股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间及转子下骨折

<正>2010年6月~2013年6月,我科采用股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗26例老年股骨转子间及转子下骨折患者,疗效满意。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组26例,男11例,女15例,年龄65~87岁。其中股骨转子间骨折18例,按AO分类:A1型8例,A2型9例,A3型1例。股骨转子下骨折8例,按AO分类:A型4例,B型4例。均为闭合非病理性骨折。24例患     

肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗儿童股骨转子部骨折

正2009年1月~2013年12月,我科采用肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗10例股骨转子部骨折患儿,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组10例,男7例,女3例,年龄6~12岁,均为闭合骨折。其中转子间骨折4例,根据Evans分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型2例;转子下骨折6例,根据Seinsheimer分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型1例。受伤至手术时间2 h~3d。1.2治疗方法全身麻醉下手术。取     

股骨近端锁定钢板治疗不稳定股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端锁定钢板治疗不稳定股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对27例不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用股骨近端锁定钢板内固定。结果 27例均获随访,时间4~18个月。1例出现髋内翻畸形。26例均获骨性愈合,愈合时间4~7个月。末次随访时髋关节功能按Harris评分标准评定:优14例,良9例,可3例,差1例。结论股骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗不稳定股骨转子间骨折具有创伤小、并发症少、内固定可靠、骨折愈合率高等优点,适用于不稳定型股骨转子间骨折,特别是伴有骨质疏松症患者。     

小切口股骨头置换术治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

正2009年1月~2016年4月,我科采用转子股骨柄股骨头置换术治疗16例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者,效果良好,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组16例,男9例,女7例,年龄76~91岁。骨折按EvansJensen分型:Ⅲ型10例,Ⅴ型6例。均采用转子股骨柄型双极人工股骨头置换。伤后至手术时间3~7 d。1.2治疗方法腰硬联合麻醉或全身麻醉下手术。患髋后外侧切口,通过大     

DCS治疗股骨转子下伴转子间骨折

目的 :探讨股骨转子下伴转子间骨折 (Seinsheimer分型Ⅴ型 )的治疗方法和疗效。方法 :从 1999年 7月～2 0 0 2年 9月应用 95°髁动力加压钢板 (DynamicCondylarScrewDCS)治疗 2 4例股骨转子下伴转子间骨折 ,手术均在伤后5～ 7d进行 ,术前常规胫骨结节骨牵引 ,对手术方法及疗效进行总结和随访。结果 :2 4例均获得随访 ,时间 5～ 4 3个月 ,平均 11个月 ;2 2例术后 4～ 6个月达骨性愈合 ;1例术后 1a骨折仍未愈合 ;另 1例术后 5个月钢板螺丝钉断裂 ;术后 6～ 8周逐步负重 ;按黄公怡关节功能标准评定 ,髋关节功能优良 2 2例 ,占 91%。结论 :DCS治疗股骨转子下伴转子间骨折具有手术创伤小 ,固定牢固 ,并发症少 ,术后早期活动等优点 ,是治疗股骨转子下伴转子间骨折的理想方法 ;特别是伴有梨状窝和小转子均骨折为首选内固定材料     

有限切开复位股骨近端抗旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子下骨折

正2014年8月~2015年8月,我科采用有限切开复位股骨近端抗旋髓内钉(PFNA)内固定治疗32例股骨转子下骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组32例,男15例,女17例,年龄61~75岁。骨折根据Seinsheimer分型:ⅡB型骨折8例,ⅡC型骨折3例,ⅢA型骨折10例,ⅢB型骨折2例,Ⅳ型骨折2例,Ⅴ型骨折7例。受伤至手术时间2~7 d。     

股骨近端锁定接骨板治疗特殊类型股骨近端骨折

背景：应用髓内固定系统规范化治疗股骨近端骨折已得到临床上的广泛共识,但是对于某些特殊类型的股骨近端骨折如股骨转子下骨折、股骨近端外侧壁不完整等的治疗仍较困难。目的：探讨股骨近端锁定接骨板（LPFP）治疗特殊类型股骨近端骨折的疗效。方法：2012年5月至2014年5月应用LPFP治疗特殊类型股骨近端骨折22例,其中股骨转子间骨折伴股骨近端外侧壁不完整9例（Evans-Jensen分型：Ⅲ型5例,Ⅴ型4例）;股骨转子下骨折10例（Seinsheimer分型：ⅡA型2例,ⅡB型2例,ⅢB型4例,Ⅴ型2例）;股骨颈骨折伴股骨转子下骨折2例,股骨转子间骨折伴股骨上段骨折1例。所有患者均采用LPFP内固定术,记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、骨折愈合时间和术后髋关节功能评分。采用Harris评分评估髋关节功能情况。结果：手术时间为65~150 min,平均96 min;出血量为80~750 ml,平均360 ml。22例全部获得随访,随访时间为3~27个月,平均12.8个月。1例患者在术后4个月发生锁钉断裂,2例发生延迟愈合,无一例出现切口感染和深静脉血栓。骨折愈合时间为2~20个月,平均3.2个月。髋关节Harris评分为78~99分,平均86分。结论：LPFP治疗股骨转子下骨折、股骨近端外侧壁不完整等特殊类型股骨近端骨折,具有创伤小、安全性高等特点,是髓内固定治疗股骨近端骨折的有益补充。     

股骨转子部骨折髓内钉内固定手术失败的原因分析及预防

目的 探讨股骨转子部骨折髓内钉内固定手术失败的原因及其预防.方法 回顾性分析2008年5月至2011年12月采用髓内钉固定且出现医源性手术失败的4例股骨转子部骨折患者资料,均为女性;年龄65～81岁,平均72.0岁.股骨转子间骨折3例,按改良Evans分型:ⅡB2例,Ⅲ型1例;股骨转子下骨折1例,根据Russell-Taylor分型为IA型.入院至手术时间为3～5d,平均3.8d.结果 手术失败原因:骨折复位错误2例,髓内钉置入错误2例.4例患者术后获10～14个月(平均11.6个月)随访.1例股骨转子间骨折患者术中并发股骨干骨折,卧床4个月后开始部分负重,术后9个月X线片示骨折基本获愈合.1例股骨转子下骨折患者术中并发股骨近端骨折,卧床4个月后行全髋关节置换术治疗.2例股骨转子间骨折患者术后较术前骨折断端明显移位,卧床3个月后部分负重,术后6个月X线片示骨折基本获愈合,患者生活自理,但存在髋关节内翻畸形.结论 骨折复位错误和髓内钉置入错误是股骨转子部骨折手术失败的主要原因.手术失败严重影响患者的康复,术中良好的复位、内固定物正确的放置是手术成功的关键.     

Gama钉治疗股骨转子下骨折12例

股骨转子下粉碎性骨折因肌肉活动使骨折移位明显,治疗较困难,不易愈合。笔者1994年1月～1996年5月应用Gama钉治疗股骨转子下粉碎性骨折12例,效果较好,现报告如下。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料 本组12例中,男8例、女4例,年龄23～45岁,平均34岁,左侧9例,右侧3例。12例股骨转子下骨折按Fielding分类法分为Ⅰ型2例、Ⅱ型7例、Ⅲ型3例。致伤原因:交通事故9例,高处摔伤3例。     

动力髁螺钉治疗股骨近端及远端骨折的临床报告

目的介绍和评价动力髁螺钉治疗股骨近端及远端骨折的手术方法。方法1998年1月至2002年8月应用动力髁螺钉治疗股骨近端转子间骨折4例，转子下骨折15例，转子间、转子下混合骨折2例，股骨远端髁上骨折7例，髁间骨折5例，其中采用Maier改良技术治疗股骨远端骨折5例。结果术后随访4～32个月，平均15．1个月。骨折于3～5个月内临床愈合，关节功能恢复良好，未发现内固定物失效及其他并发症。结论动力髁螺钉设计科学合理，内固定坚强可靠，如适应证选择得当，是治疗股骨近端及远端骨折的理想内固定物。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.