D-半乳糖衰老大鼠性腺轴系超微结构的变化

目的:观察D-半乳糖衰老大鼠性腺轴系超微结构的变化。方法:D-半乳糖连续腹腔注射制作亚急性衰老的大鼠模型,应用透射电镜观察模型大鼠下丘脑弓状核、垂体及睾丸超微结构的变化。结果:D-半乳糖衰老大鼠弓状核出现线粒体嵴断裂、粗面内质网脱颗粒、高尔基复合体扩张等变化;垂体促性腺激素细胞出现线粒体嵴断裂、粗面内质网扩张、高尔基复合体扩张等变化,并观察到脱粒细胞;睾丸支持细胞内溶酶体增多,内质网增生、扩张,线粒体嵴断裂,精原细胞可见胞质内出现许多空泡,并观察到了凋亡小体。结论:D-半乳糖衰老大鼠性腺轴系的超微结构发生了明显改变,揭示了D-半乳糖衰老过程中下丘脑垂体性腺轴的重要作用。     

四氧嘧啶型糖尿病对小鼠消化腺形态学影响的研究

用四氧嘧啶复制小鼠实验性糖尿病模型，以探讨糖尿病对各个消化腺组织结构的影响。结果发现实验性糖尿病小鼠颌下腺腺泡萎缩，颗粒曲管细胞内线粒体肿胀变性，胰腺表现为局灶性腺泡萎缩，大量炎症细胞浸润，腺泡细胞内粗面内质网扩张，线粒体肿胀变性，髓样小体增多，酶原颗粒减少。肝细胞混浊肿胀，电镜见线粒体肿胀变性，嵴断裂，粗面内质网和糖原颗粒减少。表明在实验性糖尿病状态下，各消化腺的形态结构及功能均受到一定的损害。     

扬子鳄松果腺的超微结构

目的;为不同种系松果腺超微结构的比较及有关方面的深入研究提供必要的形态学依据。方法：采用光、电镜观察。结果：扬子鳄松果腺已进化成实质性腺体,其实质主要由腺细胞构成,腺细胞体积较大,突起较多,核呈圆形、卵圆形、或不规则形,异染色质较少且靠近核膜。低电子密度的胞浆内含有丰富的高尔基复合体、粗面内质网及滑面内质网。清亮小泡及线粒体亦较多见,偶见脂滴、溶酶体、中心粒、微管、微丝及膜层样结构。间质内毛细血管较丰富,偶见神经胶质细胞。结论：两栖爬行类动物──扬子鳄确有松果腺存在,其松果腺已进化成实质性腺体。     

生川乌与不同比例生半夏配伍对大鼠肝细胞超微结构的影响

目的:观察生川乌与不同比例生半夏配伍对大鼠肝细胞超微结构的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、生川乌组、生川乌配生半夏组。电镜下观察肝细胞超微结构变化。结果:生川乌组肝细胞形态不规则,胞质溶解,粗面内质网明显减少,线粒体肿胀,溶酶体增多;生川乌配生半夏(1:0.25)组,肝细胞肿胀,核不规则,异染色质增多,胞质溶解减轻,粗面内质网较生川乌组增多,线粒体肿胀,溶酶体增多;生川乌配生半夏(1:0.5)组,肝细胞肿胀减轻,核异染色质较少、边集,粗面内质网增多,线粒体肿胀,次级溶酶体明显增多;生川乌配生半夏(1:1)组,肝细胞肿胀明显减轻,核接近正常,粗面内质网增多,线粒体肿胀减轻,糖原较少,溶酶体减少。结论:生川乌可明显损伤大鼠肝超微结构,与生半夏配伍后可减轻其损伤作用,配伍比例与损伤程度呈反比。     

小鼠胎肺发育中肺泡上皮细胞的电镜观察

小鼠胚胎第 12天至生后 7天的肺组织 ,隔天取材 ,共 15例 ,常规电镜标本制作 ,透射电镜观察 ,探讨胎肺发育过程中肺泡上皮细胞的超微结构变化。观察结果表明 :胚胎第 12～ 14天 (相当于人胎肺的假腺期 )肺内均为管状 ;肺泡由形态相同的柱形细胞围成 ,核椭圆形 ,核膜平整 ,有 1～ 2个核仁。细胞内含高尔基氏体、线粒体、粗面内质网和糖原。细胞表面有微绒毛 ,细胞之间有连接复合体。胚胎第 16～ 18天 ,胞质内出现大量的糖原颗粒。胚胎第 19天 (相当于人胎肺的原始肺泡期 ) ,肺泡上皮细胞多为立方形 ,出现 型肺泡细胞 ,其特征为表面有微绒毛 …     

猪卵母细胞体外成熟与体外受精的超微结构研究

取猪卵巢，从２～６ｍｍ有腔卵泡中抽取未成熟的卵丘卵母细胞复合体。分组处理后，各取１０枚按常规方法制片，光镜和电镜下观察测量。结果表明，对照组的卵丘细胞呈多层包围卵母细胞，其胞质突起与卵母细胞微绒毛交叉伸入透明带中，卵周隙尚未出现。高尔基复合体在卵皮质区成团分布。皮质颗粒位置分散。线粒体多成群存在于卵皮质区，嵴少，基质密度高。脂滴遍布胞质，由间断的滑面内质网包统。培养成熟后，卵丘细胞扩展松散，其突起和卵母细胞微绒毛，均自透明带中缩回，卵周隙出现。皮质颗粒成排贴于质膜下。高尔基复合体未见或仅残留少量囊泡。线粒体中出现空泡。脂滴内絮状物增多。卵母细胞生发泡破裂，第一极体分出，核处于第２次成熟分裂中期。受精后皮质颗粒内容物外倾或颗粒完整外排，线粒体多呈圆形。雌、雄原核形成，致密核仁出现。结果说明，体外受精与体内受精过程基本相同，仅有某些环节不完整或不规则。     

蛇胸腺APUD细胞超微结构的研究

虎斑颈槽蛇（Ｒｈａｂｄｏｐｈｉｓ ｔｉｇｒｉｎａ）胸腺实质组织含有ＡＰＵＤ细胞。电镜下，这些细胞的粗面内质网少、游离核糖体较丰富、线粒体较少、高尔基复合体不发达，其主要特征是含有许多分泌颗粒。根据分泌颗粒的形状、大小和内部结构，可将这些细胞分为３类型。Ⅰ型细胞的颗粒小，呈圆形或椭圆形，直径为１００￣１５０ｎｍ，具有电子密度高的粒芯和窄晕轮；Ⅱ型细胞的颗粒呈圆形，直径为１５０￣３５０ｎｍ，电子密度高     

水貂初级卵母细胞发育过程中细胞器变化的电镜观察

本实验将水貂卵巢内卵母细胞发育过程分成四个阶段,在卵母细胞恢复生长之前的第Ⅰ阶段,线粒体大而圆,缺乏嵴,卵母细胞恢复生长之后,许多线粒体变细变长,体积缩小,嵴增加,在第Ⅱ阶段晚期线粒体交圆,嵴减少,随着卵母细胞的发育,线粒体数量增加并逐渐移向皮层区.高尔基复合体始终位于质膜下的皮层区,粗面内质网罕见,滑面内质网不发达,以单个囊池形式存在,游离核糖体丰富,在第Ⅰ阶段卵母细胞中可见到不活跃贮藏形式的核糖体集团及成群的黑色嗜锇颗粒,卵母细胞恢复生长后消失,皮质颗粒出现,其数量不断增加,它们始终位于质膜下呈线状分布也是水貂卵母细胞的特点之一.在卵母细胞发育晚期,胞质中有大量脂滴.     

体外培养的人卵母细胞的超微结构

目的探讨体外培养的人卵母细胞的超微结构。方法用光镜观察体外培养前生发泡期（GV期）、培养后生发泡破裂但仍处于MⅠ期的未成熟卵母细胞和达到MⅡ期的成熟卵母细胞的形态，并将成熟卵母细胞分为优质与非优质；用透射电镜观察卵母细胞的超微结构。结果GV期卵母细胞微绒毛短小稀少；核偏一侧，核仁致密。培养后卵母细胞微绒毛粗大增多，细胞器丰富，高尔基体周围有许多分泌小泡；线粒体和脂滴伴行；卵丘细胞的胞质突起与卵母细胞的微绒毛问形成缝隙连接，卵丘细胞之间形成较多桥粒。成熟的卵母细胞粗面内质网、高尔基体减少，滑面内质网发达，线粒体幼稚化，脂滴融合，皮质颗粒沿质膜下呈线性排列，细胞连接减少，第一极体含多种细胞器。非优质卵母细胞线粒体大量存在膜和嵴模糊、膨大的现象，有的极体碎裂，透明带形态不正常，其周围卵丘细胞的凋亡率较高。结论揭示了体外培养的不同时期、不同质量的人卵母细胞的超微结构。     

慢性镉中毒小鼠肝脏的超微结构观察和定量分析

用透射电镜观察并结合立体定量法研究了慢性钢中毒小鼠肝脏的超微结构．结果显示：肝细胞有坏死和脂肪变性，肝细胞核固缩、形态变异、溶解，线粒体缩小、嵴断裂，脂滴增多、体积增大。贮脂细胞胞质内粗面内质网和游离核糖体明显增多．窦周隙内和肝细胞间可见大量增生的胶原原纤维。定量分析结果：肝细胞、胞核和线粒体的平均表面积和平均体积均缩小；脂滴的平均表面积和平均体积增大。从形态上看，慢性银中毒时肝脏的超微结构改变与慢性活动性肝炎的某些病理特征相似。     

An ultrastructural study of the natural secretory cycle of the parathyroid gland of the bat

Cyclical ultrastructural changes in chief cells of the bat parathyroid during hibernation are described. The morphology indicates that the cells increase in activity at the start of hibernation and decrease in activity at the end. During early hibernation, the main alterations are an increase in granular endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in the number of prosecretory granules associated with the Golgi apparatus, an increase in the number of mature secretory granules, and the appearance of numerous, large cytoplasmic lipid droplets. An unusual finding is that the lipid droplets are preferentially associated with mitochondria and glycogen deposits. At this time there is also an increase in the size of intercellular spaces and the concentration of secretory granules near the plasma membrane. By late hibernation, however, there is a marked reduction in the amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum, fewer mitochondria, inconspicuous Golgi apparatuses, and a reduction in the size of intercellular spaces. In addition, lipid droplets are absent. These observations are discussed in relation to the cyclic secretory changes which occur in bat parafollicular cells and in bone during hibernation.     

Fine structure of the human menstrual corpus luteum at its stage of maximum secretory activity,

Human corpora lutea from the period of maximum progesterone secretion during the menstrual cycle were examined with the electron microscope. Both the granulosa lutein and theca lutein cells contain abundant tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with tubular cristae, lipid droplets and numerous free ribosomes. Cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum occur in stacks and as scattered profiles in the lutein cells. Golgi elements are seen throughout the granulosa lutein cell cyoplasm and are associated with multivesicular bodies, lysosome-like granules, coated vesicles and microtubules. The coated vesicles apparently arise from the Golgi cisternae. Unlike the granulosa lutein cells, theca lutein cells are generally smaller and darker, exhibit a wider range of cell densities, have a Golgi complex clustered at one nuclear pole, and their lipid droplets are extracted by tissue preparation. Patches of microvilli that protrude into the perivascular spaces and a peripheral, fibrillar terminal web are unique to the granulosa lutein cells. The perivascular macrophages correspond to the “K” cells of light microscopy. No cells in the theca externa or the central coagulum exhibit the fine structure of steroid-secreting cells. The correlation of fine structure with function in human lutein cells is probably similar to that established for other steroid-secreting cells. The role of the theca lutein cells in steroidogenesis by the human corpus luteum remains unresolved.     

兔胰腺外分泌部的扫描电镜观察——DMSO冷冻割断法

本文以二甲亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)冷冻割断技术处理正常兔胰腺,在扫描电镜下研究胰腺外分泌部超微结构。兔胰腺外分泌部由许多腺泡组成,每一腺泡由5～6个锥形细胞围绕形成,中央为腺泡腔。腺细胞顶端有短小微绒毛。细胞核呈球形,位于细胞基底部,核内含有1～3个核仁。细胞基底部有大量粗面内质网,呈纵行或同心圆形排列,线粒体介于其间。粗面内质网常自细胞基底部伸向细胞核上端,表面附着核蛋白体。细胞核上端有丰富的高尔基复合体,周周可见散在的球状酶原颗粒。     

Fetal membranes and placenta of the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops)

Summary This study examined developmental changes in fetal membranes and placenta of Cercopithecus aethiops from a Carnegie developmental stage 12 embryo to nearterm fetuses. Ultrastructurally, yolk sac cells (endoderm and mesothelium) were similar to comparable stages in other primates. Endodermal cells had few apical microvilli, abundant rough-endoplasmic reticulum, electron dense mitochondria and dense bodies. In contrast, mesothelial cells were squamous with numerous microvilli, small mitochondria and a few short strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Amnion cells early in gestation were squamous with few microvilli, large glycogen deposits and poorly developed cytoplasmic components. Tight junctions and desmosomes held adjacent cells together. The basal surface was smooth and the basal lamina was distinct. As development proceeded the amniotic cells became cuboidal and possessed numerous microvilli. Cytoplasmic organelles were better developed and glycogen deposits increased by mid-gestation. A thick layer of microfibrils and collagen fibers was prominent below the basal lamina. Near-term, the glycogen had virtually disappeared and the amount of lipid droplets increased. Basal infoldings and podocytic processes and the extracellular matrix had increased. The smooth chorion consisted of pseudostratified columnar cells. Cells had short microvilli, numerous granules and vesicles of variable size and electron density in early gestation. With increasing age, amounts of granules and vesicles decreased, as the endoplasmic reticulum became prominent. The chorionic trophoblast was a continuous layer in mid-pregnancy and its cells had well-developed organelles and inclusions. Late in gestation, the trophoblastic layer became discontinuous and wide intercellular spaces and channels were present. In the placenta, the trophoblastic elements showed features characteristic of primate placenta.     

Ultrastructural hepatic alterations in hamsters and jirds after experimental infection with the liver flukeOpisthorchis viverrini

Changes in the hepatocytes of male hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) at 220 days after experimental infection with the liver flukeOpisthorchis viverrini were studied by light and electron microscopy. The hepatocytes of the control group were characterized by an intracellular compartmentation. A globular nucleus was located centrally. The main features of the perinuclear zone were the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and interjacent mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. The peripheral cell region was dominated by glycogen fields and scattered lipid droplets, which were surrounded by anastomosing tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). An immense proliferation of the SER was striking in the hepatocytes of animals infected withO. viverrini. Coincidentally, the intracellular compartmentation disappeared. Glycogen rosettes, RER, lysosomes, and lipid droplets were distributed irregularly all over the cell, the latter being observed more frequently than in control animals. The nuclei showed lobe-like protrusions and were enlarged. The mitochondria were often dumbbell-shaped and showed pathologic degenerations up to lysis. Our results resemble those of numerous investigations concerning hepatocellular alterations caused byN-nitroso compounds. Therefore, these observations suggest a synergistic effect for trematode infection andN-nitroso compounds in the pathogenesis of opisthorchiasis. The cellular alterations observed in the hepatocytes ofOpisthorchis-infected animals together with the accumulation of intermediate filaments seen in the adjacent bile-duct epithelia and in the epithelium of the gallbladder seem to indicate a disturbance of the cell metabolism and might be related to a neoplastic transformation.Abbreviations used in the figures bd bile duct - be bile-duct epithelium - c bile canaliculus - fl fluke - gd Golgi apparatus - gl glycogen - gr granulocyte - H hepatocyte - if intermediate filaments - li lipid droplet - lys lysosome - m mitochondrion - mv microvilli - mvb multivesicular body - n nucleus - nu nucleolus - pc periductual connective tissue - RER rough endoplasmic reticulum - SER smooth endoplasmic reticulum - sg secretory granules - si sinusoid - v vacuole     

山羊卵母细胞发育的超微结构研究

本研究用光镜和电镜观察山羊卵巢内发育不同时期卵母细胞的核及胞质成分,并发现其某些变化规律。作者认为,随着卵母细胞发育,高尔基体、线粒体、滑面内质网、皮质颗粒等细胞器不断丰富和增多,并逐渐移向皮质区。在直径1.5～3mm卵泡卵母细胞中,线粒体全都变为带帽状;核仁内出现的纤维中心最多,但尚未发生致密化。到直径3.5～5mm卵泡,颗粒细胞突起开始退化,卵母细胞微绒毛自透明带中退缩,此期卵母细胞可用于体外培养成熟。当卵母细胞成熟时,高尔基体和粗面内质网消失,皮质颗粒整齐排列在质膜下,线粒体分散在胞质中央,为受精作好了准备。     

Ultrastructure of the corpus luteum of the white-tailed deer during pregnancy

The fine structure of corpora lutea from 14 white-tailed deer was studied from early through near-term pregnancy. The corpora contained both thecal and granulosal lutein cells. The small, elongate and cylindrical thecal lutein cells contained many lipid droplets, juxtanuclear Golgi elements, abundant agranular endoplasmic reticulum, and other cytoplasmic organelles. These cells were observed throughout pregnancy. Some of the thecal lutein cells became modified during early to midpregnancy. The modified thecal lutein cells possessed many lipid droplets, several lysosomes, packets of PAS-positive glycogen granules, and numerous small membranous whorls of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The granulosal lutein cells had highly folded and/or ruffled plasma membranes, abundant tortuous tubular and cisternal agranular endoplasmic reticulum, numerous rod-shaped to round mitochondria with tubular and lamellar cristae, Golgi elements, and a few packets of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Many granulosal lutein cells became modified during mid- to near-term pregnancy by the addition of numerous small membrane-bound osmiophilic droplets and variable numbers of large nonmembrane-bound lipid droplets. The granulosal and thecal lutein cells appeared more active in steroid biosynthesis than the modified granulosal and thecal lutein cells.     

Action of metabolic hormones on the fine structure of rat liver cells. I. Effects of fasting on the ultrastructure of hepatocytes

This report provides information on the ultrastructure of liver parenchymal cells from rats fasted 2, 15–21, and 21–40 hours. Fasting rats from 2 through 40 hours provokes alterations in the quantity and patterns of glycogen, amounts and forms of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes. After two hours of fasting glycogen occurs as clumps of α particles in restricted areas of the cytosome, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is relatively sparse, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum is displayed as parallel cisternae comprising the characteristic basophilic bodies of the hepatocyte. Fasting the rat for 15 hours and longer decreases the amount of hepatic glycogen which appears predominantly as β particles in restricted regions of the liver cell. The prolonged fast provokes a dramatic proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver parenchymal cell. The tubules of this organelle are continuous with the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and extend deep into the glycogen areas of the hepatocyte. Arguments are presented to support the concept that the smooth endoplasmic reticulum develops from rough endoplasmic reticulum and that its membranes provide a site for the location of enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism.     

FOCAL HYPERPLASIA OF INTRACYTOPLASMIC FILAMENTS IN THE CANINE PARATHYROID GLAND TREATED WITH NALIDIXIC ACID

Focal hyperplasia of intracytoplasmic filaments of 100Å in diameter was observed within chief cells of the parathyroid gland in dogs treated with nalidixic acid. The structure, as a rule, was located in the neighborhood of the nucleus and no other cell organelles were detected within it. Its size had a wide spectrum from a small part of the cytoplasm to as large as half a cell. Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the involved cells had a tendency to arophy. These cells occasionally contained less secretory granules. Lipid droplets are diffusely increased. The pathogenesis and significance of the present intracytoplasmic filaments remain to be determined. However, as lipid deposition, atrophy of Golgi apparatus, poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum occur in a hypofunctional or degenerative state, it might be possible that filamentous hyperplasia is closely associated with that state.     

Clear cell chondrosarcoma: an ultrastructural study

Clear cell chondrosarcoma (CCC) is a rare neoplasm. We report here a case of CCC. A 67-year-old Japanese man presented with right arthralgia for 1 year, and histological examination of the subsequent surgical resection of the right femoral bone showed the finding of CCC. Ultrastructurally, most organelles were observed in the perinuclear area. Clear neoplastic cells contained many glycogen particles in the area of the cytoplasm lacking organelles, although glycogen particles overall seemed to be evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Some mitochondria, Golgi complex, actin-like filaments, and rough endoplasmic reticulum were also demonstrated in the cytoplasm of clear cells. Well-developed microvilli were also seen on the surface of neoplastic cells. These structures in neoplastic cells corresponded notably to structures of normal chondrocytes. Finally, our ultrastructural findings support further evidence that clear cells in CCC may show chondrocyte differentiation and a lack of an organelles area as well as abundant glycogen particles, may contribute to the clear cell morphology in CCC.