紫外分光光度法测定人参及三七中总皂苷含量

目的:人参和三七及制剂中皂苷含量测定方法的系列研究。方法:①用水饱和正丁醇提取样品中的皂苷;②超声波处理30min ;③通过大孔树脂除去糖分等杂质;④用紫外分光光度法测定总皂苷含量。结果:用本法测得的结果与文献报道结果相近。结论:本法稳定性可靠,重复性好。     

三七药材中总皂苷的含量测定

目的：测定三七中总皂苷的含量.方法：应用比色法.结果：三七中总皂苷的平均含量为0.452mg/g.结论：本法简便、可行,可供本品质量控制用.     

紫外分光光度法测定七叶皂苷钠含量

目的:建立紫外分光光度法测定七叶皂苷钠含量.方法:用紫外分光光法测定七叶皂苷钠的含量,并将测定的方法与滴定法进行比较.结果:七叶皂苷钠在30～150 mg·L-1浓度范围内,吸收度与浓度线性关系良好(r=0.999 4).其回收率为99.63%,RSD为0.52%(n=9).结论:本法简便、快速,可用于七叶皂苷钠含量测定.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定参芍片中人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1的含量

目的用HPLC-ELSD法测定参芍片中人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量。方法HPLC-ELSD法。结果人参皂苷Rg1回收率为99.8%,RSD1.66%;Rb1回收率为100.1%,RSD为1.21%。结论本法简便、准确,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定开心散中人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的建立开心散中人参皂苷Rg1的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法测定人参皂苷Rg1的含量,乙腈-水（21：79）为流动相;检测波长为203nm。结果人参皂苷Rgl在0.406～3.654μg范围内线性关系良好。加样回收率为99.4%,测定结果的RSD=1.63。结论本法可用于测定中人参皂苷Rg1的含量。     

HPLC色谱法测定救脑滴丸中人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1的含量

目的:建立救脑滴丸中人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1的含量测定方法.方法:采用C18柱(10μm,250mm×4.6mm),人参皂苷Rg1用乙腈-0.05%磷酸(1 : 3),人参皂苷Rb1用乙腈-0.1%磷酸(33:67),流速:1.0mi/min,检测波长:203nm.结果:人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1在0.508～5.08μg线性关系良好,平均回收率人参皂苷Rg1为101.59%,RSD为2.57%,人参皂苷Rb1为101.28%,RSD为2.50%.结论:本法探作简便,结果稳定,重现性好,可作为质量控制方法.     

RP-HPLC法测定参茸安神片中人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的：用RP-HPLC法检测参茸安神片中人参皂苷Rg1含量,为制定质量标准中含量测定方法及含量限度提供了依据。方法：以ODS为填充剂,乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液（20∶80）为流动相,检测波长为203nm,流速1.0mL·min^-1。结果：人参皂苷Rg1进样量在1.024-12.800μg范围线性关系良好,r=0.9998;加样回收率为99.1%,RSD为1.38%。结论：本法能很好地对人参皂苷Rg1分离检测,准确可靠,重现性好。     

怀牛膝中总皂苷含量测定

目的 建立怀牛膝中总皂苷含量测定方法.方法 采用高氯酸-香草醛比色法,其原理是怀牛膝中总皂苷与该显色剂反应后,可在相应波长处(544 nm)进行测量.结果 比色法所测定的线形范围为0.2～1.2 mg,相关系数r=0.998 4.平均回收率96.0%,RSD＝3.23%.结论 本法简便、准确,可用于怀牛膝总皂苷含量测定.     

HPLC测定乳癖消颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的建立乳癖消颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1的高效液相含量测定的方法.方法采用Diamonsil C18(250×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈与水的线性梯度洗脱,检测波长203nm.结果人参皂苷Rg1在0.5～5.1μg范围内有良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为96.9%.结论本法操作简便、快速、准确,可用于乳癖消颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1的含量测定.     

榼藤子总皂苷的提取纯化及含量测定

目的:对HP-20大孔吸附树脂提取纯化榼藤子总皂苷及其含量进行了研究。方法:采用HP-20大孔吸附树脂,乙醇-水为洗脱溶剂提取纯化榼藤子总皂苷;采用酶标仪法测定榼藤子中总皂苷的含量,测定波长为546 nm。结果:线性范围为0.028 62～0.111 3 mg·mL-1;平均回收率为98.44%;RSD为1.90%。结论:本法操作简单易行,结果稳定,为榼藤子总皂苷的质量控制提供参考。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.