Positive predictive value of cholescintigraphy in common bile duct obstruction

Technetium-99m DISIDA imaging was employed in 400 patients to differentiate obstruction of the common bile duct from medical and other surgical causes of hyperbilirubinemia. Sequential anterior images demonstrated variable degrees of liver uptake, yet there was no evidence of intrabiliary or extrabiliary radioactivity for at least 4 hr after injection in 25 patients. Twenty-three patients were surgically documented to have complete obstruction of the common bile duct. One patient had hepatitis, and another had sickle cell crisis without bile duct obstruction. The remaining patients had either partial or no obstruction of the common bile duct. We conclude that the presence of liver uptake without evident biliary excretion by 4 hr on cholescintigraphy is highly sensitive and predictive of total obstruction of the common bile duct.     

3.0T磁共振钆塞酸二钠磁共振胆管造影术在胆管疾病中应用

目的探讨3.0T磁共振钆塞酸二钠(Gd-EOB-DTPA)磁共振胆管造影术(MRC)在胆管疾病中的诊断价值。方法选取2016年7—12月解放军309医院收治的20例患胆道梗阻或其他病变需行Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC检查的患者,采用3.0T超导磁共振扫描仪,对所有20例患者行常规上腹部平扫+磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)+Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强扫描,以及肝胆特异期、T1容积内插体部检查(VIBE)冠状位+轴位扫描,并将冠状位图像进行最大密度投影(MIP)重建,获得胆管树图像。对各序列的影像学特征做出诊断,并与穿刺、手术病理、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术及相关临床资料进行对照。结果本组20例患者中,胆管解剖变异者7例。其中,胆囊管经胆总管前方汇入胆总管左侧壁1例,经胆总管后方汇入胆总管左侧壁3例,胆囊管开口于肝外胆管下1/3处2例,胆囊管汇入右肝管1例。胆管梗阻11例,其中,完全性梗阻8例(肝门部胆管恶性占位5例、胆总管恶性占位1例、胆总管下端结石1例,胆总管周围淋巴结转移1例);部分梗阻3例(胰头占位1例,胆总管结石1例,胃窦癌侵及胆总管1例)。胆漏2例。硬化性胆管炎1例。其中,1例患者同时有胆漏及胆囊管汇入右肝管变异。结论 Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC检查能够直接显示肝内外胆管系统解剖结构以及胆管通畅情况,能为胆管疾病的诊断提供更多的信息,可以进一步应用于胆管疾病的检查。     

单通道双支架植入技术治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 探讨单通道双支架植入技术治疗肝门部胆管癌的可行性和临床应用价值。方法 18例肝门部胆管癌患者，左、右肝管起始部狭窄或闭塞。采用右腋中线入路穿刺右肝管，用导丝寻找右肝管与左肝管和胆总管之间的潜在腔隙，于左右肝管间以及右肝管-胆总管间分别植入支架。结果 18例患者均从右腋中线穿刺通道成功植入右肝管-左肝管间及右肝管-胆总管间的支架，实现了胆汁经左肝管-右肝管-胆总管的完全内引流，解除梗阻疗效显著。结论 单通道双支架植入技术简化了高位胆管梗阻介入件引流的操作，减少了操作创伤，缩短了操作时间，具有较高的临床实用价值。     

Evaluation of the biliary tract: the value of performing magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in conjunction with a 3-D spoiled gradient-echo gadolinium enhanced dynamic sequence

The 3-D gradient-echo (GRE) sequence allows thinner sections and better resolution of biliary obstruction. When the presence of biliary obstruction is identified using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, the addition of the 3-D GRE sequence may be helpful for diagnosing biliary obstruction. By showing the changes in the bile duct wall, within the duct lumen and around the bile duct, this technique can be helpful for distinguishing benign from malignant stricture as well as a stone from an enhancing intraluminal mass.     

Biliary imaging suggesting common duct obstruction in acute viral hepatitis. Case report

A patient with right upper quadrant pain showed normal tracer extraction and a prolonged hepatocellular phase during biliary imaging, findings that are most consistent with complete common duct obstruction. He had no other evidence of biliary tract obstruction and was diagnosed subsequently as having viral hepatitis. Hepatitis must be considered when biliary imaging suggests complete common bile duct obstruction.     

多层螺旋CT在肝外胆管梗阻病变诊断中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在肝外胆管梗阻病变中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经手术、病理以及临床随访证实的均做了CT检查的肝外胆管梗阻病变51例,其中良性41例,恶性10例。结果肝外胆管梗阻性病变中,良性多表现为肝内胆管呈枯枝状或残根状轻、中度扩张,梗阻部胆管呈漏斗样改变,肝外胆管壁呈环形弥漫性增厚;恶性多表现为肝内胆管呈软藤状中、重度扩张,梗阻部胆管呈截断型或突然狭窄并伴肿块,肝外胆管壁呈环形局限性增厚。结论良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变均有其特征性的CT征象,注意观察胆管的形态改变,以及与周围组织结构的关系,结合临床综合分析,有助于提高诊断的准确性。     

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy. An effective tool in the management of bile leak following laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Bile leaks and bile duct injury has been the major postoperative complications described after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this study, we evaluated the role of hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and there was a clinical suspicion of bile leak in postoperative period. METHOD: Twenty-five patients (M/F=11:14, mean age 39+/-8 years; range 24-58 years) with suspected bile leak postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy underwent sequential HBS. RESULTS: Thirteen patients had normal hepatobiliary scintigraphic studies. Five patients had small bile leak in gall bladder fossa with primary route of bile flow into the gut. All these 18 patients improved on conservative management alone. Significant bile leak from the cystic stump region was demonstrated in four patients. All of them were subjected to endoscopic cholangiography (ERCP), which confirmed the site of leak. All patients had stenting and sphincterotomy. One patient showed bile leak and obstruction at the lower end of common bile duct, he improved spontaneously. Another patient showed poor hepatocytes function and no excretion of radiotracer and underwent ERCP followed by hepaticojejunostomy for common hepatic duct ligation. One patient had frank bile leak in the right paracolic gutter and had to undergo hepaticojejunostomy. CONCLUSIONS: HBS is a valuable noninvasive method of investigating possible bile leaks or other biliary disruptions in postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Negative study for significant bile leak can assure the surgeon to manage the patient conservatively. However, it cannot be relied on absolutely when determining the need for reoperation for a significant bile leak in early postoperative period.     

Value of MR cholangiography in patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury after cholecystectomy

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the diagnostic role of MR cholangiography in the evaluation of iatrogenic bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients (14 women and five men; mean age, 47 years; age range, 24-75 years) with suspected bile duct injury as a result of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (17 patients) and open cholecystectomy (two patients) underwent MR cholangiography. MR images were evaluated for bile duct discontinuity, presence or absence of biliary dilation, stricture, excision injury, free fluid, and collections. Bile duct excision and stricture were classified according to the Bismuth classification. Final diagnosis was made on the basis of findings at surgery in 15 patients, on percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in one patient, and on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) and at clinical follow-up until hospital discharge in the remaining three patients. RESULTS: In 16 patients, injury of the bile duct was observed. Two patients had Bismuth type I injury; one patient, type II injury; 11 patients, type III injury; and one patient each, type IV and V injuries. Three patients showed findings suggestive of leakage from the cystic duct remnant, which were confirmed on ERC. CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography is an accurate diagnostic technique in the identification of postoperative bile duct injuries. This technique allows exploration above and below the level of obstruction, a resource provided by neither ERC nor PTC, and allows the accurate classification of these injuries, which is essential for treatment planning.     

Percutaneous cystic duct stent placement for the treatment of acute cholecystitis resulting from common bile duct stent placement for malignant obstruction

Common bile duct (CBD) stent placement to relieve malignant biliary obstruction can occasionally cause cystic duct obstruction and acute cholecystitis. Cholecystostomy tube placement is often performed in patients with limited life expectancy but can have a significant impact on quality of life. To allow cholecystostomy tube removal, percutaneous metallic stent placement was performed across the cystic duct via the tube tract in such a patient. The procedure included traversal across the previously placed CBD stent. At 5-month follow-up, the patient remained symptom-free. In select patients who develop acute cholecystitis after CBD stent placement for malignant obstruction, percutaneous stent placement across the cystic duct may be considered a treatment option.     

MR cholangiography

A time-reversed gradient echo pulse sequence (PSIF; Siemens), one of the MR imaging methods based on steady-state free precession of excited spins, makes the bile duct quite bright relative to the surrounding tissue. Using this sequence under breath hold combined with a two or three-dimensional data set and maximum intensity projection method provided fair delineation of the dilated bile duct and the site of its obstruction or stricture. Though the clinical experience is limited, this technique is considered to be of value in the non-invasive evaluation of bile duct system in the patient of obstructive jaundice.     

微创可复梗阻性黄疸模型的建立

目的探讨建立适合内镜外科治疗研究的微创可复梗阻性黄疸模型的方法。方法健康版纳小型猪8头,随机分为对照组和模型组。对照组胆囊内置入改造的Foley尿管。模型组在胆道超选导丝引导下经胆囊内Foley尿管将胆道取石球囊导管由胆囊管送入胆总管。模型组于手术当天保持取石球囊空虚以造成胆道部分梗阻,于术后第2天充盈取石球囊以造成胆道完全梗阻,于术后4天撤除取石球囊导管以解除胆道梗阻。两组均于术后第2、4、6天行胆道造影检查,并取静脉血检测肝功生化指标。结果胆道造影显示模型组胆道部分梗阻时间段肝总管以上胆管明显扩张,壁光滑;胆道完全梗阻时间段肝内外胆管均扩张,壁光滑,尤以胆总管扩张明显,两者与对照组比较,均有显著性差异。胆道解除梗阻时间段肝内胆管未显影,胆总管未见扩张,壁光滑,与对照组比较无显著差异。模型组胆道部分梗阻时间段、完全梗阻时间段血清肝功生化指标较对照组显著增高;胆道解除梗阻时间段血清胆红素检查结果较梗阻时间段显著降低,但仍较对照组显著增高。结论利用胆道取石球囊导管成功地建立了适合进行内镜外科治疗研究的微创可复梗阻性黄疸模型,为梗阻性黄疸对机体多系统损害及其治疗的研究提供了可靠、简单且微创的实验方法。     

Radiology of excessive mucus production as a complication of congenital bile duct abnormalities.

Biliary obstruction was caused by viscid mucus in two patients with congenital bile duct abnormalities. In one patient this produced a progressive dilatation and obstruction of the common bile duct which eventually led to the patient's death; in the other there was a progressive segmental dilatation of the biliary tree which was surgically resected. We wish to emphasize that bile duct mucus has a characteristic appearance on cholangiography but is difficult to recognize on ultrasound and CT scans.     

胆道梗阻病变的多排螺旋CT诊疗价值探讨

目的探讨多排螺旋CT(MSCT)后处理技术对胆道梗阻的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理及随访复诊证实的30例胆道梗阻病例,通过MSCT的多平面重建、曲面重建、最小密度投影等方法显示胆道梗阻的部位、胆管的结构、胆管壁情况及周围组织结构,分析其影像学表现。结果本组显示肝外胆道结石8例,肝门区胆管癌7例,胆总管癌3例,胆囊癌累及胆管1例,胆总管下端及十二指肠乳头区炎症2例,壶腹癌3例,胰头癌6例,MSCT后处理技术对肝外胆道梗阻的定位准确率>90%,定性准确率>95%。结论 MSCT后处理技术对胆道梗阻的定位定性诊断及治疗方案具有重要价值。     

SSFSE-MRCP与ERCP对梗阻性胆管疾病的诊断价值比较

目的 比较单次激发厚层投射磁共振胰胆管成像（SSFSE-MRCP）（包括梗阻部位薄层扫描或增强扫描）和内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）对梗阻性胆管疾病的诊断价值。资料与方法 采用单次激发投射快速自旋技术,对51例临床怀疑胆管梗阻患者进行SSFSE-MRCP检查,并均行常规ERCP检查,对MRCP影像资料和ERCP进行对照分析,所有资料均经手术病理或ERCP检查证实。结果 SSFSE-MRCP图像清晰,检查成功率高;MRCP对胆管梗阻定位准确率100％,定性准确率为78．4％,ERCP定性准确率为70．6％。结论 MRCP安全、简便、无创伤,成功率高,对胆管梗阻疾病的定位诊断准确。结合ERCP检查,可提高胆管梗阻的定性诊断准确率。     

Diagnostic pitfalls of MR cholangiopancreatography in the evaluation of the biliary tract and gallbladder.

Magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatography is a noninvasive imaging technique that has proved accurate in the diagnosis of biliary obstruction. However, various diagnostic pitfalls have been reported with MR cholangiopancreatography that were not encountered previously at conventional biliary imaging. These pitfalls may simulate or mask various pathologic conditions of the extrahepatic bile duct or main pancreatic duct and may be caused by a variety of factors. Because of its postprocessing nature, maximum-intensity-projection reconstruction may mask a small gallstone if the stone is surrounded by hyperintense bile and may cause false ductal disconnection or duplication when a breath hold is not performed perfectly. Extraductal factors (e.g., metallic surgical clips, intravascular metallic coils, gas in the stomach or duodenum) can cause signal loss in the adjacent part of the extrahepatic bile duct, which may in turn lead to a false-positive diagnosis of ductal narrowing or obstruction. Normal vascular structures including the right hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries can cause pseudo-obstruction of the extrahepatic bile duct by pulsatile compression. Intraductal factors (e.g., gas, hemorrhage, debris, iodinated contrast material) reduce the signal intensity of the bile, which may result in pseudo-obstruction, false filling defects, or a nonvisualized gallbladder or bile duct. Knowledge of the existence and high prevalence of these diagnostic pitfalls should help prevent misinterpretation of MR cholangiopancreatograms.     

Percutaneous Biliary Interventions: Inside and Outside the Box: Treatment of Malignant Bile Duct Obstruction: What the Interventional Radiologist Needs to Know

Management of malignant bile duct obstruction is both a clinically important and technically challenging aspect of caring for patients with advanced malignancy. Bile duct obstruction can be caused by extrinsic compression, intrinsic tumor/stone/debris, or by biliary ischemia, inflammation, and sclerosis. Common indications for biliary intervention include lowering the serum bilirubin level for chemotherapy, ameliorating pruritus, treating cholangitis or bile leak, and providing access for bile duct biopsy or other adjuvant therapies. In some institutions, biliary drainage may also be considered prior to hepatic or pancreatic resection. Prior to undertaking biliary intervention, it is essential to have high-quality cross-sectional imaging to determine the level of obstruction, the presence of filling defects or atrophy, and status of the portal vein. High bile duct obstruction, which we consider to be obstruction above, at, or just below the confluence (Bismuth classifications IV, III, II, and some I), is optimally managed percutaneously rather than endoscopically because interventional radiologists can target specific ducts for drainage and can typically avoid introducing enteric contents into isolated undrained bile ducts. Options for biliary drainage include external or internal/external catheters and stents. In the setting of high obstruction, placement of a catheter or stent above the ampulla, preserving the function of the sphincter of Oddi, may lower the risk of future cholangitis by preventing enteric contamination of the biliary tree. Placement of a primary suprapapillary stent without a catheter, when possible, is the procedure most likely to keep the biliary tree sterile.     

Primary Patency of Wallstents in Malignant Bile Duct Obstruction: Single vs. Two or More Noncoaxial Stents

The purpose of this study was to determine the primary patency of two or more noncoaxial self-expanding metallic Wallstents (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) and to compare this with the primary patency of a single stent in malignant bile duct obstruction. From August 2002 to August 2004, 127 patients had stents placed for malignant bile duct obstruction. Forty-five patients were treated with more than one noncoaxial self-expanding metallic stents and 82 patients had a single stent placed. Two patients in the multiple-stent group were lost to follow-up. The primary patency period was calculated from the date of stenting until the first poststenting intervention for stent occlusion, death, or the time of last documented follow-up. The patency of a single stent was significantly different from that of multiple stents (P = 0.0004). In the subset of patients with high bile duct obstruction, the patency of a single stent remained significantly different from that of multiple stents (P = 0.02). In the single-stent group, there was no difference in patency between patients with high vs. those with low bile duct obstruction (P = 0.43). The overall median patency for the multistent group and the single-stent group was 201 and 261 days, respectively. In conclusion, the patency of a single stent placed for malignant low or high bile duct obstruction is similar, and significantly longer than, that of multiple stents placed for malignant high bile duct obstruction. Given the median patency of 201 days, when indicated, percutaneous stenting of multiple bile ducts is an effective palliative measure for patients with malignant high bile duct obstruction.     

Inspissated bile within the common bile duct simulating cholangiocarcinoma. Case report.

There are a variety of abnormalities that can lead to obstruction of the common bile duct, several of which also can cause dilatation and duct irregularity. The differential diagnosis includes such entities as cholangiocarcinoma and carcinoma of the pancreas invading the common bile duct. We present an unusual case in which inspissated bile caused irregularity and obstruction of the common bile duct that radiographically simulated a cholangiocarcinoma.     

MR cholangiopancreatography findings of heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the distal common bile duct

Heterotopic pancreas is defined as the presence of pancreatic tissue at sites other than the pancreas. Involved sites may be the stomach, duodenum, proximal jejunum, ileum, congenital duodenal web, Meckel's diverticulum, ampulla of Vater, and the main pancreatic duct. We report the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings of a patient who had biliary obstruction due to heterotopic pancreas tissue at the distal common bile duct.     

Management of obstructed biliary endoprostheses

In five patients with bile duct obstruction, a previously inserted endoprosthesis became occluded. After repeat percutaneous biliary drainage, the prostheses were mechanically unclogged, removed, or removed and replaced. No patient required surgery, and no prosthesis reoccluded. We discuss technique for deoccluding and, if necessary, removing and replacing obstructed stents.