精神分裂症患者认知功能与临床特征关系分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能与临床特征的关系。方法采用事件相关电位(Event-related Potentials,ERP)P300和探究性眼动分析(exploratory eye movement,EEM)评估患者组及对照组的认知功能,同时采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者的精神症状。结果患者组P300潜伏期较对照组延长,波幅降低,EEM中NEF及RSS减少,D值增加,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.01)。患者组P300潜伏期与PANSS量表一般状况分、思维障碍评分及激活性评分均呈负相关(P0.05),波幅与PANSS量表阴性症状分及一般状况分均呈负相关(P0.01,P0.05);EEM中凝视点数(NEF)与阴性症状分呈负相关(P0.05),PANSS总分与反应性探索评分(RSS)呈负相关(P0.05),与D值呈正相关(P0.01)。结论 P300和EEM测定可作为精神分裂症认知功能诊断的参考指标之一;阴性症状的严重程度是影响精神分裂症患者认知功能的主要因素。     

探索性眼球活动与精神分裂症病情严重度的关系

目的通过与正常人群对照,研究探索性眼球活动（EEM）与精神分裂症病情的关系,并探索EEM是精神分裂症的特征性标志还是状态性标志。方法48名精神分裂症患者在入院初、治疗第4周末和第8周末,分别用三套EEM进行检查,并评定阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）。对42名正常对照者进行类似的三次EEM检查。比较两组PANSS得分以及EEM的凝视点数（NEF）、反应性探索（RSS）、判别值（D）。NEF、RSS、D越高,越正常。结果精神分裂症患者基线的NEF（27.2±7.0）低于正常对照组（30.9±4.9）,差异有统计学意义（t=-2.9,P=0.05）,基线RSS（4.7±1.9）也低于正常对照组（12.1±3.9）,差异有统计学意义（t=-11.7,P〈0.01）。患者组治疗第8周NEF（29.9±5.0）较基线增加（t=-2.2,P=0.03）,与对照组差异无统计学意义（t=-0.4,P=0.7）,而RSS（4.7±1.4）与基线相似（t=-0.2,P=0.9）,仍低于对照组（12.0±2.9）,差异有统计学意义意义（t=-8.3,P〈0.01）。结论EEM可作为精神分裂症的一种生物学标志,其NEF可能为状态性标志,而RSS则可能是特征性标志。     

儿童精神分裂症及其一级亲属事件相关电位P300和探究性眼球运动研究

目的:比较儿童精神分裂症、健康儿童及其一级亲属事件相关电位P300和探究性眼球运动(EEM)的差异. 方法:对符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版精神分裂症诊断标准的患儿40例及同胞22例、父母80例,健康儿童59例及父母80例进行事件相关电位P300、EEM检测. 结果:儿童精神分裂症组及其同胞组与健康儿童对照组P300、EEM比较,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).儿童精神分裂症组及同胞组较健康儿童对照组N2及P3波潜伏期延长、P3波幅降低、凝视点数(NEF)、反应性探索评分(RSS)较健康儿童对照组显著降低,其差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).儿童精神分裂症父母组较健康儿童父母组以上检测结果类似(P均＜0.01).N2、P3波潜伏期与NEF、RSS均呈负相关(r=-0.344～-0.490,P＜0.05、0.01);P3波幅与NEF、RSS呈正相关(r=0.414、0.451,P均＜0.01). 结论:儿童精神分裂症患者及其未患病一级亲属均存在P300、EEM异常改变,P300、EEM缺陷可能是一种潜在的精神分裂症生物学素质标志.     

重复经颅磁刺激辅助治疗对精神分裂症患者探索性眼球运动和阴性症状的影响：随机、双盲、伪刺激对照研究

背景左侧前额叶背外侧区（dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DLPFC）是调控眼球运动的关键区域,很可能与精神分裂症的异常探索性眼球运动（exploratory eye movement,EEM）有关。重复经颅磁刺激（repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS）刺激大脑的这个区域有可能辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状：目的评估rTMS干预对精神分裂症者EEM异常的影响,以及EEM变化与精神分裂症阳性和阴性症状变化之间关系。方法在上海市精神卫生中心住院的46位精神分裂症患者于2009年6月至2010年2月参加本研究。患者被随机分为rTMS真刺激组（研究组,24例）和rTMS伪刺激组（对照组,22例）。两组均接受标准抗精神病药治疗。rTMS真刺激组每周接受5次rTMS干预,持续4周,应用0短阵快速脉冲刺激（intermittent theta burst stinmlation,iTBS）模式刺激左侧DLPFC。于治疗前及治疗4周末应用阳性与阴性症状量表（Positiveand Negative Syndrome Scale．PANSS）盲法评定患者的精神症状和进行EEM检查,EEM检查指标包含凝视点数（Rumber of eyefixations score,NEF）、反应探索分（the responsive search score,RSS）和判别值（differentiation seore,D）。结果研究组23例和对照组19例完成研究。经rTMS干预4周后,丽组的症状均有明显减轻,但是,接受rTMS辅助治疗患者组的PANSS总分及PANSS阴性症状因子分明显低于对照组。4周后,rTMS真刺激组的NEF分较治疗前有明显升高（改善）,而rTMS伪刺激组的NEF分未见明显升高;两组治疗前后RSS及D值的变化均不明显。但是,rTMS真刺激组的NEF中位数变化的百分数（＋10％）,并没有显著性高于rTMS伪刺激组的NEF中位数变化的百分数（-19％）。结论与标准药物治疗相比,接受4周rTMS刺激左侧前额叶背外侧区辅助治疗的精神分裂症患者的阴性症状更轻,异常探索性眼球运动EEM有一成份也有提高。EEM指标对于治疗的反应方面存在高度个体化变异,这表明需要相对较大的样本来判断特殊治疗是否有效。     

军人失眠症患者探究性眼动与事件相关电位研究

目的:探讨探究性眼动(EEM)和事件相关电位(ERP)对军人失眠症患者认知功能评估的临床价值.方法:采用EEM和ERP对某三级甲等部队医院心理科收治的48例失眠症官兵(研究组)和随机抽取某部50名官兵(对照组)进行测定,并将结果进行比较.结果:①军人失眠症患者EEM凝视点数(NEF)、反应探索评分(RSS)及D值与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);②军人失眠症患者ERP测定,N2、P3波潜伏期较对照组延长,P3波幅较对照组降低,两者比较差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.01);③相关分析显示,研究组N2、P3波潜伏期与NEF、RSS呈负相关(r=-0.19～-0.42,P＜0.05或0.01),与D值呈正相关(r=0.30,0.48,P＜0.01);P3波幅与NEF、RSS呈正相关(r=0.38,0.51,P＜0.01),与D值呈负相关(r=-0.32,P＜0.01).结论:EEM和ERP测定具有良好的一致性,可作为判断失眠症患者认知功能的重要指标.     

老年单双相抑郁障碍探索性眼球运动和促肾上腺皮质激素及皮质醇水平比较

目的探讨急性期老年单相与双相抑郁障碍患者探索性眼球运动(exploratory eye movement,EEM及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA)指标的不同特点。方法收集双相抑郁障碍老年患者38例(双相组)、重性抑郁障碍老年患者39例(单相组),使用24项版汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamiltom depression rating scale,HAMD-24)评估抑郁症状,检测外周血清促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)、皮质醇(cortisol,COR)水平,并进行EEM检测以获得眼球运动凝视点数(number of eye fixation,NEF)、反应性探索分(responsive search score,RSS)、判别分析(discriminant analysis,D)值。结果与单相组比较,双相组患者首发年龄早、病程长、入院次数多(均P0.05),HAMD-24评分组间无统计学差异(P0.05);单相组ACTH、COR水平高于双相组(P0.05),且ACTH、COR水平异常比例较双相组高(P0.05);单相组EEM检测中D值高于双相组,RSS值低于双相组(P0.05),两组NEF差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。单相组D值与COR水平呈正相关(r=0.482,P=0.002),与其他指标无统计学相关性(P0.05);而双相组未发现EEM各指标与其他指标有统计学相关性(均P0.05)。结论急性期老年单双相抑郁障碍患者临床表现、血清ACTH和COR水平、EEM指标存在不同特点,提示两种疾病可能存在异质性。     

衰退期与非衰退期男性精神分裂症患者探究性眼球轨迹运动及认知功能的比较

目的:探讨衰退期与非衰退期男性精神分裂症患者探究性眼球轨迹运动及认知功能的特点。方法:应用上海迪康DEM-2000型眼动检测系统对113例精神分裂症患者[衰退期63例(衰退组)和非衰退期50例(非衰退组)]进行眼动测定,用凝视点(NEF)、反应性探索分(RSS)、判别分析式(discriminant analysis,D分值),分析两组检测结果并进行比较,同时采用华文认知能力量表(CCAS)对两组患者进行评定。结果:113例精神分裂症患者判别分析式(D分值)有112例获正分,1例获负分。NEF、RSS、D分值衰退组与非衰退组组间比较,各项指标差异有统计学意义(t=-6.61,t=-6.21,t=7.45;P均0.01)。衰退组CCAS的各种指标明显低于非衰退组(t=3.25~5.32,P均0.01)。结论:衰退期男性精神分裂症患者的认知功能受损程度较非衰退期患者更加显著。     

伴与不伴抑郁症状的精神分裂症患者临床特征的性别差异

目的:探讨伴与不伴抑郁症状的精神分裂症患者临床症状的性别差异。方法:纳入精神分裂症患者138例及正常对照者94名,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估患者的精神症状、卡尔加里精神分裂症抑郁量表(CDSS)评估患者的抑郁症状;同时运用重复性神经心理状态测验(RBANS)评估受试者的认知功能。结果:精神分裂症伴有抑郁组PANSS总分及因子分高于不伴抑郁症状组(P均0.001),RBANS总分及因子分低于不伴抑郁症状组(P0.05或P0.01)。性别分层后,PANSS总分及因子分、RBANS总分及因子分在女性精神分裂症患者伴与不伴抑郁症状组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01),男性伴与不伴抑郁症状组PANSS总分、阴性症状、一般精神症状分、RBANS总分及即时记忆因子分差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。男、女精神分裂症患者CDSS分与PANSS总分呈正相关(P均0.001),而CDSS评分与RBANS总分的相关性只存在于女性精神分裂症患者中(女:r=-0.334,P=0.008)。结论:伴与不伴抑郁症状的精神分裂症患者精神症状及认知功能存在男女性别差异。     

抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者探索性眼球活动的影响

目的：探讨抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者探索性眼球活动障碍的疗效及与精神症状变化的关系。方法：对62例精神分裂症患者分别于治疗前和治疗8周做探索性眼球活动检测和阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分，主要观察指标为凝视点数（number of eye fixation，NEF）、反应性探索评分（responsive search score，RSS）及PANSS总分。结果：精神分裂症患者治疗前NEF和RSS评分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．001），治疗8周后的NEF和RSS与治疗前相比差异均无显著性（P均〉0.05）；PANSS总分显著下降，与NEF和RSS变化无显著相关性（P〉0．05）。结论：抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者探索性眼球活动障碍无明显改善作用。     

探索性眼球活动和精神分裂症的诊断

目的:用DEM-2000型眼动监测仪再次验证探索性眼球活动检查在精神分裂症诊断中的价值。方法:给231例精神分裂症(患者组)和274名正常对照者(对照组)进行探索性眼球活动检查。测定凝视点数(NEF)和反应性探索分(RSS),计算敏感度和特异度,进行判别分析,利用判别公式计算判别D值。结果:患者组较对照组的NEF、RSS和D值均显著为低(P均<0.001)。判别公式能区分精神分裂症患者和正常对照者。结论:探索性眼球活动可以作为精神分裂症的辅助诊断指标。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.