体外阻断GR功能对鸡脾淋巴细胞活性及Dex免疫抑制的影响

用地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）和ＲＵ４８６分别或联合与鸡淋巴细胞，ＣｏｎＡ－一起培养，检测了淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－胸苷（＾Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）量的变化，１０＾－５和１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／ＬＲＵ４８６可抑制淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ（Ｐ〈０．０１），而１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ则无明显影响（Ｐ〉０．０５）１０＾－５，１０＾－６和１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／ＬＤｅｘ地淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ有明显的抑制作用（Ｐ〈０．０１），１０＾－５ｍｏ     

人脑颞叶组织中类固醇5α—还原酶同功酶活性分布研究

本文采用酶放射分析对新鲜人脑颞叶组织中５α－还原酶同功酶的活性分布进行研究。结果显示：（１）在颞叶脑组织中，５α－还原酶２主要分布在灰质，其酶活性（５α－还原酶１．３３．６±４．５ｐｍｏｌ·ｈ＾－ｈ／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝１２；５α－还原酶２，１３．８±２．９ｐｍｏｌ·ｈ＾－１／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝１１）明显高于分布在白质中的酶活性（５α－还原酶１，１４．７±２．０ｐｍｏｌ·ｈ＾－１／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝１２，Ｐ〈０     

神经肽PACAP拮抗低密度脂蛋白对内皮细胞的损伤

以体外培养的内皮细胞（ＥＣ）为模型，观察神经肽ＰＡＣＡＰ对ＥＣ受低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）损伤的影响，结果表明，单纯加入ＬＤＬ至培养液时，ＥＣ出现胞体收缩，细胞膜破坏等明显的损伤性改变，在条件培养液中组织型溶酶原激活物（ｔ－ＰＡ）的含量显著降低，脂质过氧化物（ＭＤＡ）的产生显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）；而在培养液中同时加有ＰＡＣＡＰ（１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＥＣ，形态损伤不明显，培养液中ｔ－ＰＡ的含量升高     

白介素2和血小板活化因子对嗜酸性粒细胞的趋化作用比较

用改良Ｂｏｙｄｅｎ法，测定重组人白介素２（ｒｈＩＬ－２）和血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）对豚鼠嗜酸性粒细胞（Ｅｏｓ）和中性粒细胞（Ｎｅｕ）的趋化和化学激动作用，ｒｈＩＬ－２对Ｅｏｓ的最大趋化作用浓度为１０￣（－１２）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，较ＰＡＦ的作用强约１００００倍，１０￣（－５）～１０￣（－９）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内，ＰＡＦ对Ｅｏｓ和Ｎｅｕ有相似的趋化作用．但在对Ｅｏｓ呈趋化作用的１０￣－９～１０￣－１３ｍｏ１／Ｌ范围内。ｒｈＩＬ－２对Ｎｅｕ无明显作用．另外，１０￣（－１２）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ｒｈＩＬ－２对Ｅｏｓ的趋化和化学激动作用无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而１０￣（－８）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＰＡＦ对Ｅｏｓ的趋化作用则显著大于化学激动作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。以上结果表明，ＩＬ－２是一种极强的选择性Ｅｏｓ趋化介质．     

生长抑素抑制内皮素刺激的家兔血管平滑肌细胞增殖

为探讨生长抑素（ＳＳＴ）对内皮素（ＥＴ）刺激细胞增殖的作用其机理，本工作在培养的兔主动脉血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）上发现，１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／ＬＥＴ刺激细胞增殖（＾３Ｈ＝ＴｄＲ参入增多）和丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）激活，１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／ＬＳＳＴ单独作用可抑制细胞增玩具增殖但不曩ＭＡＰＫ活性。ＳＳＴ不仅呈浓度依赖性地抑制ＥＴ刺激的ＶＳＭＣ增殖（Ｐ〈０．０１），而且亦抑制ＥＴ刺激的细胞ＭＡＰＫ激     

人脑颞叶组织中类固醇5a－还原酶同功酶活性分布研究

本文采用酶放射分析法对新鲜人脑颞叶组织中５ａ－还原酶同功酶的活性分布进行研究。结果显示：（１）在颞叶脑组织中，５ａ－还原酶１和５ａ－还原酶２主要分布在灰质，其酶活性（５ａ－还原酶１，３３．６±４．５ｐｍｏｌ·ｈ_（－１）／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝１２；５ａ－还原酶２，１３．８±２．９ｐｍｏｌ·ｈ_（－１）／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝１１）明显高于分布在白质中的酶活性（５ａ－还原酶１，１４．７±２．０ｐｍｏｌ·ｈ_（－１）／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝１２，Ｐ＜０．００１；５ａ－还原酶２，５．２±０．９ｐｍｏｌ·ｈ_（－１）／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝１１，Ｐ＜０，０１）；（２）在灰质中，５ａ－还原酶活性主要来自于５ａ－还原酶１，其酶活性（３４．９±２．５ｐｍｏｌ·ｈ_（－１）／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝３２）明显高于５ａ－还原酶２（１５．０±２．３ｐｍｏｌ·ｒ_（－１）／ｍｇ蛋白，ｎ＝１８，（Ｐ＜０．００１）；（３）５ａ－还原酶１和５ａ－还原酶２的活性在男女性之间差异不显著，且与年龄无相关关系。     

20—羟基蜕皮酮对银盾革蜱若虫蜕化期和存活作用的研究

在银盾革蜱若虫发育的不同时期：饱血后２ｄ（２－ｐＥ组）、６ｄ（６－ＰＥ组）和１２ｄ（１２－ＰＥ组）局部施用２０－羟基蜕皮酮，剂量分别为１、５、１０、２０和４０μｇ。结果表明处理时间（Ｔ）和施用剂量（Ｄ）对若虫蜕化期和存活有显著影响，双因素方差分析，Ｔ：ｄｆ＝２，Ｆ＝７３．７９，Ｐ＝０．０００；Ｄ：ｄｆ＝６，Ｆ＝３０．９７，Ｐ＝０．０００。单因素方差分析，剂量大于１０μｇ缩短了若虫蜕化期（差异极显著），１μｇ、５μｇ也有此效应（差异显著）。６－ＰＥ组效果最明显，与２－ＰＥ组、１２－ＰＥ组差异极显著。２０－羟基蜕皮酮对若虫有致死作用，蜕皮前死亡和蜕皮后死亡与施用剂量和时间有关，剂量大于１０μｇ时，所有实验组死亡率均为１００％。Ｐ＜０．０１表４施用剂量（２０－Ｅ）对若虫蜕化期的影响（Ｏｎｅ－ｗａｙＡＮＯＶＡ）Ｔａｂ．３Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｄｏｓａｇｅ（２０－Ｅ）ｏｎｎｙｍｐｈａｌｍｏｕｌｔｉｎｇｐｅｒｉｏｄ（Ｏｎｅ－ｗａｙＡＮＯＶＡ）：Ｐ＜０．０１：＊：Ｐ＜０．０５对照Ⅰ─未处理；对照Ⅱ─乙醇处理ＣｏｎｔｒｏｌⅠ─Ｕｎｔｒｅａｔｅｄ；Ｃｏｔｒｏｌ　Ⅱ─Ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ图１２－ＰＥ组若虫在不同剂量处理下的死亡率Ｆｉｇ．     

血小板活化因子对嗜酸性粒细胞的活化作用

用多粘菌素Ｂ注射，造成豚鼠腹腔渗出液中嗜酸性粒细胞（Ｅｏｓ）增多，分离出其中的Ｅｏｓ，测定血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）对Ｅｏｓ过氧化物酶（ＥＰＯ）活性、Ｅｏｓ沉淀密度和存活时间的作用。结果表明：ＰＡＦ能增强ＥＰＯ活性，诱导Ｅｏｓ脱颗粒，其最大作用浓度分别为１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。淋巴细胞培养上清液能显著增强ＰＡＦ的脱颗粒作用。１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＰＡＦ还能使１５．９％的正常密度Ｅ     

开博通与左旋精氨酸对自发性高血压大鼠血管内皮细胞功能影响

目的通过一氧化氮（ＮＯ）和内皮素（ＥＴ）的改变观察开博通和左旋精氨酸对自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）血管内皮细胞功能影响,以探索两者联合使用的降压机制。方法Ｗａｓｔａｒ大鼠 １０Ｒ作正常对照组。３８只 ＳＨＲ随机分为 ４组： ＳＨＲ对照组（ｎ＝１０）,Ｌ－Ａｒｇ治疗组（ｎ＝１０）,开博通治疗组（ｎ＝９）,Ｌ－Ａｒｇ＋开博通联合治疗组（ｎ＝９）。同时测各组用药前后的血压,一氧化氮（ＮＯ）和内皮素（ＥＴ）。结果ＳＨＲ组的ＮＯ低于正常对照而ＥＴ则高于对照组（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,Ｌ－Ａｒｇ和／或ＣＰＴ两治疗组与ＮＯ和ＥＴ各有不同程度升高和降低．（与ＳＨＲ组比较均Ｐ＜０．０５）,其中以Ｌ－Ａｒｇ＋ＣＰＴ联合治疗组最明显。３个治疗组用药后ＢＰ较用药前均有不同程度的下降（均Ｐ＜０．００１）,而又以Ｌ－Ａｒｇ ＋ＣＰＴ联合组降压效果最佳。结论ＣＰｔ和Ｌ－Ａｒｇ均可有效增加 ＳＨＲ的 ＮＯ合成释放,同时又加强 ＣＰＴ降压效应,由此降低血压进而改善血管内皮细胞功能。     

人工细胞抗高血压因子对人脐静脉VSMC胞浆及核内Ca^2＋水平的影响

采实验用Ｆｌｕｏ－３／ＡＭ染色在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察了红细胞抗高血压因子（ａｎｔｉｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｖｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＡＨＦ）对人脐静脉ＶＳＭＣ胞浆（〗Ｃａ＾２＋〖）及核内（〖Ｃａ＾２＋〗ｎ）游离钙离了瓣影响。结果表明：ＡＨＦ（１０＾－４ｇ／ｍＬ）明显抑制Ｂａｙ ｋ８６４４（１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）ＫＣｌ（６０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,ＡｎｇⅡ（１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）及ＩＰ３（１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.