Facial reconstruction with latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap following total maxillectomy

Following total maxillectomy for maxillary cancer, facial reconstruction was performed using a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap. Postreconstructive deformity was studied in 10 patients. In 5 patients, after simple total maxillectomy the inner raw surface of the facial skin and orbito was covered by the flap, and the other extended total maxillectomy patients where the orbital contents and facial skin were involved, reconstruction was by means of the folded flap. In the patients with simple total maxillectomy, cicatricial contracture of the facial skin and cicatricial ectropion of the lower eyelid were quite small, and in the patients with extended total maxillectomy, reconstructed facial skin did not give rise to cicatricial contracture.     

A comparative study on superior auricular artery island flaps with various pedicles for repair of periorbital defects

Superior auricular artery (SAA) island flaps elevated from the retroauricular region have perfect color, thickness, and texture match with facial skin. In this article, reconstruction of periorbital defects with SAA island flaps is presented. Flaps were categorized into three types because they were elevated on three different pedicles. A type 1 flap was a superficial temporal vessel pedicled SAA island flap with antegrade blood flow. A type 2 flap was a reverse flow SAA island flap based on the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery (STA). A type 3 flap was a reverse flow SAA island flap based on the parietal branch of STA. Fourteen patients (9 females and 5 males) aged between 31 years and 74 years were treated with these flaps. Two patients with lower eyelid, two patients with upper eyelid, three patients with malar, two patients with infraorbital, one patient with lateral canthal upper eyelid, and four patients with forehead defects underwent surgical intervention. Sizes of the flaps varied between 3x6 cm and 8x6 cm. Venous congestion was observed in all patients in the early postoperative period and lasted for 5 to 9 (mean, 6.6) days in type 1 flap, 5 to 9 (mean, 6.7) days in type 2 flap, and 2 to 5 (mean, 3.6) days in type 3 flap. Apart from distal necrosis of 1x1 cm in one patient and superficial dermal sloughing in two patients, no complications were encountered. Aesthetically and functionally successful results with minimal donor site morbidity were obtained in all patients during the 2 to 22 (mean 10.8) month follow-up period.     

Clinical outcomes of suture delay in forehead flap

The delay phenomenon is a surgical procedure performed to raise a wider skin flap and to improve the survival of skin flaps. Surgery, chemicals, sutures, and lasers can be used for the delay procedure. In this study, delayed forehead flaps created by suturing were used for coverage of nasal skin defects in eleven patients. In 7 patients, the cross-paramedian forehead flap was used to increase the extent of flap lengthening. In the first session, suture delay was performed on both sides of the forehead flap margin. In the second session, the flap was elevated and sutured to its new position, 7 to 10 days after the initial surgery. All flaps were completely viable, and patient satisfaction was optimal in all cases. The positive effect of surgical delay on flap survival has been shown in experimental and clinical studies. However, experimentally, suture delay or chemical delay procedures have been shown to be beneficial in flap survival only. Suture delay seems to be an inexpensive, effective, easily performed, atraumatic, and safe technique, especially among patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases, smoking patients who may lose the flap, or patients who need very wide and long flaps.     

Total lower eyelid reconstruction using paranasal flap

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the advantages, disadvantages, and aesthetic results of the total lower eyelid reconstruction with paranasal flap. The other reconstruction methods are also revisited.Ten patients, who were operated for the reconstruction of total lower eyelid defects between November, 1999 and April, 2005 in our department were included in this study. The total lower eyelid defects of all patients were reconstructed using paranasal flap for anterior lamella and chondromucosal, chondrocutaneous or mucosal graft for posterior lamella. Follow-up time was ranged between 3-35 months. The advantages, disadvantages and complications were defined and aesthetic results of the patients were also evaluated by using a questionnaire which was filled by patients at third month after reconstruction.All flaps and grafts survived, partial or total necrosis was not encountered but one patient with ectropion had a secondary reconstructive procedure. The aesthetic results of the patients were also satisfactory. The paranasal flap is very reliable and safe method for total lower eyelid reconstruction.     

Cheek rotation flap reconstruction—an anthropometric appraisal of surgical outcomes

Objectives

Cheek rotation flaps are an established surgical procedure for coverage of facial skin defects especially of the cheek and infraorbital region. A comparison of pre- and postoperative anthropometric measurements may help to objectify intraoperative estimations with regards to postoperative appearance.

Materials and methods

We present an evaluation of 31 patients undergoing periorbital reconstruction by a cheek rotation flap on standardized photographs based on reference anthropometric data. Analysis included intercanthal, binocular and eye fissure width, eye fissure, lid sulcus and upper lid height, upper and lower iris coverage, position of cornea to palpebra inferior, scleral show, ectropion, and canthal tilt. Furthermore, it was clearly differentiated whether the defect to cover included eyelid skin or not.

Results

Ectropion showed a significant association to surgery (p?=?0.03) and time (p?=?0.03). If the defect to cover included lower eyelid skin, lower iris coverage values decreased significantly (p?=?0.02), meanwhile the rate of scleral show increased significantly (p?<?0.01), indicating pre- to postoperative lower eyelid retraction.

Conclusions

In all patients analyzed, indices were reproducible and reliable. An association between surgery and ectropion was detectable. Whenever lower eyelid skin is involved in the defect to be covered, the significantly decreased lower iris coverage and increased rate of scleral show indicate an increased risk of lower lid retraction.

Clinical relevance

Whenever eyelid skin is involved in a defect to be covered by a cheek rotation flap, there is an increased risk of postoperative lower lid distortion. Special care has to be taken to perform techniques preventing lower lid retraction.     

Simultaneous reconstruction of medial canthal area and both eyelids with a single transverse split forehead island flap

In this report, we are presenting a case in which we have split the paramedian forehead flap, thus providing 2 axially perfused skin flaps for simultaneous reconstruction of the upper and lower lid structures after resection of basal cell carcinoma from the left medial canthal area. We found that split forehead flap seems to be a favorable option for simultaneous reconstruction of the upper and lower eyelid defects by enabling nicely vascularized and abundant amount of regional skin.     

Cicatricial iatrogenic lower eyelid malposition in skin cancer surgery: results of a combined approach

PurposeMalposition of the lower lid, including rounding of the lateral canthal angle, lower eyelid retraction with inferior scleral show, and ectropion, is a relatively frequent complication in the surgical treatment of skin cancer of the cheek and zygomatic areas. The tarsal strip technique, in association with a vertical vector cheek lift, is a reliable method for correcting lower lid malposition.Materials and patientsFrom January 2008 to January 2010, we treated 19 patients with lower eyelid malposition after skin cancer surgery of the cheek and zygomatic areas. To correct lower eyelid malposition, we used the tarsal strip technique and a vertical vector cheek lift in all patients.ResultsEleven patients had scleral show and eight patients had ectropion. Sixteen patients obtained satisfactory correction of the eyelid malposition in a single surgical procedure, while three patients required a second surgical step to correct the remaining scleral show. Good esthetic and functional results were achieved in all cases.ConclusionsThe surgical treatment of skin cancer of the cheek and zygomatic areas has the potential for postoperative sequelae. The tarsal strip technique, in association with a vertical vector cheek lift, is a relatively simple technique for correcting scleral show and ectropion.     

Using bipedicled myocutaneous Tripier flap to correct ectropion after excision of lower eyelid basal cell carcinoma

Many techniques have been described for correcting ectropion, but when the ectropion follows skin cancer excision, only a technique that replaces missing skin should be used. The bipedicled Tripier flap tends to give some excess bulk at each end but gives an excellent correction of ectropion. The aim of this study was to apply musculocutaneous bipedicled Tripier flap from upper lid for correction of ectropion due to previous excision of lower-lid malignancies and evaluate its outcome. This was a prospective case-series study. In this study, 15 patients (6 women, 9 men), ranging from 35 to 72 years old (mean, 51 years) underwent operation with Tripier flap for reconstruction of ectropion because of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) resection. In patients with ectropion, Tripier flap with or without ear or nasal septal cartilage was used for reconstruction of deformities 3 months after lower-lid reconstruction with local flaps. All patients were satisfied, and ectropion was corrected in all cases. There were no complications such as dry eye or corneal abrasion after operation. Also, we had not any case of ischemic flap. We suggest that Tripier flap is one of the best methods for reconstruction of lower-lid retraction or ectropion. This is a desirable method, functionally and aesthetically.     

局部组织瓣整复鼻缺损的临床经验

目的:探索修复鼻翼缺损简单易行、形态效果佳的治疗方法。方法:自1995年以来共收治30例鼻缺损患者,其中额部中央皮瓣3例,以一侧滑车上血管蒂经鼻根皮下隧道穿行到鼻部缺损区;鼻唇沟组织瓣者17例19侧,均设计蒂在上的组织瓣;耳廓全厚三明治式游离瓣10例11侧。结果:额部中央皮瓣3例,鼻唇沟组织瓣17例全部成活;耳廓全厚三明治式游离瓣10例,其中1例首次移植坏死,第2次手术成功。结论:扩张增容后的中央额瓣是全鼻缺损再造的首选治疗方案;整复鼻翼、鼻尖缺损,单侧鼻唇沟皮瓣长度在4～5cm,宽度在1.2～1.5cm为佳。耳廓全厚三明治式游离瓣,宽度在1.8cm以内较安全。     

The application of axial superficial temporal artery island flap for repairing the defect secondary to the removal of the lower eyelid basal cell carcinoma

Our aim was to investigate the repair of the defect that follows excision of a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the lower eyelid. Skin projections of the superficial temporal artery and its frontal branches were marked using Doppler ultrasonography. The lesion was excised with 0.5–1.5 cm margins. Frozen sections were taken to clarify the diagnosis. The frontal flap was designed according to the preoperative labelling, and was 0.5 cm larger than the defect. The pedicle was 1.0–1.5 cm longer than the distance between the pedicle and the defect, and the width of the pedicle was 3 cm. If the lesion affected the full thickness of the lower eyelid, a conjunctival flap was sutured with the flap. A skin graft was applied when the defect was large. Such defects have been repaired successfully in 10 patients. There was no secondary defect or ectropion postoperatively. The superficial temporal artery frontal branch island flap is a satisfactory method for the repair of a defect secondary to a BCC of the lower eyelid.     

冠突颞肌瓣联合血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复全上颌骨缺损

目的：探讨冠突颞肌瓣联合血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复全上颌骨缺损的手术方式及临床价值。方法 ：收集2例上颌骨全切术后面中部缺损畸形（James BrownⅢb类）患者,采用冠突颞肌瓣联合血管化腓骨肌皮瓣行全上颌骨重建,术前应用Surgicase 5.0（Materialise,Belgium）软件进行手术规划,对手术方式及术后效果进行预测分析。术中以冠突颞肌瓣旋转修复眶底,冠突大小分别为3.5 cm×1.5 cm及4.0 cm×1.6 cm;以2段式腓骨塑形修复牙槽突,腓骨长度分别为32.51 mm、27.36 mm及71.82 mm、38.74 mm;以腓骨肌皮瓣携带皮岛修复面中部软组织缺损。结果：术中检查冠突颞肌瓣血供良好,术后腓骨肌皮瓣均成活,创口一期愈合。分别随访5个月和6 a,无复视、睑外翻及眼球突出,无涎瘘、下唇麻木等并发症,开口度正常。CT检查眶底及牙槽突重建形态良好。结论：冠突颞肌瓣联合血管化腓骨肌皮瓣发挥了不同组织瓣的优势,是全上颌骨缺损重建的良好选择。     

Tarsal strip technique for correction of malposition of the lower eyelid after treatment of orbital trauma

Purpose

The transconjunctival, subciliary, subtarsal, and subpalpebral approaches for accessing the infraorbital rim and orbital floor have both advantages and disadvantages. The most common complications include rounding of the lateral canthal angle, lower eyelid retraction with inferior scleral show, and frank ectropion.

Materials and patients

From 2000 to 2007, we treated 29 patients with lower eyelid malposition after surgery to manage the floor and infraorbital trauma (22 subciliary approaches, five transconjunctival approaches and lateral canthotomies, and two transconjunctival approaches). To correct lower eyelid malposition, we applied the tarsal strip technique in all patients.

Results

Twenty-five patients had scleral show and four patients had ectropion: three were previous treated using transconjunctival access and one using subciliary access. Twenty-six patients obtained satisfactory correction of eyelid malposition in a single-step surgical procedure, while three patients required a second surgical step to correct the remaining scleral show. Good aesthetic and functional results were achieved in all cases.

Conclusions

All approaches to the infraorbital rim or orbital floor have the potential for postoperative sequelae. The tarsal strip technique is a relatively simple technique that oral and maxillofacial surgeons can use to manage lower lid malposition, such as scleral show and ectropion.     

Reconstruction of major forehead soft tissue defects with adjacent tissue and minimal scar formation

Repair and reconstruction of soft tissue defects involving over 50% of the forehead using remaining forehead tissue has not been reported in the literature. The few existing reports mainly concern cases in which less than half of the forehead was involved. The forehead comprises one third of the face and with regard to its prominent position, it is one of the major contributing components to facial beauty. Considering the excellent color, thickness, and quality matching of the adjacent forehead skin, it is considered the ideal substitute for repair of forehead defects. Use of skin graft or free flaps for reconstruction of defects involving 50% or more of the forehead have not reported acceptable results because of the lack of similarity of the donor tissue with the remaining forehead tissue. In this study, we describe successful reconstruction of major forehead soft tissue defects of two thirds to three fourths of the forehead with use of a tissue expander and transverse supratrochlear pedicle flap in four patients who were diagnosed with giant hairy nevus. There were no serious complications such as hematoma, bleeding, infection, or flap necrosis. We recommend this technique for reconstruction of extensive forehead soft tissue defects.     

Supraorbital artery island flap for periorbital defects

The forehead skin has the same color and texture as the periorbital region as well as the other parts of the face. The forehead is a local flap donor area for the reconstruction of full-thickness periorbital defects. This report presents eight cases in which full-thickness defects resulting from tumor resection have been repaired with supraorbital artery island flaps. Of eight patients, one was female and the rest were male with a mean age of 72.8 years (range, 64-88 years). Defects were located in the medial canthal region, lateral canthal region, glabella, and lateral part of the orbita. The flaps ranged from 2 x 3 cm to 6 x 7 cm in size. The patients were followed for 7 to 18 months. No complications occurred, except for decreased sensation on the forehead, and trapdoor deformity was seen in one case. The outcome was functionally and aesthetically satisfactory in all cases and all patients were happy with the outcome. The supraorbital artery island flap is a good alternative for the repair of defects around the orbita in that the color and texture of this flap match up with the orbital region and that it is pliable, simple, safe, and sensorial and requires only a single-session procedure.     

颊癌术后软组织缺损带蒂瓣修复的临床观察

目的:评价带蒂(肌)皮瓣或黏膜瓣修复颊癌切除后软组织缺损的效果。方法:回顾性分析1998年-2003年,39例颊癌术后缺损行带蒂瓣修复的病历资料,其中颈阔肌瓣修复12例,舌瓣修复9例,额瓣10例,胸大肌瓣3例,颏下岛状皮瓣2例,腭瓣、胸锁乳突肌皮瓣各1例,舌瓣联合胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复缺损1例。结果:39例颊癌术后缺损的带蒂瓣修复中,成活或基本成活34例,部分坏死2例,完全坏死3例,成活率为87.2%。结论:带蒂瓣是修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的较好方法。     

Experience in the use of frontal flap for reconstructive surgery of eyelids

Results of the use of classic Indian and petalous frontal flaps for surgical treatment of 52 patients of the age from 11 till 58 years with congenital and acquired eyelid defects were presented. In all cases eyelid form and function it was possible to restore, reduce the number of operations and achieve maximal esthetic rehabilitation in the terms to 1 year from the patient addressing to clinic and in patients with congenital oblique face clefts - before achieving the age of 14-16 years. Frontal flap use on medial, paramedical and lateral pedicles considerably widened reconstructive blepharoplastics possibilities and increased efficacy of treatment of the patients with congenital and acquired limited total and subtotal eyelid defects.     

轴型唇红组织瓣并颏下唇粘膜蒂肌皮瓣修复下唇缺损

对于唇缺损的整复应尽可能地应用局部或邻近区域组织瓣来恢复它的正常解剖形态和生理功能已成为公认的基本原则。本文描述了一种整复下唇缺损的新的手术方法。该方法充分利用缺损后的唇红和白唇组织，恢复口轮匝肌和唇红的完整性，使唇缺损的修复效果达到了外形与功能的完美统一。本文就该手术方法的解剖学基础，手术操作要点以及手术的适应证等问题做了较为详尽的讨论。     

Repair of facial scars using free and pedicle-expanded deltopectoral flaps

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and long-term outcomes of free and pedicled, expanded deltopectoral flaps with perforation of the internal thoracic artery to repair facial scars. This retrospective review was of 37 patients who presented between June 2013 and June 2019 with various types of facial scar. Ten patients received a free expanded deltopectoral flap and 27 a pedicled, expanded deltopectoral flap. During the stage-one operation, the expander was implanted into the deltopectoral area and fully expanded by normal saline injection. In stage two, the facial lesions were incised, and the free or pedicled flap transferred to reconstruct the defect. Flap necrosis did not occur in the 10 patients treated with free flaps. Two patients need to have the pedicle trimmed three months after surgery because it had become bloated. Distal necrosis occurred in five of 27 patients who received a pedicled, expanded deltopectoral flap. Healing by conservative treatment was noted in two cases and healing after skin grafting was documented in the other three. All 37 patients achieved satisfactory results. A pedicled, expanded deltopectoral flap appears to be a reliable and safe option for the treatment of facial scars.     

面部巨大基底细胞癌手术切除及创面修复模式探讨

目的:直径5 cm或更大的巨大基底细胞癌是非常罕见,在基底细胞癌皮肤恶性肿瘤中不足1%,目前全球几乎没有其发病率的研究、切除和重建方案。方法:针对我科收治的头颈部17例巨大基底细胞癌患者的手术切除和重建进行回顾性探讨和分析。结果:病变在额头,眼睑,嘴唇或鼻颊部者,5~6 cm大小是最常见病灶,最大者直径范围从5~11 cm。所有患者均行病灶切除及直接重建,主要采用局部皮瓣,术后未见皮瓣失败。结论:头颈部巨大基底细胞癌可以采用局部皮瓣修复重建。     

Reconstruction of Nasal Cleft Deformities Using Expanded Forehead Flaps: A Case Series

Introduction

Reconstruction of the nasal clefts is a challenging task considering the nasal anatomic complexity and their possible association with craniofacial defects. The reconstruction of these defects needs extensive amounts of soft tissue that warrant the use of forehead flaps. Often presence of cranial defects and low hairline compromise the amount of tissue available for reconstruction warrenting tissue expansion.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of tissue expansion in reconstruction of congenital nasal clefts.

Subjects and Methods

9 patients with congenital nasal clefts involving multiple sub units were taken up for nasal reconstruction with expanded forehead flaps. The average amount of expansion needed was 200 ml. The reconstruction was performed in 3 stages.

Results

Expanded forehead flaps proved to be best modality for reconstruction providing the skin cover needed for ala, columella and dorsum with minimal scarring at the donor site.

Conclusion

Expansion of the forehead flap is a viable option for multiple sub unit reconstruction in congenital nasal cleft deformities.