Reliability and validity testing for the Child Oral Health Impact Profile‐Reduced (COHIP‐SF 19)

Objectives: This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile–Short Form 19 (COHIP‐SF 19) from the validated 34‐item COHIP. Methods: Participants included 205 pediatric, 107 orthodontic, and 863 patients with craniofacial anomalies (CFAs). Item level evaluations included examining content overlap, distributional properties, and use of the response set. Confirmatory factor analysis identified potential items for deletion. Scale reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. Discriminant validity of the COHIP‐SF 19 was evaluated as follows: among pediatric participants, scores were compared with varying amounts of decayed and filled surfaces (DFS) and presence of caries on permanent teeth; for orthodontic patients, scores were correlated with anterior tooth spacing/crowding; and for those with CFA, scores were compared with clinicians' ratings of extent of defect (EOD) for nose and lip and/or speech hypernasality. Convergent validity was assessed by examining the partial Spearman correlation between the COHIP scores and a standard Global Health self‐rating. Comparisons between the COHIP and the COHIP‐SF 19 were completed across samples. Results: The reduced questionnaire consists of 19 items: Oral Health (five items), Functional Well‐Being (four items), and a combined subscale named Socio‐Emotional Well‐Being (10 items). Internal reliability is ≥0.82 for the three samples. Results demonstrate that the COHIP‐SF 19 discriminates within and across treatment groups by EOD and within a community‐based pediatric sample. The measure is associated with the Global Health rating (P < 0.05), thereby indicating convergent validity. Conclusions: Reliability and validity testing demonstrate that the COHIP‐SF 19 is a psychometrically sound instrument to measure oral health‐related quality of life across school‐aged pediatric populations.     

A German version of the GOHAI

Abstract – Objectives: Translation, reliability analysis and validation of a German version of the Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) was the aim of this study. Methods: Translation was performed by a forward–backward process. Validity was assessed as convergent validity in comparison with another self‐perceived assessment of oral health (OHIP‐14) and as group validity (n = 218; mean age 73 years). Reliability was proved in terms of internal consistency, inter‐item and item‐scale correlations, and stability (test–retest procedure; n = 36; mean age 77 years). The responsiveness to change in oral health status was assessed by pre‐ and post‐treatment comparison (n = 21; mean age 63 years). Results: A German version of the GOHAI is presented. Convergent validity was sufficient (r = ?0.76 compared with OHIP‐14); group validity could be demonstrated for self‐perceived need for treatment, chewing problems, number of own teeth, caries lesions present and dental status. The internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92) as were inter‐item and item‐scale correlations, for which good homogeneity of the index was apparent. The test–retest correlation for the summary score was r = 0.84, single item correlations ranged from r = 0.36 to r = 0.89. The GOHAI sum score increased significantly after patients received new dentures, indicating responsiveness of the GOHAI to clinical change in the expected direction. Conclusions: The German version of the GOHAI had sufficient reliability, validity and responsiveness to be used as measure of oral health‐related quality of life in cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies of the elderly.     

Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES‐NL) in dental patients with and without self‐reported tooth wear

The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) in dental patients with and without self‐reported tooth wear. The English version of the OES was translated into Dutch, following established guidelines for cross‐cultural adaptation of health‐related quality of life measures. The reliability of the resulting OES‐NL was tested in a test–retest study on 343 subjects; its validity was tested with the use of convergent validity on 582 subjects. The test–retest reliability of the OES‐NL showed intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC) that ranged from 0·76 to 0·82, which can be qualified as excellent. The Cronbach's alpha revealed that the overall internal consistency of the scale was good (α = 0·89). Convergent validity was confirmed by the association between the OES‐NL summary scores and three questions of the Dutch version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐NL). The calculated Spearman's rank correlation coefficients ranged from −0·43 to −0·54 and were all significant (P < 0·001). The Dutch version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES‐NL) showed good psychometric properties, making it suitable for the assessment of self‐perceived aesthetics in Dutch dental patients with and without self‐reported tooth wear.     

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (Korean version)

Empirical support for the factor structure of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) has not been fully established. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the factor structure of the Korean version of the COHIP (COHIP‐K) empirically using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on the theoretical framework and then to assess whether any of the factors in the structure could be grouped into a simpler single second‐order factor. Data were collected through self‐reported COHIP‐K responses from a representative community sample of 2,236 Korean children, 8–15 yr of age. Because a large inter‐factor correlation of 0.92 was estimated in the original five‐factor structure, the two strongly correlated factors were combined into one factor, resulting in a four‐factor structure. The revised four‐factor model showed a reasonable fit with appropriate inter‐factor correlations. Additionally, the second‐order model with four sub‐factors was reasonable with sufficient fit and showed equal fit to the revised four‐factor model. A cross‐validation procedure confirmed the appropriateness of the findings. Our analysis empirically supported a four‐factor structure of COHIP‐K, a summarized second‐order model, and the use of an integrated summary COHIP score.     

Reliability and validity of a Swedish version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐S)

The aim of this study was to translate the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) into Swedish and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Swedish version (OHIP‐S). The OHIP is a 49‐item, self‐administered questionnaire divided into 7 different subscales. The original version in English was translated into Swedish, accompanied by back‐translation into English, after which the Swedish version was revised. A total of 145 consecutive patients participated and answered a questionnaire. The patients comprised five clinically separate groups: temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) (n = 30), Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) (n = 30), burning sensation and pain in the oral mucosa (oral mucosal pain, OMP) (n = 28), skeletal malocclusion (malocclusion) (n = 27), and healthy dental recall patients (controls) (n = 30). The TMD group and the control group participated in a test–retest procedure. The internal reliability of each subscale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha and found to be high and to range from 0.83–0.91. The stability (test–retest) of the instrument, calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient, ranged from 0.87 to 0.98. The construct validity of OHIP‐S was compared with subscales of the Symptom Check List (SCL‐90) (rho 0.65) and the Jaw Function Limitation Scale (JFLS) (rho 0.76) and analyzed with Spearman's correlation coefficient. Convergent validity was evaluated by comparing OHIP with self‐reported health using Spearman's correlation coefficient and was found to be acceptable (rho 0.61). In the evaluation of the discriminative ability of the instrument, significant differences were found in the total OHIP‐S score between the controls and the other four groups (P<0.001). We conclude that the reliability and validity of OHIP‐S is excellent. The instrument can be recommended for assessing the impact of oral health on masticatory ability and psychosocial function.     

Validation of the Chinese version of the Halitosis Associated Life-quality Test (HALT) questionnaire

Oral Diseases (2012) 18 , 707–712 Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Halitosis Associated Life‐quality Test (HALT) questionnaire. Methods: A total of 106 patients with oral malodour were recruited to complete the questionnaire after its translation and cross‐cultural adaptation. The reliability of the Chinese version of the HALT was evaluated using internal consistency and test–retest methods. Both construct validity and discriminative validity were adopted to evaluate the validity of the HALT. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha value (internal reliability) for the total HALT score was 0.95, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value (test–retest reliability) was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.74–0.98). The construct validity was determined by exploratory factor analysis. Four factors were extracted, which accounted for 85.18% of the variance. All items had factor loadings above 0.40, ranging from 0.53 to 0.94. In addition, the Chinese version of the HALT was found to be valid for distinguishing patients with different degrees of oral malodour. Conclusion: The results suggest that the Chinese version of the HALT has satisfactory psychometric properties and is applicable to patients with oral malodour in Chinese‐speaking populations.     

儿童口腔健康相关生存质量量表信度与效度的验证研究

目的 通过对8～15岁儿童口腔健康相关生存质量量表(COHIP)中文版信度与效度的验证研究,探讨其在中国适龄儿童中应用的可行性.方法 按照国际生存质量评价项目的标准程序,对英文原版COHIP系列问卷中的儿童问卷、父母问卷分别进行翻译、回译、文化调适和改造,建立中文版COHIP,形成适应儿童口腔健康和治疗需求的自我评估问卷、内容效度指数(CvI)合格的评估量表.使用该系列量表对8～15岁的儿童及其家长进行儿童口腔健康相关生存质量调查,考评量表的信度和效度.结果 1 189对儿童及家长接受问卷调查,收回有效问卷1 143份,量表完成率为96.1％.COHIP儿童表内部一致性Cronbach's α[系数为0.903,条目-量表相关系数为0.134～0.611,Guttman分半信度系数为0.798,组内相关系数(ICC)为0.926.COHIP家长表内部一致性Cronbach'sα系数为0.796,条目-量表相关系数为0.121～0.614,Guttman分半信度系数为0.796,ICC为0.931.因子分析显示中文版量表所包含的条目存在预想的逻辑关系.结论 中文版COHIP具有良好的信度和效度,其良好的心理测量学性质为其在中国适龄儿童中的应用提供了理论依据.     

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire

J Oral Pathol Med (2013) 42 : 194–199 Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire (COMDQ). Methods: A consecutive sample of 200 patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases was enrolled to complete the questionnaire after its translation and cross‐cultural adaptation. The reliability of the Chinese version of COMDQ was determined through internal consistency and test–retest methods. The construct validity of COMDQ was analysed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results: Cronbach’s alpha value for the total COMDQ score was 0.894, and the test–retest intraclass correlation coefficient value for the total COMDQ score was 0.83. The EFA extracted four factors, which accounted for 67.89% of the variance. All items showed adequate factor loadings, ranging from 0.487 to 0.947. Conclusion: The results suggest that the Chinese version of the COMDQ has satisfactory psychometric properties and is applicable to patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases in China.     

Development of the Chinese version of the Oro‐facial Esthetic Scale

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Oro‐facial Esthetic Scale among Chinese‐speaking patients. The original Oro‐facial Esthetic Scale was cross‐culturally adapted in accordance with the international standards to develop a Chinese version (OES‐C). Unlike the original Oro‐facial Esthetic Scale, the version employed in this study used a 5‐point Likert scale with items rated from unsatisfactory to most satisfactory. Psychometric evaluation included the reliability and validity of the OES‐C. The reliability of the OES‐C was determined through internal consistency and test–retest methods. The validity of OES‐C was analysed by content validity, discriminative validity, construct validity and convergent validity. The corrected item‐total correlation coefficients of the OES‐C ranged from 0·859 to 0·910. The inter‐item correlation coefficients between each two of the eight items of the OES‐C ranged from 0·766 to 0·922. The values of ICC ranged from 0·79 (95% CI = 0·54–0·98) to 0·93 (95% CI = 0·87–0·99), indicating an excellent agreement. Construct validity was proved by the presence of one‐factor structure that accounted for 83·507% of the variance and fitted well into the model. Convergent validity was confirmed by the association between OES‐C scores and self‐reported oral aesthetics and three questions from the Oral Health Impact Profile related to aesthetics (correlation coefficients ranged from ?0·830 to ?0·702, P < 0·001). OES‐C scores discriminated aesthetically impaired patients from healthy controls. This study provides preliminary evidence concerning the reliability and validity of the OES‐C. The results show that the OES‐C may be a useful tool for assessment of oro‐facial esthetics in China.     

Translation and validation of a Chinese language version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)

Objective.  This study aimed to adapt the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) for pre-school children in a Chinese speaking community and to investigate its psychometric properties (validity and reliability).
Methods.  A Chinese language version of the ECOHIS was derived through a forward–backward translation and tested for face and content validity among a focus group. A convenient sample of pre-school children ( n  = 111) was recruited (including a sub-sample with early childhood caries and caries-free children). Parents of the children self-completed the derived Chinese-ECOHIS measure. Validity of the measure was assessed by investigating the relationship between dental caries status and Chinese-ECOHIS scores (construct and criterion validity). A sub-sample of the parents repeated the ratings of the measure to enable reliability assessments. Both internal and test–retest reliability were determined.
Results.  A Chinese version of ECOHIS was derived with minor modification to the original version. Chinese-ECOHIS scores were associated with children's caries experience (dmft) ( r =  0.66, P  < 0.05) supporting convergent validity. In addition, variations in ECOHIS scores were apparent with respect to caries and caries-free groups ( P  <   0.001), supporting the ability to distinguish between patient groups. Cronbach's alpha values (internal reliability) for total ECOHIS score were 0.91 and intraclass correlation coefficient value (test–retest reliability) was 0.64.
Conclusions.  A Chinese version of the ECOHIS was developed and demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. These findings can enable assessments of pre-school child oral health-related quality of life in Chinese speaking communities.     

The PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale in Iranian children: reliability and validity

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011 Objective. The primary objective of the study was to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory? (PedsQL?) Oral Health Scale in over 1000 Iranian children. Methods. A standard forward and backward translation procedure was used to convert the US English dialect version of the PedsQL? Oral Health Scale into the Iranian language (Persian). The Iranian version of the PedsQL? Oral Health Scale, in combination with the PedsQL? 4.0 Generic Core Scales, was then subsequently administered to 1053 Iranian children and 1026 parents. The reliability of the PedsQL? Oral Health Scale was evaluated using internal consistency and test‐retest methods. Known‐groups discriminant validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the Oral Health and the four Generic Core Scales combined, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Oral Health Scale alone were conducted. The Benjamini–Hochberg procedure was used to correct P‐values for multiple comparisons. Results. Good to excellent internal consistency and test‐retest reliabilities were demonstrated. The PedsQL? Oral Health Scale demonstrated discriminant validity for subgroups of children across different decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index categories and gender. The EFA supported the a priori factor model of the combined five scales. The CFA analysis confirmed the unidimensional factor structure of the Oral Health Scale. Conclusions. The PedsQL? Oral Health Scale demonstrated excellent psychometric properties in combination with the PedsQL? 4.0 Generic Core Scales. These five scales combined can be utilized to assess the multidimensional oral‐health‐related quality of life of Iranian children.     

A comprehensive evaluation of the validity of Child-OIDP: further evidence from Peru

Abstract – Objective: To comprehensively assess the psychometric properties of the child version of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance ( Child‐OIDP), by reporting additional validation methodologies and highlighting underlying constructs. Methods: Four of seven public schools linked to the Mother‐Child Health Centre from Puente Piedra (Lima, Peru) were randomly selected as clusters. All their 903 11‐ to 12‐year‐old children were invited to participate. The Child‐OIDP was cross‐culturally adapted to Spanish and its content, face, criterion and construct validity as well as internal and external reliability evaluated in successive pilot studies and a main study. Results: For criterion validity, Child‐OIDP scores were associated to self‐perceived oral health status, self‐perceived dental treatment need and satisfaction with oral health status (P < 0.001 in all cases). In relation to construct validity, an exploratory factor analysis provided three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, which represented the physical, psychological and social health components. Cronbach’s alpha varied between 0.62 and 0.65, whereas test–retest reliability was 0.85 (intra‐class correlation coefficient). Conclusions: The Spanish_(Peru) Child‐OIDP is a valid and reliable interviewer‐administered instrument to measure the impact of the oral conditions on quality of life. This study provides new evidence in support of the psychometric properties of the Child‐OIDP.     

Validation of the chinese version of the oral health impact profile for TMDs (OHIP- TMDs-C)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the the Chinese version of the Oral Health Impact Profile for TMDs (OHIP-TMDs-C). Study Design: The OHIP-TMDs was initially translated and cross-culturally adapted to Chinese following international guidelines; then subsequently validated for the psychometric characteristics of reliability and validity. In total, 156 participants with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) were recruited to complete the questionnaire. The reliability of the OHIP-TMDs-C was evaluated using internal consistency and test-retest methods. The validity of the OHIP-TMDs-C was analysed by construct validity and convergent validity. Construct validity was determined based on factor analysis, and convergent validity by analyzing the correlation between OHIP-TMDs-C subscale scores and the global rating of oral health question. Results: Cronbach’s alpha value (internal reliability) for the total OHIP-TMDs-C score was 0.917 and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value (test–retest reliability) was 0.899. Construct validity was determined by factor analysis, extracting five factors, accounting for 78.6% of the variance. All items had factor loadings above 0.40. In terms of convergent validity, the OHIP-TMDs-C subscale was significant correlated to the global oral health rating. Conclusions: The results suggest that the OHIP-TMDs-C has good reliability and validity and thus may be used as a valuable instrument for patients with TMDs in China. Key words:Validation, TMDs, quality of life, questionnaire.     

Development and validation of the Burdens in Oral Surgery Questionnaire (BiOS‐Q)

Patients’ perspective is increasingly re‐cognised as an important outcome measure in oral surgery. However, how patients perceive the surgical treatment cannot be assessed currently. This would be an important indicator for process‐related quality of care. It was the aim to develop and to validate an instrument for the assessment of patient‐based measures of process‐related quality of care in oral surgery. The new Burdens in Oral Surgery Questionnaire (BiOS‐Q) was developed in two steps in patients undergoing oral surgery. First, an item pool was created using semi‐structured interviews in 90 patients. Second, a preliminary version was applied in 297 consecutively recruited patients to assess redundancy, completion rates, face validity, difficulty and distribution. Psychometric properties of the final version of the questionnaire were evaluated. The BiOS‐Q consists of 16 items and showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0·84) and excellent test–retest reliability (ICC = 0·90). The questionnaire's mean score was significantly correlated with dentists’ burdens (r = 0·44) and patients’ overall satisfaction (r = 0·39) indicating sufficient validity. The BiOS‐Q is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of patient‐based process‐related quality of care in oral surgery.     

Validation of the Pain Resilience Scale in Chinese‐speaking patients with temporomandibular disorders pain

To validate the Pain Resilience Scale (PRS) for use in Chinese patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain. According to international guidelines, the original PRS was first translated and cross‐culturally adapted to formulate the Chinese version of PRS (PRS‐C). A total of 152 patients with TMD pain were recruited to complete series of questionnaires. Reliability of the PRS‐C was investigated using internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. Validity of the PRS‐C was calculated using cross‐cultural validity and convergent validity. Cross‐cultural validity was evaluated by examining the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). And convergent validity was examined through correlating the PRS‐C scores with scores of 2 commonly used pain‐related measures (the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale [CD‐RISC] and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders [TSK‐TMD]). The PRS‐C had a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92) and good test‐retest reliability (intra‐class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.81). The CFA supported a 2‐factor model for the PRS‐C with acceptable fit to the data. The fit indices were chi‐square/DF = 2.21, GFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.97, CFI = 0.98 and RMSEA = 0.08. As regards convergent validity, the PRS‐C evidenced moderate‐to‐good relationships with the CD‐RISC and the TSK‐TMD. The PRS‐C shows good psychometric properties and could be considered as a reliable and valid measure to evaluate pain‐related resilience in patients with TMD pain.     

Development of a questionnaire measuring treatment concerns in regular dental patients

Abstract – Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop an instrument measuring core concerns about dental treatment guided by Reiss’ expectancy theory of fear. This would include the content domains of injury, somatic reaction and interpersonal concerns, to study the underlying factorial structure, and to determine the test quality of the resulting subscales. Methods: A total of 555 regular dental patients answered the item pool. Subsamples filled in the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) (n = 346) and the Anxiety‐Present Scale of the state‐form of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI‐S) (n = 187). A second sample (n = 89) was used to determine test‐retest reliability and bias for social desirability [Self Disclosure Scale of the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI)]. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified a stable three‐dimensional structure underlying the items convergent to the content domains of interpersonal, injury and somatic reaction concerns. Internal consistencies of the resulting subscales were between α = 0.84 and α = 0.87, test‐retest reliabilities were from r_tt = 0.72–0.78. No evidence for a social desirability response bias was found. All subscales discriminated between patients with low and high dental trait anxiety at a level of P < 0.00001. Dental treatment concerns predicted 36% of variations in actual anxiety during treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that the proposed instrument, namely the Dental Treatment Concerns Inventory, shows good test qualities according to construct, discriminant and predictive validity, and may be a promising tool for research and clinical applications.     

Validation of the Spanish version of the “Questionnaire on the treatment of approximal and occlusal caries”

Objectives

To translate and validate a Spanish version of the “Questionnaire on the treatment of approximal and occlusal caries” as a method of collecting information about treatment decisions on caries management in Chilean primary health care services.

Materials and methods

The original questionnaire proposed by Espelid et al. was translated into Spanish using the forward–backward translation technique. Subsequently, validation of the Spanish version was undertaken. Data were collected from two separate samples; first, from 132 Spanish-speaking dentists recruited from primary health care services and second, from 21 individuals characterised as cariologists. Internal consistency was evaluated by the generation of Cronbach's alpha, test–retest reliability was evaluated by Cohen's kappa, convergent validity was evaluated by comparing the total scale scores to a global evaluation of treatment trends and discriminant validity was evaluated by investigating the differences in total scale scores between the Spanish-speaking dentist and cariologist samples.

Results

Cronbach's alpha indicated an internal consistency of 0.63 for the entire scale. Cohen's kappa correlation coefficient expressed a test–retest reliability of 0.83. Convergent validity determined a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.24 (p?<?0.01). The comparison of proportions (chi-squared) indicated that discriminant validity was statistically significant (p?<?0.01), using a one-tailed test.

Conclusions

The Spanish version of the “Questionnaire on the treatment of approximal and occlusal caries” is a valid and reliable instrument for collecting information regarding treatment decisions in cariology.

Clinical relevance

The clinical relevance of this study is to acquire a reliable instrument that allows for the determination of treatment decisions in Spanish-speaking dentists.     

Translation, validation, and construct reliability of a Portuguese version of the Xerostomia Inventory

Oral Diseases (2012) 18 , 293–298 Objectives: To generate and validate at pretest level a cross‐culturally adapted Portuguese version of Xerostomia Inventory (XI), a 11‐item questionnaire designed to measure specific xerostomia rating of patients complaints. Methods: The original English version of the XI was translated into Portuguese following the guidelines for cross‐cultural adaptation of health‐related quality of life measures. Thirty patients with primary Sjögren syndrome were recruited for this study. The questionnaires were administered by trained and calibrated dental doctors to each patient. XI properties were examined including reliability, internal consistency, and test‐retest reliability, using Cronbach’s alpha, total and inter‐item correlation, and intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC), respectively. Construct validity supported by objective measurements of xerostomia intra‐oral signs and salivary secretion was investigated. Alpha was set at 0.05. Informed consents and local ethical committee clearance were obtained. Results: Internal consistency and test‐retest reliability were excellent (Cronbach’s α = 0.9; ICC range = 0.79–0.94). Scatterplot interpolation and Pearson correlation coefficient suggested the presence of a strong, negative, and significant correlation between salivation and the XI scores indicating construct validity. Conclusion: The Portuguese version of the XI can be considered a reliable and valid instrument to measure patients’ xerostomia symptoms.     

Applicability of an Albanian version of the OIDP in an adolescent population

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 21: 289–298 Background. The impact of oral conditions on quality of life of adolescents has not been thoroughly investigated. Aim. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of an Albanian version of the oral impact of daily performance (OIDP) questionnaire. Design. A total of 493 adolescents attending secondary public schools in Albania attended clinical examination and completed a questionnaire that included an Albanian version of the OIDP inventory. The psychometric properties of the OIDP were evaluated in terms of reliability and validity. Results. The validity and reliability of the Albanian version of OIDP were good. Cohen’s Kappa ranged from 0.72 to 0.79. In terms of internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.77. Construct and criterion validity were demonstrated in that the OIDP frequency scores were statistically significant with global measures of self‐rated and self‐perceived oral health status variables and some of the clinical variables used in this study. A total 60.9% of participants reported having at least one oral impact. The most prevalent impact was difficulty in smiling, whereas difficulty in speaking was less prevalent impact. Conclusion. The Albanian version of OIDP seems to be a reliable and valid scale for use in an urban adolescent population.     

Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children

Objective: To adapt the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measurement tool SOHO-5 (scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children) for use in Chinese populations, and to investigate the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of SOHO-5 (C-SOHO-5). Materials and methods: The draft C-SOHO-5 was developed by a forward–backward process and pilot-tested on 20 child–parent pairs. The final version was tested on a sample of 5-year-old children and their parents. Clinical examinations were conducted to record the children’s caries experience. The reliability of C-SOHO-5 was assessed by both internal consistency and test—retest reliability. Its discriminant validity and construct validity were also investigated. Results: A total of 249 child–parent pairs participated in this study. Cronbach’s alpha values for the child’s version of C-SOHO-5 (C-SOHO-5c) and the parental version of C-SOHO-5 (C-SOHO-5p) were 0.71 and 0.82, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient values for C-SOHO-5c and C-SOHO-5p were 0.85 and 0.46, respectively. Both the child’s and the parental version were able to discriminate the caries and caries-free children groups. Children with caries experience had higher mean ranks of the total score of both C-SOHO-5c and C-SOHO-5p than those of the caries-free children (134.9 vs. 113.8, P = 0.015; 134.7 vs. 93.2, P < 0.001). In addition, the total scores of both child’s and parental reports were significantly correlated with the global rating questions. Conclusion: The C-SOHO-5 demonstrated good reliability and validity. This tool, which uses both child’s and parental reports, can be used to assess the OHRQoL of 5-year-old children in Chinese-speaking communities.Key words: Oral health, quality of life, preschool children, validity, questionnaire