声带沟的诊断及治疗

目的　探讨声带沟的分型及治疗方法。方法　 2 9例声带沟患者按有无声嘶及沟的形态分为 3型 :Ⅰ型 :生理型 ,11例 (无声嘶 ) ;Ⅱ型 :裂线型 ,13例 ;Ⅲ型 :局凹型 ,5例 ;后两种为病理型声带沟 ,有声嘶。对有声嘶 18例进行了手术及术后嗓音训练治疗 ,手术方法有 :①黏膜下分离自体脂肪注射术 (Ⅱ型 9例 ,Ⅲ型 2例 ,其中 1例为术式②疗效不佳再手术者 ) ;②黏膜切开挖槽自体脂肪注射术(Ⅱ型 4例、Ⅲ型 1例 ) ;③声带沟切除术 (Ⅲ型 4例 ,包括 1例术式①疗效不佳再手术者 )。所有患者均随访 6个月以上 ,平均为 15 3个月。结果　喉镜及嗓音分析发现 ,13例Ⅱ型患者中 10例 (其中 6例为黏膜下分离自体脂肪注射术 ,占该术式 6 /9;4例为黏膜切开挖槽自体脂肪注射术 ,占该术式 4 /4) ,术后 3个月声带沟消失 ,发音良好 ,声带振动恢复 ;另 3例单行黏膜下分离自体脂肪注射术者 ,术后声带沟变浅 ,仍稍声嘶。 5例Ⅲ型患者中 3例行声带沟切除术后 4～ 5个月声带沟消失 ,发音时声门闭合好 ,声带振动恢复 ;另 2例先单行黏膜下分离自体脂肪注射术或黏膜切开挖槽自体脂肪术者 ,术后 10d～ 3个月声带沟再现 ,再次手术后好转。结论　对声带沟患者应分型后采用不同治疗方法 ,黏膜切开挖槽自体脂肪注射术对Ⅱ型治疗效果最好 ,声     

声带沟的手术治疗

目的探讨声带沟的手术修复手段,以提高疗效.方法对经喉动态镜检查确诊的26例声带沟患者,采用喉显微外科手术加嗓音训练的综合方法治疗.其中单纯声带沟切除术9例,黏膜微瓣整复术11例,自体阔筋膜加脂肪声带注射术4例,阔筋膜声带植入术2例.术后10天进行嗓音训练,持续4～6个月.所有患者术前、术后定期行喉动态镜检查及嗓音学分析.结果术后仍有5例患者症状无明显改善,总有效率为80.8%(21/26).有效病例术后1周喉动态镜检查显示声带形态基本恢复正常,声带沟消失;术后1个月声带振动恢复.术后3个月嗓音声学分析显示声学参数较术前明显改善.行自体阔筋膜加脂肪声带注射术和阔筋膜声带植入术的6例患者中,最长观察时间28个月,声带黏膜波动良好.未出现任何并发症.结论喉显微外科手术加嗓音训练的综合治疗方法治疗声带沟效果满意.     

激光声带切除术后新声带形成的临床观察和组织学研究

目的 探讨激光声带切除术后新声带形成的过程和机理。方法 应用激光切除4只家犬两侧声带黏膜、声韧带及部分声带肌，保留前联合(模拟AbitbolⅡ型术式)，8个月后观察喉的大体结构及新声带组织结构。对100例声门型喉癌应用激光声带切除术的患者，根据声带切除深度和范围分为3型，通过术后连续随访，观察新声带形成过程。结果 激光声带切除术8个月后的家犬均有新声带形成，HE染色见黏膜表面为鳞状上皮，其下有新生的韧带样结缔组织及疏松的肌纤维。100例患者中I型16例3个月后全部恢复喉的正常结构，Ⅱ型86％(54／63例)的患者术后4个月恢复喉的正常结构，形成新声带。21例Ⅲ型患者均无新声带形成。结论 激光声带切除术后形成的新声带组织结构接近正常声带，残存的声带肌可能是新声带形成的重要基础。     

经环甲间隙自体阔筋膜加脂肪声带注射治疗单侧声带麻痹

目的 观察经环甲间隙自体阔筋膜加脂肪声带注射治疗周围性单侧声带麻痹的效果.方法在全麻支撑喉镜下,对12例周围性单侧声带麻痹患者经环甲间隙声带注射自体阔筋膜加脂肪,评估注射前后声带位置、声嘶改善状况及声学参数变化.结果 12例患者术后声嘶明显改善,最大声时延长.动态喉镜检查患侧声带移向正中位,声门闭合良好,3个月后注射侧声带体积保持稳定,未发现任何并发症.结论经环甲间隙自体阔筋膜加脂肪声带注射治疗单侧声带麻痹简单安全、疗效确切.     

激光声带切除术后新声带形成的临床观察和组织学研究

目的　探讨激光声带切除术后新声带形成的过程和机理。方法　应用激光切除 4只家犬两侧声带黏膜、声韧带及部分声带肌 ,保留前联合 (模拟AbitbolⅡ型术式 ) ,8个月后观察喉的大体结构及新声带组织结构。对 10 0例声门型喉癌应用激光声带切除术的患者 ,根据声带切除深度和范围分为 3型 ,通过术后连续随访 ,观察新声带形成过程。结果　激光声带切除术 8个月后的家犬均有新声带形成 ,HE染色见黏膜表面为鳞状上皮 ,其下有新生的韧带样结缔组织及疏松的肌纤维。 10 0例患者中Ⅰ型 16例 3个月后全部恢复喉的正常结构 ,Ⅱ型 86 % ( 5 4 6 3例 )的患者术后 4个月恢复喉的正常结构 ,形成新声带。 2 1例Ⅲ型患者均无新声带形成。结论　激光声带切除术后形成的新声带组织结构接近正常声带 ,残存的声带肌可能是新声带形成的重要基础     

声带黏膜上皮病变的临床特征与治疗

目的 探讨声带黏膜鳞状上皮病变的临床特征与治疗效果.方法 分析343例声带黏膜鳞状上皮病变患者的病史、电子鼻咽喉镜或频闪喉镜及手术显微镜下的形态学特征及病理学结果,探讨声带黏膜鳞状上皮病变的治疗方式、治疗效果与临床特征的相关性.结果 根据343例声带黏膜鳞状上皮病变的镜下特征分为4型.Ⅰ型为炎性渗出型,19例,经保守治疗声带形态及声音质量恢复正常.Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型病变均行显微支撑喉镜下CO2激光手术.Ⅱ型为息肉摩擦型,72例,采用声带黏膜上皮下切除术;Ⅲ型为伴声带沟型,64例,采用黏膜切开挖槽术;Ⅳ型为单纯角化型,188例,采用声韧带下切除术或声带肌切除术.手术一次治愈率为90.7％( 294/324),复发率为9.3％(30/324),癌变率6.5％ (21/324).癌变者均为Ⅳ型患者(11.2％),第一次手术诊断8例,二次手术诊断13例,其中2例患者第三次手术采用喉垂直部分切除术.结论 根据声带黏膜鳞状上皮病变的形态学特征,采用保守或CO2激光手术,可以最大限度地保留喉功能,减少并发症.     

磷酸钛钾激光声带切除术不同术式的临床特点

目的　探讨支撑喉镜下磷酸钛钾 (potasiumtitaniumphosphate,KTP)激光声带切除术不同术式的选择及愈合过程中的临床特点。方法　选择 76例早期声门型喉癌行KTP激光声带切除术 ,对不同术式术后喉内结构恢复过程、音质变化等进行随访观察记录。结果　Ⅰ型术式 11例 ,3个月后恢复喉的正常结构及功能 ;Ⅱ型术式 5 0例 ,3个月后有声带样粘膜皱襞 (以下称新声带 )形成 ,基本恢复喉的结构 ;Ⅲ型术式 15例 ,6个月后多数形成粘膜隆起 ,但失去运动功能。复发时间集中在术后 2～ 4个月 ,复发率为 6 .7% ,2年及 5年生存率为 10 0 %。结论　KTP激光声带切除术疗效好 ,损伤小。Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型术式在保证根治癌肿的基础上应尽可能保留声带肌。     

经环甲间隙自体脂肪声带注射矫治声门闭合不全的实验研究

目的：观察家兔声带自体脂肪注射后急、慢性期喉局部反应、声带大体形态及组织学转归，探讨这一方法在矫治声门闭合不全中的应用价值。方法：8只家兔建立声带缺损动物模型后分4组，取腹部自体脂肪经环甲间隙注射入损伤侧声带，分别于注射后急性期（24小时内）及慢性期（1、3、5个月）行直接喉镜及喉组织学检查，观察喉局部反应、声带形态和声门闭合情况以及声带组织学改变。结果：所有家兔声带自体脂肪注射后急性期均无喉水肿发生；慢性期无肉芽肿、结节等改变；急、慢性期均未发生过敏及排斥反应。注射后3个月内声带体积渐缩小，声门闭合程度略降低，3个月后上述声门形态改变不明显。组织学证实注射后急性期可有轻度炎症反应；自体脂肪能在声带组织内存活，3个月内可发生部分脂肪吸收，3个月后脂肪吸收减少，在声带内保持相对稳定的体积。结论：自体脂肪声带注射具有无过敏、无排斥、无异物反应等特点。注射后虽可发生部分吸收，但3个月后吸收减少。该技术是一较为安全、有效的矫治声门闭合不全的方法。     

自体脂肪声带内注射术治疗单侧声带麻痹的远期疗效观察

目的　探讨自体脂肪声带内注射术治疗单侧声带麻痹的远期疗效。方法　 2 0例单侧声带麻痹患者将取自体腹部的脂肪颗粒注射到麻痹侧声带 ,使声带隆起 ,声门闭合 ,恢复嗓音功能 ;所有病例均随访 12个月以上 ,并按术前及术后即刻、近期 (3～ 6个月 )、远期 (>12个月 )通过电子喉镜以计算机软件测得患侧与健侧声带上表面面积比为参数代表患侧声带大小变化指标 ,并用嗓音疾病评估仪进行嗓音声学测试分析。按术前嗓音声学测试结果分为轻度、中度、重度 3组 ,采用自身对照统计分析结果。结果　注射后麻痹侧声带相应体积较术前明显增大 ,但随时间推移 ,麻痹侧声带内的脂肪部分吸收 ,麻痹侧声带体积逐渐减小 ,而术后近期各组及远期中重度声嘶组测得的麻痹侧声带相应体积与术前差异有显著性 ,轻度声嘶组远期测得的麻痹侧声带相应体积与术前差异无显著性。声学测试客观分析 ,注射后较注射前嘶哑程度明显好转 ,随时间延长嘶哑程度有所下降 ,但术后近期及远期嘶哑程度接近。直接反映声门闭合程度的噪声能量在注射脂肪后较注射前明显下降 ,达到正常或接近正常 ;随时间延长噪声能量稍升高 ,但与术前差异有显著性 ,且术后近期及远期的差异无显著性。结论　自体脂肪声带内注射治疗单侧声带麻痹是可选择的有效方法 ,其远期     

显微支撑喉镜下手术治疗沟状声带

目的探讨显微支撑喉镜下应用黏膜微瓣技术治疗沟状声带的疗效。方法对31例Ⅱ型或Ⅲ型沟状声带患者在显微支撑喉镜下切除声带沟底病变,采用黏膜微瓣技术缝合修复创面。手术前、后,应用动态喉镜观察声带形态、声门闭合情况及黏膜波变化特点,应用Dr.Speech4.0软件进行嗓音客观参数声学分析。结果所有病例均一次手术成功,无术后并发症。31例患者术后1个月发声改善明显,术后6个月音质稳定,嗓音声学参数与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。动态喉镜检查声带形态接近正常,声门闭合改善,黏膜波接近正常。随访1～3年,音质稳定。结论显微支撑喉镜下黏膜微瓣技术治疗沟状声带有利于声带黏膜创面愈合,减少疤痕形成,利于发声功能恢复。     

Sulcus configurations of vocal folds during phonation

Conclusion: A detailed understanding of clinical and voice characteristics will help to differentiate sulcus configuration and plan rational management strategies for each type. Objectives: To investigate the clinical and voice characteristics of patients with sulcus configuration of vocal folds during phonation. Patients and methods: A total of 146 patients with bilateral sulcus configuration of vocal folds were enrolled in this study. Based on videostroboscopic findings, patients were classified into three groups: physiologic sulcus configuration group (type I), pathologic sulcus configuration group, including sulcus vergeture (type II), and sulcus vocalis (type III). Voice analyses were obtained from a recorded speech sample. Results: Thirty-two patients (21.9%) were type I, 61 (41.8%) were type II, and 53 (36.3%) were type III. Different sulcus configuration groups had significantly different roughness and mean fundamental frequency. Type III was significantly different from type I and type II in grade, breathiness, mean flow rate, subglottic pressure, maximum phonation time, Jitter%, and harmonics to noise ratio. The pathologic sulcus showed distinctive features in electroglottograph waveform.     

Combination of fascia transplantation and fat injection into the vocal fold for sulcus vocalis: long-term results

Fat injection and fascia transplantation alone have been used to treat patients with sulcus vocalis. No information is available on the effectiveness of these two procedures used in concert to treat sulcus vocalis. The objectives of this study were to conduct the two procedures together and report the long-term results. This article assesses, retrospectively, the effectiveness of the combination treatment of fascia transplantation and fat injection (FTFI) in patients with sulcus vocalis (n = 22). Perceptual acoustic, phonatory function, and videolaryngostroboscopic data were evaluated before and after FTFI treatment in 18 patients. The mean follow-up time was 16.6 months. Sixteen patients had excellent results, 3 reported improvement, and 3 indicated no change. Phonatory function improved significantly in terms of phonation time, grade, roughness (p < .05), and breathiness (p < .001). The videolaryngostroboscopic rating showed significant improvement in vocal fold vibration amplitude and excursion of the mucosal wave (p < .05). Type 3 sulcus responded better to this treatment than did type 2 (sulcus vergeture). No postoperative complications were noted. The FTFI technique consists of an autogenous implant and delivers positive results. It may be considered as an option for patients with sulcus vocalis. It has been demonstrated to achieve excellent results in a majority of patients and to deliver a better prognosis than fat injection alone. Although resorption of fat and fascia is associated with FTFI, the FTFI procedure may be repeated multiple times.     

Voice handicap evaluation of patients with pathologic sulcus vocalis

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to characterize the psychosocial impact of dysphonia on patients with pathologic sulcus vocalis by use of the Voice Handicap Index (VHI). METHODS: The VHI was administered to 15 patients (11 women and 4 men) with pathologic sulcus vocalis. The VHI subscale and total scores were compared with previously published data from individuals with no history of dysphonia and from patients with vocal fold scar. Additional comparisons were performed for patients with unilateral sulcus versus bilateral sulci, type II sulcus versus type III sulcus, and sulcus with concomitant vocal fold scar versus sulcus without concomitant scar. RESULTS: The VHI scores for patients with pathologic sulcus vocalis were significantly greater than those for individuals with no history of dysphonia and for patients with vocal fold scar. In addition, significantly greater VHI scores were observed for patients with sulcus vocalis with concomitant scar versus those with sulcus alone. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that pathologic sulcus vocalis can be a severely handicapping condition, particularly in the presence of concomitant scar.     

Sulcus vocalis in monozygotic twins

Sulcus vocalis is the presence of a groove extending along the vibratory surface of a vocal fold and may result in dysphonia. Depending on the level of severity, this condition may require treatment involving complicated surgical techniques. Cases of sulcus vocalis are classified as physiological, vergeture, or pouch type. A clear explanation of the etiology has not been established, and the currently proposed congenital origin, as described in the literature, remains controversial. This paper presents findings from monozygotic twin sisters with bilateral sulcus vocalis; these patients had similar morphologies, vibratory characteristics, and vocal quality measurements, which support the theory of a congenital etiology.     

New operation for sulcus vocalis--laser vaporization of the sulcus with fat injection

Although several treatments for sulcus vocalis have been reported, the condition continues to be known as an extremely intractable vocal disorder even now. We report the good outcome of a new treatment for sulcus vocalis. The operation was performed under intubated general anesthesia. We aspireted abdominal fat using an 18-gauge needle and a 20 = cc disposal syringe first. After collection of the fat, laryngomicrosurgery and laser vaporization of the sulcus bilaterally was performed using a KTP laser. Then, the collected fat was injected into the thyroarytenoid muscle bilaterally (about 1cc on each side). Seven patients underwent this surgery. The voice, as evaluated auditorily, improved in all the cases and the maximum phonation time increased in 6 of the 7 cases. We attribute the vocal improvement to the formation of new free edges of the vocal folds after this surgery.     

自体筋膜移植填充治疗声带沟

目的探讨筋膜移植填充术在声带沟治疗中的价值及预后转归。方法23例双侧声带沟患者全麻显微镜下行声带沟瘢痕松解、筋膜移植填充手术，合并声带肌萎缩者同时行声门旁间隙脂肪注射。患者手术前、后行嗓音声学、气流动力学及频闪喉镜检查。结果4例手术失败者未进行疗效评价。19例术后6—8周患者发音开始改善，术后3个月发音改善明显。术后6个月音质趋于稳定，主、客观声学评价及气流动力学参数较术前改善明显，17例（89．5％）患者音质改善明显，声带结构及黏膜振动接近正常，声门闭合明显改善；2例患者音质改善不明显，声带形态接近正常，声门闭合改善，但黏膜振动不良。声音嘶哑主观评分与术前比较改善明显（P值均〈0．05），总评分2例患者（10．5％）提高2个等级，15例患者（79．0％）提高1个等级，2例患者（10．5％）评级无明显改变。除基频外，嗓音声学参数及最大发音时间与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0．01），8例（42．0％）患者声学参数达到正常范围，17例患者（89．5％）最大发音时间达到正常范围。19例患者随诊均6个月-1年，未发现筋膜吸收，其中5例患者随诊满2年，音质稳定。结论筋膜移植填充声带沟的手术可在一定程度上矫正声带固有层缺陷，改善声门闭合不良，恢复声带振动特性。     

Sulcus vocalis: a review

Sulcus vocalis is described as a groove at the free edge of the vocal fold. Different types have been described: sulcus type I is superficial and may be considered as moreless physiologic. Sulcus type IIa corresponds to a kind of vergeture along the margin of the vocal fold. Its deepness is variable but sulcus vergeture may involve deeper layers of the lamina propria. Sulcus type IIb or pounch may be considered as an open cyst. Sulcus lead to a complex glottic dysfunction with, in the same time, a glottal leakage responsible for the breathy component of the dysphonia and a stiffness of the free edge responsible for the roughness. Diagnosis may be difficult even with the help of stroboscopy and finally is sometimes done only under general anesthesia. Etiology remains controversial and the authors present arguments for each theory, acquired or congenital. Treatment options include phonosurgery and speech therapy but phonosurgery gives results often disappointing and surgical treatment must be indicated prudently and patient must be intensively informed on what he or she can expect from the treatment that is mainly an increase of the loudness of the voice.     

Fat augmentation for nonparalytic glottic insufficiency

While autogenous fat augmentation for glottic insufficiency has been used before, relatively little information is currently available on the effectiveness of fat injection in patients with nonparalytic glottic insufficiency resulting from problems such as various defects of vocal atrophy or sulcus vocalis. This paper compares retrospectively the efficiency of fat injection after surgery in patients with vocal atrophy (n = 16) and sulcus vocalis (n = 8). The perceptual acoustic and phonatory functions and videolaryngostroboscopic data were evaluated before and after fat augmentation in 24 patients. The mean follow-up time was 19.5 months. Fifteen patients displayed excellent results; 1 showed some improvement; 6 experienced postprocedure failure, and 2 were not available for follow-up analysis. Perceptual rating showed significant improvement in grade, roughness and breathiness (p < 0.05). The videolaryngostroboscopic rating showed significant improvements in vocal fold edge linearity, vocal fold vibration amplitude and mucosal wave excursion (p < 0.05). More improvement in vocal atrophy was observed compared with sulcus vocalis following fat injection procedures. Our research showed that middle defects improved more compared to those in the anterior and posterior area. Fat injection is an effective autogenous implant and may be considered as an option in the treatment of patients with vocal atrophy or sulcus vocalis. Although fat reabsorption was a problem, repeating the procedure could be considered.     

小儿声带沟的研究

目的：探讨小儿先天性声带沟的临床特征、诊断、治疗方法。方法：对56例声带沟患儿术前行电子喉镜检查,应用声带沟切开整复术治疗,不附加缝合及用组织或其他外物充填。结果：声带沟占同期嗓音障碍患儿的5．09％（56/1100）,5岁以前占80．04％。总有效率96．40％。结论：声带沟在小儿嗓音障碍中不罕见;出生时即有嗓音异常;多呈裂隙型和凹陷型,常有声带表皮样囊肿或息肉共存;声带沟切开整复术不失为一安全、有效、简捷的手术方式。