锁骨上动脉岛状瓣的解剖研究及其修复舌缺损的初步报告

目的 为临床应用锁骨上动脉岛状瓣提供解剖学依据,评价其修复舌部缺损的可靠性.方法 用成人尸体10例(20侧)经锁骨下动脉灌注氧化铅-明胶溶液的标本,观测颈横动脉和锁骨上动脉的分支、起始位置、行程、长度和管径,观察其静脉回流情况.用锁骨上动脉岛状瓣修复4例舌癌切除术后缺损,通过观察舌部形态和功能恢复及供区并发症等,评价修复效果.结果 颈横动脉由甲状颈干或锁骨下动脉分支而来,在锁骨中1/3上方分为深支和浅支.锁骨上动脉由颈横动脉浅支发出.颈横动脉起点至锁骨上动脉起点距离约4.3 cm,锁骨上动脉起点至其分支穿深筋膜点的距离约3.6 cm.颈横动脉起点处血管外径约2.7 mm,锁骨上动脉起点处血管外径约1.1 mm.两条锁骨上动脉伴行静脉分别回流入颈横静脉和颈外静脉.4例用于修复舌部缺损的皮瓣中,3例全部成活,1例小部分皮岛坏死,肩功能运动不受影响.结论 以锁骨上动脉为营养血管的锁骨上动脉岛状瓣带蒂转移适于修复口腔颌面颈部组织缺损,也可以颈横动脉为吻合血管制作游离皮瓣.     

游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步研究

目的 探讨游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用.方法 2010年4月至2011年1月16例患者头颈部肿瘤切除后拟用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复组织缺损,术前采用超声多普勒血流仪或彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管,设计皮瓣,术中记录皮瓣大小、穿支血管的数目和血管蒂长度,术后观察游离瓣成活情况,随访记录供区愈合情况及评价术后并发症.结果 最终完成游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复16例,15例皮瓣术后成活,1例术后因静脉危象手术探查后皮瓣部分存活.供区15例直接缝合,1例植皮.15例供区Ⅰ期愈合,1例因术后供区肌肉坏死行清创手术后愈合.14例术后随访3～ 12个月,所有患者供区除因瘢痕致远端皮肤触觉异常外,远期无明显功能障碍.结论 游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣供区并发症轻微,适用头颈部中小型缺损修复.     

颈横动脉为蒂的带蒂组织瓣在头颈肿瘤术后缺损修复中的应用

自上世纪70年代末以来,随着对颈横动脉及周围解剖研究的不断深入,颈横动脉为蒂的带蒂组织瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损的手术方法和技巧的不断改进,以颈横动脉为蒂的带蒂组织瓣逐渐受到学者们的重视。笔者对目前国内外颈横动脉解剖学研究最新进展和以颈横动脉为蒂的带蒂组织瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后软硬组织缺损的临床研究作一综述。     

延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复重建大型头颈部缺损

颈横动脉供血的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣(extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap,eVLTIMF)用于修复重建大型头颈部缺损安全可靠。该瓣制备较简单,成活率高。供区较隐蔽,可直接关闭缝合,并发症少,肩部运动受影响较小;还可制备成折叠瓣,合并其他带蒂瓣或合并肩胛骨骨肌皮瓣修复特大洞穿性缺损或下颌骨缺损。eVLTIMF在头颈部大面积缺损修复,尤其是在晚期复发性头颈部肿瘤挽救手术后巨大缺损修复重建中起着重要作用。本文对斜方肌的临床应用解剖、 eVLTIMF瓣制备及其在颅颌面、口腔颌面和颌颈区缺损修复中的应用作一阐述。     

锁骨上动脉皮瓣在口腔癌术后缺损修复中的应用

近年来锁骨上动脉皮瓣成功用于修复口腔癌根治术后的缺损,获得了较为满意的效果.本文介绍运用锁骨上动脉皮瓣修复口腔癌根治术后缺损7例的临床经验,以供临床参考.     

锁骨上动脉岛状瓣在头颈部修复重建中的应用

因肿瘤切除引起的头颈部软组织缺损或畸形,常采用各种带蒂或游离组织瓣移植,恢复其外形和功能。锁骨上动脉岛状瓣因具有皮瓣质地和颜色与头颈部相近、厚度适中、制备简便和供区并发症少等优点,近年来日益受到人们的关注。该文对锁骨上动脉岛状瓣的历史、应用解剖、组织瓣设计和制备及其在头颈重建外科中的应用作一综述。     

锁骨上动脉岛状瓣的应用解剖

目的:为临床应用锁骨上动脉岛状瓣提供解剖学依据。方法:在10例20侧经锁骨下动脉灌注氧化铅-明胶溶液的成人尸体标本上,对颈横动脉和锁骨上动脉的分支情况、起始位置、行程、长度和管径进行观测,观察其回流静脉情况,并在尸体标本上模拟皮瓣制备。结果:颈横动脉由甲状颈干或锁骨下动脉分支而来,在锁骨中1/3上方分为深支和浅支。锁骨上动脉由颈横动脉浅支发出后行向后外,越过斜方肌浅面和锁骨的肩峰端,走行于三角肌筋膜的浅面,并逐渐发出细小分支穿过深筋膜,进入锁骨上和肩部的皮肤和皮下组织。颈横动脉起点至锁骨上动脉起点距离平均为(4.31±0.64)cm,锁骨上动脉起点至其发出分支穿深筋膜点的距离平均为(3.62±0.42)cm。颈横动脉起点处外径平均为(2.71±0.33)mm,锁骨上动脉起点处外径平均为(1.10±0.17)mm。2条锁骨上动脉伴行静脉分别回流入颈横静脉和颈外静脉。结论:以锁骨上动脉为营养血管的锁骨上动脉岛状瓣,适于转移修复口腔颌面颈部组织缺损,也可以颈横动脉为吻合血管,制作游离皮瓣。     

颏下岛状皮瓣的解剖研究及临床应用进展

颏下岛状皮瓣于1993年由Martin等[1]首先报道。该皮瓣颜色、质地与面部组织十分相似、外观自然;皮瓣蒂长、旋转范围大;可提供的皮肤组织量大;血供稳定、成活率高;供区隐蔽,可以一期缝合;而且操作较为简单,手术及住院时间短,目前已成为修复头颈部缺损的重要皮瓣之一。本文现将该     

眶下蒂鼻唇沟瓣修复鼻缺损的临床研究

目的 :探索鼻缺损修复重建的新方法 ,评价眶下蒂鼻唇沟瓣修复鼻缺损的临床应用价值。方法 :对 10例患者应用眶下血管皮下蒂鼻唇沟瓣经皮下隧道转移修复其鼻部组织缺损。其中单纯皮肤皮下软组织缺损者 4例 ,鼻全层洞穿复合组织缺损者 6例。结果 :10例皮瓣全部存活 ,最大皮瓣面积 5cm× 2 .5cm ,皮瓣色泽、质地与周围皮肤相仿 ,触温觉存在 ,供区瘢痕隐蔽 ,形态恢复满意。结论 :眶下血管皮下蒂鼻唇沟瓣作为邻近轴形皮瓣 ,具有众多优点 ,是鼻缺损修复重建的理想方法之一。     

穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面-头颈部缺损专家共识

穿支皮瓣由皮肤穿支血管供血,是常用的组织缺损修复形式,但头颈部解剖复杂、缺损形式多样以及穿支血管解剖变异等,阻碍了穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损修复中的进一步应用。迄今为止,国内外对于穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面-头颈部缺损临床应用缺少相关治疗指南,穿支血管的术前评价缺乏统一标准,穿支皮瓣的应用设计缺乏科学的规范,穿支皮瓣修复术后缺少客观的监测和评价体系。为进一步统一和规范穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损修复中的应用,提高重建效果,本共识总结全国多家著名医学院校及附属医院口腔颌面外科专家团队的实践经验,供临床医师参考。     

晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损的修复

目的:评价延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣联合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损的可行性。方法:对我院2008年6月—2012年2月施行的17例延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣联合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌切除后颊部黏膜和皮肤巨大洞穿性缺损病例进行回顾分析。结果:17例患者均伴晚期口腔癌切除后的颊部软硬组织巨大洞穿性缺损,修复口腔衬里的延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣大小为10 cm×8 cm～14 cm×10 cm,修复外部缺损的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣大小为15 cm×8 cm～25 cm×10 cm。所有病例均无严重并发症,随访6～34个月,9例患者无瘤生存,2例带瘤生存,6例死于局部复发及远处转移。结论:应用延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣复合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损是一种可靠的修复方法,对于再次手术,以及放疗后病例,在一定程度上优于游离皮瓣等其他修复方法。     

Indications for reconstruction of mucosal defects in oropharyngeal cancer using a supraclavicular island flap

The use of the supraclavicular island flap (SCIF) for the reconstruction of facial and neck skin defects is increasing. The value of this fasciocutaneous flap as a reconstructive modality for oropharyngeal defects in cancer patients is unclear. In the present study, a SCIF was used for reconstruction of mucosal defects following resection of the tumour in a group of four patients with T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and a clinical N0 neck. Reconstruction was performed following transoral tumour resection and selective neck dissection at levels I–III in the same session. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were analyzed, and functional and aesthetic results for the neck and shoulder region were evaluated in follow-up examinations. In addition, sensation to the flap was evaluated. No flap failures were observed. Only minor surgical complications were evident, which did not cause any relevant functional or aesthetic impairments. Sensation to the flap was observed in all cases. The SCIF appears to be a good and time-saving alternative to free flaps for oropharyngeal reconstruction following oncological resection in selected patients.     

Repair of skin covering osteoradionecrosis of the mandible with the fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap: case report.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible is a serious complication following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Reconstructive procedures in the head and neck region use a wide range of flaps for defect closure. The methods range from local, mostly myocutaneous flaps and skin grafts to free microsurgical flaps to ensure a satisfactory functional and aesthetic result. Moreover, the donor site defect needs to be closed, with as little as possible functional or aesthetic impairment. PATIENT AND METHOD: A 60-year-old male is presented with a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the left lower lip and chin area in whom the tumour was resected and treated by adjuvant radiotherapy. The follow-up was complicated by chronic inflammation of the left mandibular body as a sequel of radiotherapy; it resulted with partial bone destruction, and soft tissue dehiscence. He was admitted for repair and treatment of the infected mandibular osteoradionecrosis. A supraclavicular artery island flap was used to close the mandibular soft tissue defect. CONCLUSION: The shoulder provides a relatively good skin texture and match to provide cover and lining for defects in the lower part of the face, in combination with minor donor site morbidity.     

面-颏下动脉岛状瓣在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用

面?颏下动脉岛状皮瓣(facial?submentalarteryislandflap,FSAIF)是由面动脉?颏下动脉供血的筋膜皮瓣,其与口腔颌面部缺损区相邻,其质地、色泽与头面部相似,该瓣血供恒定且血运充分,制备较简单,成活率高,并发症少。根据所携带的组织,FSAIF可分为筋膜皮瓣、肌皮瓣、单纯皮瓣等,该瓣还可制备成带下颌骨的骨筋膜(肌)皮瓣,修复上颌骨缺损。由于其为带蒂瓣,能够大大缩短手术时间、卧床制动时间和住院时间,已被广泛应用于口腔颌面中型缺损修复。医师在使用FSAIF修复口腔颌面部缺损中应严格把握适应证,口腔颌面部良性肿瘤或恶性肿瘤未发生颈淋巴结转移者可安全使用;对于口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤发生颈淋巴结转移但无淋巴结外扩展者,在颈淋巴清扫彻底的前提下可使用该皮瓣。FSAIF修复禁忌证为口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤发生颈淋巴结转移且有淋巴结外扩展,此时,应选择其他组织瓣修复。     

Posterolateral skull base reconstruction using the supraclavicular artery island flap

The supraclavicular artery island (SAI) flap is a viable fasciocutaneous option for the reconstruction of head and neck defects. Although authors have reported success using SAI flaps for various reconstructive indications, concerns of a tenuous blood supply and distal ischemia have previously limited its use in the posterolateral skull base. This case series reports the outcomes of 5 consecutive patients receiving SAI flaps for posterolateral skull base reconstruction. All flaps were harvested in less than 1 hour with primary closure of all donor sites. A single patient developed superficial necrosis of the distal flap, which was repaired with a full-thickness skin graft. There were no other complications, and no donor site morbidity was observed. The SAI flap is an excellent option for the reconstruction of posterolateral skull base defects. The close color match, easy harvest within 1 hour, lack of microsurgical anastomosis, and absence of donor site morbidity support its continued utilization.     

Bilateral tunneled supraclavicular island flaps for simultaneous reconstruction of massive facial defect and intraoral lining

Reconstructive procedures in the head and neck region use a wide range of flaps for defect closure. The methods range from local, mostly myocutaneous flaps and skin grafts to free microsurgical flaps. To ensure a satisfactory functional and aesthetic result, good texture and color of the flap are always essential. Moreover, the donor-site defect needs to be reduced, with no resulting functional or aesthetic impairment. The supraclavicular island flap has been used successfully for difficult facial reconstruction cases, providing acceptable results without using microsurgical techniques. As a complementary study to the publication by Heitland and Pallua (Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115:1591), we report our preliminary clinical experience with bilateral tunneled supraclavicular island flaps for simultaneous reconstruction of massive facial defect and intraoral lining in massively progressed invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip with severe intraoral extension. This thin flap is easy and quick to harvest, has a reliable pedicle, and has minimal donor-site morbidity. It is now the authors' flap of choice for many common head and neck reconstructive problems.     

头颈外科二次游离重建受区血管选择：10年经验总结

目的：总结对头颈部进行二次游离重建受区血管的选择策略。方法：回顾分析2009年9月—2019年9月间中国医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面-头颈外科22例恶性肿瘤术后患者采用游离皮瓣二次重建头颈部缺损的经验,统计术中使用的受区血管、解剖时间以及吻合区与缺损区的距离等相关数据。结果：22例患者中,受区血管采用同侧颈部血管19例,其中颈横血管13例,颞浅血管3例,甲状腺上动脉+颈内静脉2例,面动脉+颈外、颈内静脉1例,对侧颈部血管3例,包括面动脉+颈内静脉2例,面动脉+颈内、颈外静脉1例。所有皮瓣完全成活且无明显并发症。结论：对于头颈外科术后需要二次游离皮瓣重建的病例,可首选颈横血管或颞浅血管作为受区血管。若两者不可用时,可打开未进行过手术的对侧颈部寻找理想受区血管;当对侧颈部也实施过颈淋巴清扫术和（或）放疗而无可用血管时,仔细探查同侧颈部解剖条件较好的血管以备吻合;而头静脉转位、静脉移植、乳内血管或胸肩峰血管等可作为最后的补救措施。     

以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣折叠修复口咽瘘

目的:观察以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣折叠修复口咽瘘的临床效果.方法:利用以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣修复11例口咽癌切除术后出现口咽瘘的患者,评价修复效果.11例患者包括8例男性,3例女性.口咽部瘘口大小3.0 cm×1.5 cm～4.0 cm×2.0 cm,颈部皮肤瘘口10 cm×6 cm～12 cm ×7 cm.结果:11例皮瓣全部成活,无严重并发症.术后随访6～18个月,患者吞咽和言语功能恢复正常,无瘘管复发和咽腔狭窄.患者对术后外形满意.结论:以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣是修复口咽瘘有效和安全的方法.