2005年阜新市碘缺乏病调查

[目的]为及时了解和掌握阜新市消除碘缺乏病(IDD)的防治现状,评价干预措施的效果.[方法]对阜新市2005年碘缺乏病调查资料进行分析.[结果]阜新市合计检查8～10岁儿童2 800人,触诊法甲状腺肿大率下简称:(甲肿率)2.11%,B超法甲肿率1.68%,2种方法甲肿率均小于5%;检测8～10岁儿童尿液1 400份,尿碘中位数为234.11 μg/L,尿碘含量＜20 μg /L占0.36%;共检测居民户盐样2 018份,碘盐覆盖率为98.86%,合格碘盐食用率为96.04%.调查五年级学生1 434人,家庭主妇701人,IDD防治知识及格率分别为99.58%、100.00%.[结论]阜新市IDD病情呈下降趋势,已达到国家消除IDD标准,居民碘营养状况处于适宜的水平.     

河北省高碘地区8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿影响因素的研究

[目的]掌握河北省高碘地区8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大流行的影响因素.[方法]采用人口比例概率抽样方法(PPS).[结果]采集测定居民饮用水样85份,水碘中位数为166.0μg/L.采集测定居民户盐样301份,盐碘中位数为28.8mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为70.43%.B超法检查8～10岁儿童1259名,发现甲状腺肿大138例,肿大率为10.96%.水碘大于150μg/L的调查点中,有碘盐供应的儿童甲状腺肿大率要高于无碘盐供应的,分别为12.1%和8.6%.[结论]碘盐加重了高水碘对儿童甲状腺造成的危害,高碘地区应停止供应碘盐.     

居民食用碘盐和重点人群碘营养现状分析

目的　了解调整食盐加碘浓度并停止补服碘油丸后通州市居民的碘盐食用和重点人群的碘营养状况 ,为科学补碘提供依据。　方法　按《全国碘盐监测方案》要求对居民用户进行常规碘盐全定量监测 ,对 8～ 10岁儿童、孕妇检测尿碘含量并跟踪检测新生儿TSH及婴儿智力水平。　结果　检测居民用户盐 914份 ,合格 891份 ,合格碘盐食用率97 5 % ,117例 8～ 10岁儿童尿碘中位数 2 63 2 μg/L ,<10 0ug/L的占 4 6%。孕妇早、中、晚孕期的尿碘中位数在 2 61 5 4～ 2 2 1 97μg/L之间 ,<10 0 μg/L比率均 <2 0 %。新生儿足跟血TSH中位数为l .5 8mU /L ,≤ 5mU/L的百分率为94 3 7%。婴儿Fagan法智力测试总平均认知发育指数为 5 9.1± 4 9。　 结论　调整食盐加碘浓度并停止补服碘油丸后 ,通州市 8～ 10岁儿童、孕期妇女碘营养状况良好 ,跟踪测试的新生儿智力总体发育良好 ,与孕期尿碘水平相吻合。新生儿TSH≤ 5mU /L的百分率未达到 97%可能与部分样品采血时间不足婴儿出生后 72h有关。     

2011年滨州市居民户碘盐和部分人群碘营养状况调查

[目的]了解滨州市实施全民食盐加碘(USI)措施后不同人群碘营养状况。[方法]2011年,对滨州市6县1区采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取1 240名一般人群、儿童、孕妇和哺乳期妇女进行尿碘检测,并抽取200名8～10岁儿童做甲状腺彩超诊断,按照全国《碘盐监测工作方案》的抽样方法进行盐碘检测。[结果]2011年共检测2 028户居民食用盐,合格碘盐1 827份,非碘盐140份,不合格碘盐61份,合格碘盐食用率90.08%,碘盐合格率为96.76%,碘盐覆盖率为93.09%。碘盐中位数为26.30mg/kg;一般人群尿碘含量为24.30～1 225.30μg/L,中位数为201.70μg/L;8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数为217.80μg/L,50μg/L以下的占3.59%,甲状腺肿大率2.00%;孕妇尿碘中位数181.80μg/L;哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数为173.20μg/L;滨州市一般人群、8～10岁儿童、孕妇及哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数均达到《碘缺乏病消除标准》100μg/L以上的标准,但孕妇、哺乳期妇女作为碘缺乏的敏感人群分别有27.50%和25.00%尿碘值低于《碘缺乏病考核评估标准》,有4.58%的孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿碘值低于50.00μg/L。[结论]建议将孕妇、哺乳期妇女的碘营养监测纳入到常规监测中,根据检测结果,及时进行补碘。     

2011年荣成市沿海乡镇居民碘营养状况调查

[目的]了解沿海地区居民食用盐碘含量、人群尿碘水平、儿童甲状腺肿大情况,为进一步调整碘盐加碘量提供科学依据。[方法]2011年,在荣成市4处沿海乡镇,抽取部分8～10岁儿童、18～50岁成人和孕期、哺乳期妇女进行尿碘检测,对居民食用盐进行碘浓度检测,对8～10岁儿童进行甲状腺肿大情况调查。[结果]检测8～10岁儿童尿样414份,尿碘中位数为261.5μg/L,其中<100μg/L的占7.49%,>300μg/L的占40.10%。检测18～50岁成人尿样202份,尿碘中位数为265.0μg/L,其中<100μg/L的占8.91%,>300μg/L的占44.06%。检测孕期、哺乳期妇女尿样361份,尿碘中位数为164.1μg/L,其中<100μg/L的占22.44%,>300μg/L的占21.05%。检测食盐196份,盐碘中位数为29.1mg/kg,碘盐合格率为94.90%。碘盐覆盖率为100.00%,合格碘盐食用率为94.39%。检查440名8～10岁儿童,检出甲状腺肿大的5人,甲肿率为1.14%。[结论]荣成市沿海地区相当部分居民碘摄入过量。     

2017年东营市儿童及孕妇碘营养调查

为了解东营市2017年碘缺乏防治工作情况,掌握重点人群碘营养状况,为下一步碘缺乏防治工作提供科学依据。采用人口容量比例概率抽样方法抽取采样点,抽取的每个镇(街道)中随机抽取40名8～10岁的儿童和20名孕妇,检测其家中食盐碘含量并采集日间随意一次尿样检测碘浓度;采集东营市39个乡镇的末梢水样检测水碘浓度。结果显示,402名8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为0.79%,结节发现率为1.49%;13个乡镇街道水碘中位数<10μg/L,24个乡镇街道水碘中位数在10～100μg/L之间,2个乡镇街道水碘中位数>100μg/L。1 501份食用盐的盐碘中位数为20.00 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为65.49%;碘盐合格率87.18%,合格碘盐食用率57.1%。602名8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数为191.00μg/L;298名孕妇尿碘中位数为123.80μg/L。提示本次调查的儿童碘营养处于适宜水平,但孕妇仍存在碘营养不足的情况,相关部门还应加强对碘盐市场的监管、指导。     

2011年新疆生产建设兵团碘盐监测与重点人群碘营养状况调查

目的了解新疆生产建设兵团(简称兵团)食用盐碘含量调整前的碘盐水平与3类重点人群(8~10岁儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女)的碘营养状况,为今后评估调整效果提供依据。方法按《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》要求,结合兵团实际情况,采用"人口比例概率抽样方法"(PPS)抽取30个团场,每个团场按整群随机抽样方法抽取1所小学,在被抽到的小学随机抽取40名8~10岁儿童,检测其家中食用盐碘含量;从被抽到的40名儿童中再随机抽取12名(男、女各半),采集并检测尿碘含量;在抽中的学校所在地随机抽取孕妇和哺乳期妇女各15人检测尿碘含量。盐碘测定采用直接滴定法;尿碘测定采用砷铈催化分光光度法。结果共检测1 195份盐样,盐碘含量均值为(30.91±6.99)mg/kg,其中碘盐1 165份,合格碘盐1 148份,不合格碘盐17份,非碘盐30份,碘盐覆盖率为97.49%,碘盐合格率98.54%,合格碘盐食用率为96.07%。407名8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数为235.31μg/L,北疆地区8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数高于南疆地区儿童。386名孕妇尿碘中位数为182.99μg/L;432名哺乳期妇女尿碘水平为173.81μg/L,均达到WHO推荐的标准。结论现有的碘盐浓度下兵团居民碘营养水平基本适宜,兵团碘盐和儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女碘营养状况都已达到国家消除碘缺乏病阶段目标要求。     

福建省2021年重点人群碘营养水平监测结果分析

目的 为持续动态观察新标准碘盐执行后我省儿童、孕妇等重点人群碘营养状况,进一步指导各地巩固消除碘缺乏危害的防控成果。方法 全省9个设区市和平潭综合实验区,设区市每个县按东、西、南、北、中分5个片区,每个片区各随机抽取1个乡镇(街道)为监测点,抽取8～10岁儿童200人及孕妇100人尿碘检测,并检测儿童和孕妇家庭食用盐盐碘含量;采用WS/T 107.1-2016砷铈催化分光光度法进行尿碘测定,采用GB/T 13025.7《制盐工业通用试验方法 碘的测定》测定盐碘;用B超法测定儿童甲状腺容积。结果 全省共检测8～10岁儿童家中食用盐17 437份,盐碘中位数24.1 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率94.7%,合格碘盐食用率92.3%;检测8～10岁儿童尿样17 437份,尿碘中位数194.4μg/L;B超检测儿童17 437人,甲状腺肿大率为1.5%(270/17 437);全省共采集检测孕妇盐样8 507份,盐碘中位数24.1 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率94.0%,合格碘盐食用率91.9%;孕妇尿样8 507份,尿碘中位数为137.6μg/L。结论 我省8～10岁儿童的碘营养状况总体保持适宜水平,而...     

永安市碘缺乏病病情监测结果分析

[目的]为建立健全可持续消除碘缺乏病运行机制,评价永安市达到消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后,继续碘盐防治的效果。[方法]2005年按《全国碘缺乏病防治监测方案》调查全市1200名8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率(触诊法)210份尿碘与210份盐碘水平。[结果]8～10岁儿童甲肿率为1.42%;盐碘中位数30.2mg/kg;碘盐覆盖率99.05%;合格碘盐食用率94.76%;人群尿碘中位数225.1μg/L,尿碘大于100μg/L所占比例为92.38%。[结论]永安市达到消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后,各项防治措施落实,居民碘营养状况更加理想,病情稳定,防治成果巩固。     

2009年徐州市泉山区儿童碘营养状况调查

[目的]了解徐州市泉山区儿童碘营养状况,为碘缺乏病防治工作提供科学依据。[方法]2009年,在泉山区按人口容量比例概率抽样方法,抽取5所小学的8－10岁儿童100名,检查甲状腺肿、尿碘水平及家中食用盐的碘含量。[结果]检测100名8－10岁儿童,甲状腺肿大率为1.00%;尿碘中位数为432μg/L,无〈100μg/L者,≥300μg/L的占76.00%;检测家中食用盐100份,均为碘盐,合格碘盐食用率为98.00%;平均每人进食碘量为648μg/d。[结论]泉山区儿童获得了充足的碘营养,甲状腺肿大率、尿碘值、合格碘盐食用率均达到国家消除碘缺乏病标准。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.