Metabolically healthy overweight/obesity and cancer risk: A representative cohort study in Taiwan

ObjectiveMany cancers are caused by overweight; however, cancer risk varies among individuals with obesity. Few studies are addressing the relationship between metabolic obesity phenotypes and cancer. This study investigates the association between metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW) or metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and cancer incidence.MethodsIn a nationwide, representative community-based prospective cohort study, 5734 Taiwanese adults were classified into eight phenotypes according to body mass index (underweight <18.5; normal weight 18.5–23.9; overweight 24–26.9; and obese ≥27 kg/m²) and metabolic status (healthy/unhealthy). Participants with healthy cardiometabolic blood profiles included in the metabolic syndrome criteria and an absence of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were considered metabolically healthy. We used the Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).ResultsDuring 73,389 person-years of follow-up, 428 incident cancers were identified. Compared to the participants with metabolically healthy normal weight, participants with MHOW (adjusted HR 1.39, 95% CI, 0.90–2.13) or MHO (adjusted HR 1.07, 95% CI, 0.51–2.22) had a tendency toward a higher risk of cancer. These associations were stronger in MHOW (adjusted HR 1.77, 95% CI, 1.09–2.86) or MHO (adjusted HR 1.39, 95% CI, 0.66–2.93) participants younger than 65 years.ConclusionsThis study was the first to investigate the impact of metabolic obesity phenotype on the incidence of cancer in the Taiwanese population. Even in the absence of metabolic abnormalities, overweight, and obesity may cause a modest increase in the risk of developing cancer.     

Transition to retirement and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective analysis of the US health and retirement study

Transitioning from work to retirement could be either beneficial or harmful for health. We investigated the association between transition to retirement and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). We followed US Health and Retirement Study participants age 50+ working full-time for pay and free of major cardiovascular disease (n = 5422) in 1998 up to 10 years for transition to full retirement and self- or proxy-report of either stroke or MI (CVD; 665 events). We used discrete-time survival analysis to compare the CVD incidence for the fully retired versus the full-time working population. To distinguish short-term from long-term risks, we compared the association in the first year after retirement to estimates 2+ years after retirement. In the full model adjusting for age, sex, childhood and adult SES, behavior, and co-morbidities, being retired was associated with elevated odds of CVD onset (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.90) compared to those remaining in the full-time labor force. The odds ratio for CVD incidence within the first year of retirement was 1.55 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.33). From the second year post-retirement and thereafter, the retired had marginally elevated risk of CVD compared to those still working (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.91). Although confidence intervals were wide for some sub-groups, there were no significant interactions by sex or socioeconomic status. Results suggest that CVD risk is increased after retirement.     

A study of cardiovascular risk in overweight and obese people in England

Objectives: To report current levels of obesity and associated cardiac risk using routinely collected primary care computer data. Methods: 67 practices took part in an educational intervention to improve computer data quality and care in cardiovascular disease. Data were extracted from 435 102 general practice computer records. 64.3% (229 108/362 861) of people age 15 y and older had a body mass index (BMI) recording or a valid height and weight record that enabled BMI to be derived. Data about cardiovascular disease and risk factors were also extracted. The prevalence of disease and the control of risk factors in the overweight and obese population were compared with those of normal body weight. Results: 56.8% of men and 69.3% of women aged over 15 y had a BMI record. 22% of men and 32.3% of women aged 15 to 24 y were overweight or obese; rising each decade to a peak of 65.6% of men and 57.5% of women aged 55 to 64 y. Thereafter, the proportion who were overweight or obese declined. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension rose with increasing levels of obesity; their prevalence in those who are moderately obese was between two and three times that of the general population. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose even in non-diabetics, cholesterol and triglycerides were all elevated in the overweight and obese population.

Conclusion: Based on the recorded data over half of men and nearly half of women are overweight or obese. They have increased cardiovascular risk, which is not adequately controlled by current practice.     

Physical activity as a preventive measure against overweight, obesity, infections, allergies and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents: AFINOS Study protocol

Background  

Prior studies addressing the impacts of regular physical activity or sedentary habits on the immune system have been conducted in adults and laboratory settings. Thus, it is practically unknown how a healthy active lifestyle could affect low-grade inflammation processes, infections or allergies in young persons. The AFINOS Study was designed to determine the relationship between the regular physical activity levels of adolescents and overweight, infection, and allergies along with the presence of metabolic and immunological biomarkers of a deteriorated health status. A further objective of the AFINOS Study is to assess the health status and lifestyle habits of an adolescent population in an effort to identify any protective factors that could be used as preventive measures, since many chronic diseases and their associated co-morbidities often persist from adolescence into adulthood.     

Area-based socioeconomic environment, obesity risk behaviours, area facilities and childhood overweight and obesity: socioeconomic environment and childhood overweight

Objective

The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the relation between area-based socioeconomic environment and childhood obesity can be explained by household socioeconomic position, obesity-related risk behaviours and area facilities.

Methods

Two indicators of socioeconomic environment based on wealth and deprivation were estimated in a sample of 4529 Spanish children and adolescents in 2006. Multilevel logit models were used to calculate the relation between each indicator and obesity.

Results

After adjusting for socioeconomic position and risk behaviours, no relation was observed between wealth and overweight; however, obesity prevalence was 1.45 times higher in subjects living in areas with lower wealth than in those living in areas with higher wealth. After adjusting for these variables, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in subjects living in deprived areas was, respectively, 1.26 and 1.63 higher than in those living in non-deprived areas. There was a graded association between number of sports facilities and prevalence of physical inactivity, but no relation was found between the price of fruits and vegetables and frequency of consumption.

Conclusion

The relation of socioeconomic environment with childhood obesity could not be explained by household socioeconomic position or obesity-related risk behaviours. Availability of sport facilities may mediate this relation.     

脑梗死患者MPV、Fg水平与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性分析

目的 探讨脑梗死患者血小板平均体积（MPV）、血纤维蛋白原水平（Fg）与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 本研究选取了我院2010年12月至2012年7月间收治的42例脑梗死患者以及来我院参加体检的42例健康体检者为研究对象,针对临床资料进行了回顾性分析,对脑梗死患者和健康体检者的血小板平均体积（MPV）、血纤维蛋白原水平（Fg）进行了比较研究.结果 颈动脉硬化患者的MPV、Fg水平高于健康人群组,且组间比较,P均＜0.05,差异具有统计学意义.结论 对于患者而言,早期对血小板平均体积（MPV）和血浆中的血纤维蛋白原（Fg）等两项指标进行适当干预,具有重要的临床实践意义.     

超重或单纯性肥胖儿童人体质量指数与心血管疾病风险因子的相关性研究

目的探讨超重或单纯性肥胖儿童人体质量指数(BMI)与心血管疾病风险因子的相关性。 方法选择2013年3月至2015年1月,在自贡市第一人民医院儿科初次就诊即诊断为超重或单纯性肥胖的62例儿童纳入观察组,以及同期进行健康体检的46例正常体重儿童纳入对照组。统计学比较两组儿童一般临床指标[年龄、人体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、收缩压、舒张压],脂代谢指标[动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、三酰甘油(TG)],以及糖代谢指标[胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、口服葡萄糖耐量试验2小时血糖(OGTT GLU2h)、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素]差异;并对观察组儿童BMI与上述9项心血管疾病风险因子(脂代谢和糖代谢指标)进行相关性分析。两组儿童年龄及性别构成比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。所有参与本次研究的儿童,均由其监护人签署知情同意书,并获得自贡市第一人民医院伦理委员会同意。 结果①观察组儿童一般临床指标BMI[(31.8±2.3) kg/m²]、腰围[(86.7±12.3) cm]及收缩压[(128.0±11.2) mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa)]均较对照组[(19.4±0.8) kg/m²、(61.1±8.0) cm、(102.0±12.9) mmHg]高,且差异有统计学意义(t＝－38.171、－12.770、－2.120,P<0.05)。②观察组儿童脂代谢指标AI(4.0±0.8)及TC、LDL、TG浓度[(4.9±0.6) mmol/L、(3.07±0.23) mmol/L、(1.85±0.13) mmol/L]均较对照组高[(1.0±0.4)、(4.0±0.4) mmol/L、(1.46±0.13) mmol/L、(0.80±0.21) mmol/L],而HDL浓度[(0.89±0.09) mmol/L]则较对照组[(2.14±0.49) mmol/L]低,且差异均有统计学意义(t＝－35.96、－7.66、－51.29、－22.03、36.62,P<0.01)。③观察组儿童糖代谢指标HOMA-IR(12.5±1.3)及OGTT GLU2h、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素浓度[(7.5±0.9) mmol/L、(5.97±0.22) mmol/L、(47.0±4.2) pmol/L]均较对照组高[(2.8±0.3)、(4.0±0.4) mmol/L、(4.47±0.13) mmol/L、(14.0±1.4) pmol/L],且差异均有统计学意义(t＝－38.64、－25.44、－43.65、－57.31,P<0.01)。④观察组儿童BMI与AI、TC、LDL、TG、HOMA-IR、OGTT GLU2h、空腹血糖及空腹胰岛素之间呈正相关关系(r＝0.964、0.707、0.960、0.948、0.974、0.969、0.967、0.965,P<0.001);BMI与HDL间呈负相关关系(r＝－0.939,P<0.001)。 结论与正常体重儿童比较,超重或单纯性肥胖儿童更易罹患心血管疾病,应加强对超重或单纯性肥胖儿童的合理饮食指导,采取健康生活方式,预防心血管疾病发生。