抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者血小板腺苷A2a受体基因表达的影响

目的 探讨未用药精神分裂症患者治疗前后血小板腺苷A2a受体(ADA2aR) mRNA表达量的变化及其与临床症状的相关性.方法 采用实时定量聚合酶链反应技术,对30例未用药精神分裂症患者(患者组)治疗前和治疗6周后进行血小板ADA2aR mRNA表达量测定,并与30名健康志愿者(对照组)进行比较;采用Pearson相关分析对患者组血小板ADA2aR mRNA表达量与精神分裂症临床症状进行相关性分析.结果 (1)治疗前,患者组血小板ADA2aR mRNA表达量(747.6±282.3)与对照组(692.7 ±286.7)比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗第6周末,患者组血小板ADA2aR mRNA表达量(873.2 ±206.2)高于对照组(635.4±263.2)及患者组治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)患者组治疗前血小板ADA2aR mRNA表达量与病程(r=0.17)、PANSS总分(r=0.08)、阳性症状(r=-0.12)、阴性症状(r=0.08)、一般病理症状(r=0.12)均无统计学相关性(P＞0.05);治疗第6周末,患者组血小板ADA2aR mRNA表达量与病程PANSS总分(r=0.09)、阳性症状(r=-0.02)、阴性症状(r=0.26)、一般病理症状(r=-0.08)亦无统计学相关性(P＞0.05);患者组治疗前后血小板ADA2aR mRNA表达量差值与PANSS总分减分值(r=-0.31)、阳性症状减分值(r=-0.28)、阴性症状减分值(r=-0.14)、一般病理症状减分值(r=-0.11)均无统计学相关性(P＞0.05).结论 抗精神病药治疗可能对精神分裂症患者外周血小板ADA2aR基因表达产生影响,血小板ADA2aR基因表达变化可能与精神分裂症临床症状无明显联系.     

首发精神分裂症患者血浆microRNA-30e表达水平与症状的关系

目的探讨精神分裂症患者血浆micro RNA-30e表达水平变化及其与临床症状的相关性。方法纳入17例首发精神分裂症患者和16名健康对照者,年龄17~45岁。采用定量反转录聚合酶链式反应检测两组血浆micro RNA-30e的表达水平,使用阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative symptom scale,PANSS)、个人和社会功能量表(personal and social functioning scale,PSP)对患者组进行评定。结果 与对照组比较,精神分裂症患者血浆micro RNA-30e相对表达量下降,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.180,P=0.029)。患者血浆micro RNA-30e相对表达水平与PANSS中攻击危险性得分存在正相关(r=0.517,P=0.040),与PANSS总分、阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理学症状相关性无统计学意义(P0.05);micro RNA-30e相对表达水平与PSP总分、对社会有益的活动、个人关系和社会关系、自我照料、扰乱及攻击行为相关性无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 血浆micro RNA-30e的表达水平可能与精神分裂症有关,与急性期冲动控制能力有关系;micro RNA-30e可能是精神分裂症的疾病性质指标,而非状态依赖性指标。     

精神分裂症患者多巴胺D2受体和多巴胺转运体基因表达水平与临床症状的关系

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者外周血淋巴细胞多巴胺D2受体(DRD2)和多巴胺转运体(DAT)的mRNA表达水平与精神分裂症临床症状的关系.方法 以实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应技术检测治疗前精神分裂症组(25例)、长期服药(氯氮平)慢性精神分裂症组(27例)和对照组(30名)外周血淋巴细胞中DRD2和DAT的mRNA表达水平,同时对精神分裂症患者的阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)进行评定,并采用Spearman分析二者的相关性.结果 治疗前精神分裂症组、长期服药慢性精神分裂症组、对照组样本外周血淋巴细胞DRD2的基因表达水平分别为0.32±0.13、0.37±0.19、0.34±0.09,3组比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.510,P＞0.05)；DAT的基因表达水平分别为0.48±0.24、0.58±0.21、0.39±0.24,3组比较差异有统计学意义(F=4.330,P＜0.05)；长期服药慢性精神分裂症组DAT基因表达水平显著高于对照组(MS组内=0.194,P ＜0.01)；治疗前精神分裂症组DRD2基因表达水平与PANSS阳性症状分呈显著正相关(r=0.443,P＜0.05),DAT基因表达水平与PANSS总分(r=-0.418,P=0.075)、一般病理症状分(r=-0.434,P=0.063)的相关性未达统计学意义.结论 精神分裂症患者外周血淋巴细胞DRD2的基因表达水平与PANSS量表的阳性症状分显著正相关,而精神分裂症患者外周血淋巴细胞DAT的基因表达水平可能受氯氮平影响上调.     

精神分裂症患者探索性眼球运动的研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者探索性眼球运动(EEM)特点及与精神病性症状关系。方法:根据阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分将精神分裂症患者分为Ⅰ型组(33例)、Ⅱ型组(36例)和混合组(30例),分别进行EEM检查,比较各组眼球运动注视点(NEF)、眼球注视总距离(TESL)、眼球注视平均距离(MESL)、反应性探索分(RSS)、判别分析(D)值等;分析各指标与PANSS的关系。结果:3组间PANSS总分差异有统计学意义(F=3.429,P0.05),I型组PANSS总分明显低于Ⅱ型组及混合组(t=2.023,P0.05;t=5.962,P0.01);3组间EEM的D值差异有统计学意义(F=18.376,P0.01);I型组NEF明显高于混合组(t=2.026,P0.05),RSS明显高于Ⅱ型组(t=2.438,P0.05),D值明显低于Ⅱ型组(t=2.615,P0.01)。RSS与PANSS阴性症状分和阴性因子分呈负相关(r=-0.219,P0.05;r=-0.262,P0.01);D值与PANSS阳性因子分呈负相关(r=-0.203,P0.05),与PANSS阴性因子、认知因子以及阴性症状分呈正相关(r=0.223,P0.05;r=0.198,P0.05;r=0.265,P0.01)。结论:Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型精神分裂症患者有不同的EEM特征,其中RSS与精神分裂症阴性症状相关。     

主动式社区治疗模式对社区精神分裂症患者的疗效

目的:探讨社区精神分裂症患者接受主动式社区治疗模式(assertive community treatment, ACT)后临床症状的变化及其相关因素。方法:本研究共纳入200例精神分裂症患者，随机分配为干预组与对照组，开展为期1年的随访干预，使用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、自尊量表(SES)和精神分裂症患者生活质量量表(SQLS)分别评估其精神症状、社会功能及自我感受。结果:干预前后两组间PANSS总分及分量表评分、SES得分存在时间×组别交互作用，PANSS减分率、PANSS阴性分量表减分率、PANSS一般病理分量表减分率、SES增幅的差异具有统计学意义，SQLS各因子分的变化幅度的组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预组PANSS减分率与SES增幅呈正相关(r=0.242,P=0.001);与SQLS量表中的心理社会、动力与精力等因子分减分率呈正相关(r=0.260,P=0.001;r=0.200,P=0.008);Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示，基线SQLS量表症状与副作用因子分是危险因素(OR=1.030,95%CI:1.033～1.058,P<...     

女性精神分裂症患者垂体-甲状腺轴和垂体-肾上腺轴功能研究

目的:探讨女性精神分裂症患者神经内分泌的病理生理及其与临床症状的相关性。方法:采用病例-对照研究方法将106例女性精神分裂症急性期发作患者(精神分裂症组)及40名性别、年龄相匹配的健康对照者(健康对照组)进行血液促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺激素(FT4)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、甲状腺激素(TT4)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)及皮质醇(COR)水平检测和比较;分析患者神经内分泌与年龄、病程、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分的关系。结果:精神分裂症组TSH[(2.71±1.98)m IU/L]、COR[(478.03±225.26)nmol/L]较健康对照组[(1.83±0.94)m IU/L、(365.83±92.52)nmol/L]显著升高(t=3.613,3.816;P均0.05);患者的病程与甲状腺激素水平呈正相关(r=0.211~0.305,P均0.05);PANSS的阴性症状分与TT3水平呈负相关(r=-0.389,P0.05),与FT4水平呈正相关(r=0.363,P0.05);一般精神病理分与TT3、FT3水平呈负相关(r=-0.542,r=-0.426,P均0.05),与COR水平呈正相关(r=0.477,P0.05)。结论:女性精神分裂症急性期发作患者的甲状腺激素水平降低,肾上腺激素水平升高;神经内分泌改变可能与疾病病程、精神症状相关。     

精神分裂症患者工作状态与精神症状等因素的关系研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者的工作状态与患者的精神症状、家庭情感表达、受教育水平等的相关关系.方法 选取我院2010年1月～ 2012年1月经治疗后阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)＜60分出院的89例精神分裂症患者,统计半年后参加工作者37例,未参加工作者52例,对其进行个体和社会功能量表(PSP)、PANSS量表、家庭情感表达量表、受教育水平、病程等评定.结果 已工作患者PANSS量表的阳性量表分与未工作者无显著性差异(P＞0.05),其PANSS总分、阴性量表分和家庭情感表达分、病程显著低于未工作者(P ＜0.01,P＜0.05),而受教育水平与PSP总分显著高于未工作组(P＜0.01);Logistic回归分析结果显示,阴性症状、家庭情感表达、病程与受教育水平均进入回归方程.结论阴性症状及高家庭情感表达对精神分裂症患者工作影响较大,高教育水平、短病程对患者恢复工作有利,因此可从这些方面对其进行干预以利于工作的恢复.     

首次发病的青少年精神分裂症患者执行功能的研究

目的:探讨首次发病的青少年精神分裂症患者执行功能及其与精神症状的关系. 方法:采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及韦克斯勒记忆量表第3版(WMS-Ⅲ)空间广度测验测试75例首次发病的青少年精神分裂症患者(病例组)和80名健康对照者(对照组)的执行功能;病例组同时应用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定病情. 结果:病例组WCST的错误总数、持续反应数和持续错误数显著高于对照组,正确总数显著低于对照组(P均＜0.01);WMS-Ⅲ总分和空间广度逆行分显著低于对照组(P均＜0.05).病例组PANSS阴性症状分与WMS-Ⅲ空间广度逆行分及总分负相关(r=-0.276,r=-0.230;P均＜0.05);阳性症状分与WCST完成分类数负相关(r=-0.258,P＜0.05);一般病理学总分与WMS-Ⅲ空间广度逆行分负相关(r=-0.244,P＜0.05). 结论:首次发病的青少年精神分裂症患者执行功能显著受损,并与病情有关.     

精神分裂症患者攻击行为相关因素分析

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者发生攻击行为的相关因素及预测因子。方法:将132例精神分裂症患者按修改版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)得分分为伴攻击行为(研究组)64例和不伴攻击行为(对照组)68例,分别进行一般人口学资料、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及气质性格问卷(TCI)的测定。结果:一般人口学资料中既往攻击行为史两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。PANSS分量表中阳性症状分、思维障碍、激活性及偏执条目分值研究组明显高于对照组(t=-6.90,t=-3.41,t=-4.43,t=-4.40;P均≤0.001)。TCI各维度中寻求新奇得分(t=-6.74)研究组高于对照组,合作性、自我定向得分低于对照组(t=3.42,t=5.96;P均≤0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示,寻求新奇、阳性症状和合作性对攻击行为的发生有预测意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:精神分裂症患者的阳性症状、思维障碍、激活性及偏执是引起攻击行为的重要因素;寻求新奇和低合作性可较好地预测患者的攻击行为。     

细胞色素P450酶1A2 mRNA表达水平与氯氮平浓度及疗效关联性研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者外周血单核细胞中CYP1A2mRNA表达水平与氯氮平疗效及血药浓度的关系.方法 应用RT-PCR技术测定60例精神分裂症患者外周血单核细胞CYP1A2mRNA表达水平,临床症状和疗效的评价使用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)和简明精神病量表(BPRS);氯氮平血药浓度监测采用反相高效液相色谱法测定.结果 在实验第4周末、第8周末的氯氮平的血药浓度与CYP1A2 mRNA表达水平呈负相关(r分别为-0.389,-0.487,P<0.05).第8周的阳性和阴性症状量表PANSS减分率和简明精神病量表BPRS减分率与CYP1A2 mRNA表达水平不存在相关关系.结论 精神分裂症患者CYP1A2的mRNA表达水平与氯氮平的疗效无关联,与氯氮平的血药浓度呈负相关.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.