜上皮细胞纯度较高，可在体外培养一定时间并保持增殖能力．表皮生长因子是必要条件。     

人尿道黏膜上皮细胞系与脱细胞羊膜基质复合培养的实验研究

目的探讨人尿道黏膜上皮细胞系与脱细胞羊膜基质复合培养的效果。方法将人尿道黏膜上皮细胞系接种于脱细胞羊膜基质上,待细胞在脱细胞羊膜基质上生长至铺满表面,用活细胞示踪剂标记细胞,然后将脱细胞羊膜基质固定、封片,倒置相差和荧光显微镜下进行观察。结果人尿道黏膜上皮细胞系细胞在脱细胞羊膜基质上生长,细胞呈单层生长,活细胞示踪剂显示细胞生长良好,并具有活细胞功能。结论人尿道黏膜上皮细胞系是良好的实验室组织工程化尿道种子细胞,脱细胞羊膜基质是良好的实验室组织工程化尿道支架材料,适用于实验室组织工程化尿道复合过程研究。     

自体血清与胎牛血清培养口腔黏膜角质细胞及上皮组织的实验研究

目的探讨自体血清培养人口腔黏膜角质细胞的可行性,为组织工程口腔黏膜用于临床提供理论和技术依据。方法应用自行制备的含10%、20%和30%自体血清的培养液及10%胎牛血清培养液,对人口腔黏膜角质细胞进行培养。对比观察不同浓度自体血清和胎牛血清培养的口腔黏膜角质细胞及上皮组织生长情况,绘制10%自体血清组及10%胎牛血清组细胞生长曲线及计算其倍增时间。并行抗-HLA免疫荧光检测培养上皮。结果各浓度自体血清组和10%胎牛血清组细胞生长及形态无明显差别,10%自体血清组细胞倍增时间为24.02±1.80h,与10%胎牛血清组20.90±0.79h比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组细胞24h克隆形成率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);随自体血清浓度升高获得黏膜上皮面积增大,厚度增加,以20%自体血清组最为明显,与10%胎牛血清组培养黏膜上皮比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各组培养上皮经抗-HLA免疫荧光检测为阳性。结论制备的自体血清能完全替代胎牛血清对口腔黏膜角质细胞进行培养,且培养的口腔黏膜上皮组织分化优于胎牛血清。     

冠心病病人骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特征评价

目的　确立胸骨骨髓间充质干细胞分离和培养的方法 ,评价其生物学特征。方法　骨髓取自行冠状动脉旁路移植术的冠心病病人胸骨切口 ,用Percoll液分离骨髓MSCs,体外培养扩增 ,观察细胞生长特性 ,流式细胞仪检测骨髓MSCs表型特征、细胞周期。结果　贴壁的骨髓MSCs多数呈梭形。骨髓MSCs能连续传 15代以上 ,但是第 5代以后或老年病人的细胞增殖速度减慢。骨髓MSCs的表型特征为CD2 9、CD4 4阳性 ,CD34、CD4 5阴性。多数骨髓MSCs在细胞周期的G0 /G1期。结论　冠心病病人手术时从胸骨切口取骨髓并分离培养骨髓MSCs的方法可行 ,骨髓MSCs具有较好的增殖更新潜能 ,是细胞心肌成形术中理想的细胞来源。     

Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium using viable cryopreserved cells

Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may have potential clinical application for the surgical treatment of RPE-specific retinal degeneration, including age-related macular degeneration. The feasibility of an RPE storage bank has been investigated by experimenting with transplantation using viable, cryopreserved RPE cells. Fresh and cultured fetal human and bovine RPE cells were cryopreserved in 90% fetal bovine serum containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. The viability of the cells before and after cryopreservation was evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion test, microculture tetrazolium assay (MTA), tissue culture, and transplantation after cryopreservation. The origin of RPE cells before and after cryopreservation was assessed by immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and indirect ELISA of RPE-marker protein using cytokeratin for cultured fetal human RPE cells and by immunocytochemistry of cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) for cultured bovine RPE cells. Freshly isolated and cryopreserved uncultured bovine RPE cells were transplanted by posterior transscleral approach into the subretinal spaces of adult albino rabbits and 23-day-old Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats with a 33 gauge Hamilton syringe. Following surgery, artificial retinal blebs were confirmed by fundus examination. Morphologic examination was performed postoperatively by light and electron microscopy in albino rabbits and by light microscopy in RCS rats up to 3 mo. Control subretinal injections using vehicle solution also were performed in RCS rats. Cultured fetal human and bovine RPE cells after cryopreservation were found to be viable, based on the results of trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTA, tissue culture, and transplantation. Expression and reexpression of cytokeratin intermediate filaments in cultured fetal human RPE were demonstrated by immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and indirect ELISA before and after cryopreservation. Immunocytochemistry of CRALBP before and after cryopreservation in uncultured bovine RPE cells disclosed expression and reexpression of RPE cell marker protein. No uncultured fetal human RPE cells showed proliferation in tissue culture after cryopreservation. In rabbits, light and electron microscopy disclosed xenografted RPE cells residing on Bruch's membrane of the host retina. No sign of graft vs. host reaction was observed. No morphologic difference was noted between the fresh and 10-day-old cryopreserved RPE cells in situ following transplantation at day 25. In RCS rats, subretinal injection of 3-wk-old cryopreserved bovine RPE cells partially rescued photoreceptor cells locally at the transplanted area observed at 3 mo postoperatively. The retinal photoreceptors at the inferior hemisphere of the transplanted eye and the eye injected with vehicle solution showed no rescue effect. We found that cryopreserved cultured fetal human RPE cells and uncultured and cultured bovine RPE cells can be used for RPE transplantation studies. The ability to create an RPE storage bank as a source of donor cells may result in several clinical advantages.     

Trophic effect of amniotic fluid on cultured fetal gastric mucosal cells

This study examines the hypothesis that the growth and development of fetal gastric epithelial cells is critically dependent on the presence of trophic factors in amniotic fluid. Fetal gastric epithelial cells (predominantly parietal cells) were grown in culture in the presence of graded concentrations of rabbit amniotic fluid, fetal bovine serum, or a control solution containing the nutrients specific to amniotic fluid. After 7 days, cells were harvested and growth was assessed by cell counts and DNA contents. Amniotic fluid stimulated growth of these cultured cells with a potency similar to that of fetal bovine serum. Cell growth was significantly enhanced by amniotic fluid at each dose tested, when compared to the appropriate nutrient control group. Cell growth could not be maintained in the absence of amniotic fluid or fetal bovine serum. We conclude that amniotic fluid contains factors which are trophic to the growth of cultured fetal gastric epithelial cells. The nature of these factors remains to be determined.     

去分化关节软骨细胞生物反应器培养反分化的实验研究

目的 观察体外经传代培养去分化的成人关节软骨细胞，在生物反应器培养后生物学性状的变化，探索去分化软骨细胞反分化的手段，为软骨细胞移植修复关节软骨缺损建立合适的体外培养方法。方法 无菌条件下取成人关节软骨组织，Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法（0．2％，37C，3h）分离软骨细胞，分成两组：一组常规单层传代培养，另一组添加重组人的生长因子（1ng／ml转化生长因子β1＋5ng／ml成纤维细胞生长因子2）体外培养传代大量扩增后，无微载体生物反应器内培养3周。血小板计数器行细胞计数，计算各代细胞倍增时间；细胞爬片和石蜡、冰冻切片进行HE、蕃红O、阿利新蓝染色，Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原和aggrecan免疫组织化学检测，观察细胞表型变化。结果 成人关节软骨细胞体外培养3代后迅速去分化，增殖缓慢。添加生长因子培养细胞去分化速度减缓；传10代，细胞扩增2000倍以上，部分去分化，但细胞扩增增殖能力仍很强；传20代软骨细胞表型基本丢失，但仍有增殖能力；置于生物反应器继续培养3周，细胞番红O染色强阳性、aggrecan和Ⅱ型胶原阳性，Ⅰ型胶原阴性，表型恢复良好。结论 软骨细胞在体外大量扩增后，在生物反应器培养，可恢复其表型，可望用于在体外培养时去分化软骨细胞的再分化。     

Addition of specific metabolites to bovine epididymal cell culture medium enhances survival and motility of cryopreserved sperm

We have developed a cell culture system of bovine epididymal epithelium in which cryopreserved bovine sperm motility was efficiently maintained for many hours. The culture conditions to maintain viable epididymal cells are quite different from conditions normally used to incubate sperm cells. Thus, we have modified a previously described principal cell medium (PCM; Moore et al, 1992) using HEPES as a buffer and supplemented media with myo-inositol, pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and carnitine to mimic epididymal intraluminal conditions. In the first experiments the effects of PCM and our epididymal cell medium (ECM) on sperm motility were compared in the absence of cells and evaluated by microscopic analysis under a phase contrast microscope or using the Hamilton Thorn Image Analyzer System. Our results showed that motility of cauda epididymal sperm was significantly higher in ECM than in PCM during a 48-hour incubation period when both media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). We then replaced FBS with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or no proteins at all to verify if ECM was able to enhance sperm survival. To test this aspect we used frozen-thawed sperm, which survived up to 48 hours when sperm cells were coincubated with epididymal cell monolayers. Hence, PCM, ECM, and different media containing each metabolite of ECM were supplemented with 0.5% BSA to assess motility of thawed sperm after an incubation period of 6 hours. A positive effect on sperm motility was observed in all fresh and unconditioned media containing 1 mM pyruvate. Motion parameters were more efficiently maintained in all conditioned media than in unconditioned media. Our results showed, however, that pyruvate was almost completely oxidized or consumed by epididymal cells during preincubation of culture media. We conclude that motility of frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa can be improved using a culture medium or a medium conditioned by epididymal cell cultures without carnitine but containing mainly pyruvate, inositol, glycerol, and lactate.     

人正常尿路移行上皮细胞无血清培养

目的建立一种比较简便的人正常尿路上皮细胞无血清培养方法。方法标本组织块用冷消化法分离出尿路上皮细胞,培养于无血清生长培养基。观察传代细胞形态及生长情况,并用ＴＧＦβ１抑制细胞增殖试验检验细胞在有血清或无血清培养基中对ＴＧＦβ１的反应。结果培养的总成功率为７３％,细胞具有典型的移行上皮细胞形态学特征,细胞能在２４小时后增殖进入对数生长期,传代９～１１次后开始衰退。另外,无血清培养体系比含血清培养体系更能反映出ＴＧＦβ１对细胞抑制作用。结论此培养体系具有简单、短期内可扩增出大量纯净上皮细胞、应用范围广和培养成功率高的特点。     

脂肪组织来源干细胞的成骨诱导和外源性基因转染表达研究

目的：探讨脂肪组织来源的干细胞（ADSCs）表达外源性基因的可能性。方法：取小香猪腹部皮下脂肪组织，通过Ⅰ型胶原酶消化、离心等方法分离培养ADSCs，再经原代培养和传代培养。利用成骨诱导剂（10^-7mol/L地塞米松、10mmol/Lβ-甘油磷酸钠和50mg/L左旋抗坏血酸）诱导ADSCs向成骨方向分化，观察其生长形态，并通过Gomori改良钙钴法和von Kossa染色对其成骨表型进行鉴定。另设一对照组，培养基中不加入成骨诱导剂。脂质体介导人内皮细胞生长因子（hVEGF）和骨形态发生蛋白-2（hBMP-2）转染ADSCs细胞，观察转染后细胞形态和生长情况，用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和免疫细胞化学方法分别检测hVEGF mRNA、BMP-2 mRNA及其蛋白质表达。结果：成骨诱导剂能显著诱导体外培养的ADSCs向成骨细胞分化，诱导19d的ADSCs体积增大，细胞由梭形变为多边形，Gomori改良钙钴法染色显示其胞浆内富含碱性磷酸酶颗粒，诱导15d和19d，碱性磷酸酶阳性细胞分别为（25.0±7.5）%和（49.7±6.9）%。von Kossa染色表明聚集的细胞团中央有钙化结节形成。RT-PCR检测证实，经质粒转染的ADSCs中hVEGF和hBMP-2基因表达明显增强，对照组呈弱表达。免疫组织化学检测证实转染ADSCs内有棕色的阳性颗粒出现，未转染细胞则呈现阴性。结论：ADSCs能被成功诱导为成骨细胞，hVEGF和hBMP-2基因能成功地转入ADSCs并表达，这为促进骨组织工程的血管化和成骨活性奠定了基础。