不同穿刺体位和头偏左转各角度对患者右颈内静脉B超影像的影响

目的研究不同穿刺体位和头偏左转各角度对患者右颈内静脉B超影像的影响。方法随机选择择期手术患者100例,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,男62例,女38例,年龄21~79岁。患者依次取去枕垫肩平卧位(肩下垫6cm薄枕)、平卧位、Trendelenburg体位(15°~30°头低足高位),分别将患者头偏左转0°、30°、45°和60°。超声探头置于患者右侧胸锁乳突肌三角的顶点,通过二维B超测量上述不同穿刺体位和头偏左转各角度时患者右颈内静脉的横径和横截面积等指标。计算右颈内静脉和颈总动脉重叠率和安全穿刺范围。结果与Trendelenburg位比较,头偏左转不同角度去枕垫肩平卧位和平卧位患者右颈内静脉横截面积明显减小(P<0.05),且去枕垫肩平卧位明显小于平卧位(P<0.05)。与头偏左转0°比较,头偏左转30°、45°和60°时三种体位右颈内静脉横截面积明显增加(P<0.05)。与Trendelenburg位比较,头偏左转不同角度去枕垫肩平卧位和平卧位患者安全穿刺范围明显减小(P<0.05)。头偏左转30°、45°和60°角度三种体位的安全穿刺范围依次减小(P<0.05)。与Trendelenburg比较,头偏左转不同角度去枕垫肩平卧位和平卧位患者动-静脉重叠程度评分明显降低(P<0.05),且去枕垫肩平卧位明显小于平卧位(P<0.05)。头偏左转30°、45°和60°时三种体位患者动-静脉重叠程度评分依次升高(P<0.05)。结论患者取Trendelenburg位是经右侧胸锁乳突肌三角顶点颈内静脉穿刺置管时理想的穿刺体位。头偏左转有利于右颈内静脉的充盈,但为了减少误穿动脉的风险,头偏左转角度以不超过30°为宜。     

不同年龄段患儿双侧颈内静脉与颈总动脉解剖关系的比较

目的应用超声技术观察并比较不同年龄段患儿双侧颈内静脉与颈总动脉的解剖关系。方法选择择期手术患儿496例,男380例,女116例,年龄0~12岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。应用超声技术探测锁骨水平上颈内静脉与颈总动脉的影像位置,将颈内静脉相对于颈总动脉位置按照角度划分为5个区域:0°~30°(最利于穿刺)、30°~60°(利于穿刺)、60°~90°、90°(定义为重叠)、90°(定义为变异)。比较不同年龄段组[新生儿组(0~1个月)、婴儿组(1月~1岁)、幼儿组(1~3岁)、学龄前儿童组(3~6岁)和学龄儿童组(6~12岁)]患儿中双侧颈内静脉与颈总动脉的解剖关系。结果在0°~30°区域,婴儿组、幼儿组、学龄前儿童组和学龄儿童组患儿中右侧所占比例明显高于左侧(婴儿组:42.3%vs 0%;幼儿组:48.8%vs 1.6%;学龄前儿童组:57.5%vs 2.7%;学龄儿童组:58.0%vs 2.1%)(P0.01);在30°~60°区域,各年龄段组患儿右侧所占比例均明显高于左侧(新生儿组:45.0%vs 10%;婴儿组:44.2%vs 23.1%;幼儿组:46.3%vs 19.5%;学龄前儿童组:35.4%vs 19.5%;学龄儿童组:35.1%vs 20.2%)(P0.05或P0.01);在60°~90°和90°区域,婴儿组、幼儿组、学龄前儿童组和学龄儿童组患儿右侧所占比例明显高于左侧(P0.01);在90°区域,各年龄段组患儿右侧所占比例与左侧差异无统计学意义。结论患儿右侧颈内静脉与颈总动脉的解剖关系比左侧更利于穿刺,新生儿与其他年龄段患儿有所不同。     

不同穿刺体位在腰-硬联合麻醉剖宫产术中的比较

目的比较不同穿刺体位在腰-硬联合麻醉(CSEA)剖宫产术中的效果。方法拟行剖宫产术的足月妊娠产妇90例,随机分为两组,每组45例。选择L3~4椎间隙作为穿刺点。R组右侧穿刺腰麻后保持穿刺体位2 min后左倾30°仰卧至手术开始,L组左侧穿刺腰麻后仰卧位,并调整手术床左倾30°直至手术开始。腰麻药物均为1.0%罗哌卡因1.5 ml+10%葡萄糖0.5 ml。观察腰麻药物注入后15 min内产妇感觉阻滞效应及不良反应情况,记录新生儿Apgar评分,检测脐动脉血p H值。结果 R组产妇最终阻滞平面明显低于L组,达到最终阻滞平面所需时间明显短于L组(P0.05)。R组麻黄碱用量为0(0~6)mg,明显低于L组的6(0~12)mg(P0.05)。R组脐动脉血p H值明显高于L组(P0.05)。两组新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义。结论剖宫产术采用右侧卧位穿刺注药后保持穿刺体位2 min后30°仰卧,其麻醉效果优于左侧卧位穿刺后30°仰卧体位。     

超声引导颈内静脉穿刺与解剖定位穿刺方法的比较

目的：探讨颈内静脉穿刺术病人的最佳头位,比较超声引导与传统体表标志定位（中路法）在确定具体穿刺点和进针方向上的区别。方法：选择择期妇科手术患者100例．取头位0°,左偏30°和左偏最大角度时．分别测量右侧颈内静脉直径．颈总动脉直径、颈内静脉覆盖颈总动脉的宽度及颈总动脉中点与颈内静脉中点的距离．以上数据均为投影在冠状面的冠状轴长度。计算动静脉重叠率．动静脉重叠率（％）=颈内静脉覆盖颈总动脉宽度（cm）／颈总动脉宽度（cm）×100％。同时分别依据体表标志和超声定位确定右颈内静脉穿刺点和进针方向。比较两种定位方法穿刺点之间的距离和进针方向之间的角度。结果：不同头位时右颈内静脉直径无明显变化（P〉0．05）。头部正中位和头部左偏30°时,颈总动脉无明显变化（P〉0．05）,动静脉重叠率增加（P〈0．05）．动静脉中点距离减小（P〈0．05）。头部左偏最大角度与头部正中位及头部左偏30°比较．颈总动脉直径明显变小（P〈0．01）．动静脉重叠率明显增加（P〈0．01）．动静脉中点距离明显减小（P〈0．01）。超声定位与体表标志定位法相比．两者穿刺点之间的距离为9．7±5．8ram．两者穿刺方向之间的角度为25．9±10．7°。结论：解剖标志定位与超声定位穿刺点和穿刺方向均存在较大差别．在无超声定位引导条件下,按传统穿刺方法．如果多次穿刺来成功应该考虑将穿刺点外移9．7mm左右．且穿刺方向指向锁骨上切迹。其次．随着头位左偏角度的逐渐增大,穿刺条件逐渐变差．穿刺时左偏角度不应超过30°。     

在超声引导下做颈内静脉穿刺置管时，头正中位与头侧偏45°体位相比是否更安全——来自于随机对照的临床试验结果

背景在颈内静脉（internal jugularvein,IJV）置管时,颈部的最佳偏转角度仍然不确定,因为之前的研究建议使用超声,但是没有做静脉穿刺。我们评估了在超声}I导下进行颈内静脉穿刺置管时,头正中位（neutralposition,NP,0°）是否比钙。的头侧偏位更安全。主要观察指标是两种体位穿刺时严重并发症的发生率。同时将评估总体并发症、进入静脉所需时间以及操作过程中的困难程度。方法在第三神经外科中心进行了前瞻性的随机对照非盲法研究。接受择期神经外科大手术且需中心静脉置管的患者被随机分为两组,用平面外定位的方法进行超声引导下的颈内静脉置管。结果我们评估了1424例患者,排除了92例,670例患者被纳入头侧偏组,662例患者入头中位组。穿刺置管的成功率为100％。除颈内静脉位置外,两组人口统计学数据相似。共发生10例严重并发症：6例在头正中位组,4例在45°头侧偏组,其发生率在两组之间没有显著差异。总体并发症发生率为13％,主要见于女性、A．姐分级≥II级、静脉直径较小或者是静脉位置很深且在侧面或前外侧者。总体并发症的增加与进入静脉的时间增加有关。操作过程的困难程度两组之间没有统计学差异。结论在超声BI导下做颈内静脉穿刺置管时,头正中位和45°头侧偏位同样安全。发生严重及轻微并发症的几率和进入静脉所需时间在两组间是相似的。在进行颈内静脉穿刺置管时,超声引导能帮助确定头侧偏的最佳角度。     

Supreme双腔喉罩对右颈总动脉与颈内静脉相对解剖位置的影响

目的观察和比较Supreme双腔喉罩与气管插管对右颈总动脉和颈内静脉相对解剖位置的影响,测量喉罩置入后右颈内静脉相对安全穿刺角度。方法择期全身麻醉患者80例,随机分为两组,喉罩组(L组)和气管插管组(I组),每组40例。分别在环状软骨水平(Cricoid-Level)及颈动脉三角顶点水平(Triangle-Level)测量患者喉罩或气管导管置入前后颈内静脉与颈总动脉水平重叠距离(a)、右颈总动脉横径(b)、二者水平重叠率(a/b)、颈内静脉内径(DIJV)、颈内静脉穿刺角度(θIJV)、颈内静脉穿刺相对安全角度(RPA)、颈总动脉穿刺角度(θCCA)。结果 I组气管导管置入前后,环状软骨水平及颈动脉三角顶点水平a/b、DIJV、θIJV、RPA、θCCA差异无统计学意义。L组Supreme双腔喉罩置入前后环状软骨水平及颈动脉三角顶点水平θIJV差异无统计学意义,DIJV、a/b较置入前明显增大,θCCA、RPA较置入前明显减小(P0.05)。喉罩置入后环状软骨水平a/b增加46%,RPA相应减小11°,颈动脉三角顶点水平a/b增加38%,RPA相应减小10°。结论气管插管对颈总动脉与颈内静脉相对解剖位置无明显影响。Supreme双腔喉罩置入后增加了颈总动脉与颈内静脉重叠率,颈内静脉穿刺相对安全角度较正常情况下减少10°,增大了误穿动脉的可能性,不利于常规方法行颈内静脉穿刺置管。     

腕投掷运动时腕关节韧带长度变化的活体研究

目的 探讨腕关节在投掷运动过程中腕关节韧带长度的变化.方法 对6例志愿者腕关节进行CT扫描,获取腕关节在投掷运动过程中的5个位置,即桡偏20°背伸60°,桡偏10°背伸30°,中立位,尺偏20°掌屈30°,尺偏40°掌屈60°时各腕骨、尺桡骨远段的三维重建图像,在重建图像基础上利用Mimics软件测得在腕关节投掷运动过程中掌、背侧腕关节韧带的长度.结果 腕关节由中立位至桡偏20°背伸60°时桡舟头韧带、长桡月韧带、尺头韧带、尺三角韧带长度显著伸长,分别延长(3.4±0.5)、(2.0±0.2)、(2.6±0.5)、(2.1±0.4)mm,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);腕关节由中立位至尺偏400掌屈60°时背侧桡腕韧带、背侧骨间韧带止于小多角骨部分长度显著伸长,分别延长(1.7 ±0.2)、(3.8 ±0.4)mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).尺月韧带、背侧骨问韧带止于舟骨部分在投掷运动过程中其长度均较中立位时旱增长趋势.结论 腕关节在桡背伸至尺掌屈运动过程中,桡舟头韧带、长桡月韧带、尺头韧带、尺三角韧带缩短,提示张力减低,背侧桡腕韧带、背侧骨间韧带止于小多角骨部分伸长,张力增大,尺月韧带、背侧骨间韧带止于舟骨部分于中立位时张力最小,其变化规律有助于指导临床腕关节韧带损伤的修复.     

膝关节内侧固定平台单髁假体放置位置优化的有限元分析

目的探讨股骨组件及胫骨组件冠状面位置变化对股骨及胫骨生物力学的影响。方法取1名汉族男性志愿者的左侧膝关节CT及MRI图像,建立正常膝关节三维有限元模型(finite elemental model,FEM)。设计股骨组件及胫骨组件内翻6°、内翻3°、0°、外翻3°、外翻6°,组合成25个膝内侧单髁置换FEM。沿股骨机械轴加载1000 N载荷,观察von Mises云图应力分布,测量外侧间室载荷比例,测量胫骨组件下方松质骨及内侧皮质骨、聚乙烯衬垫上表面、外侧间室股骨软骨高接触应力值。将与中立位(胫骨及股骨假体内外翻0°、胫骨假体后倾5°)比较有统计学意义的指标通过散点图标识,找出点项目密集区和稀疏区,比较两区有统计学意义的项目数量,确定股骨组件、胫骨组件优化位置。结果股骨组件0°位放置时,胫骨从内翻6°至外翻6°各组合的胫骨组件下方松质骨高接触应力差异无统计学意义;胫骨组件0°位放置时,股骨组件内翻6°、外翻6°组件下方松质骨高接触应力值与中立位比较增加(9.21±3.38)MPa和(9.08±4.13)MPa(P<0.05)。股骨、胫骨组件从内翻6°至外翻6°变化时,胫骨下方内侧皮质骨高接触应力值逐渐下降(P<0.05)。股骨组件0°位放置时,胫骨组件从内翻6°至外翻6°各组合聚乙烯衬垫上表面高接触应力值的差异无统计学意义;胫骨组件0°位放置时,股骨组件内翻6°、外翻6°组与中立位组比较分别增加(2.88±2.53)MPa和(3.47±2.86)MPa(P<0.05);股骨及胫骨组件从内翻6°至外翻6°变化时,外侧间室载荷比例及外侧间室股骨软骨高应力值逐渐下降(P<0.05)。稀疏区(股骨或胫骨从内翻3°至外翻3°的所有组合的集合)有统计学意义的指标比例(2.8%,1/36)明显小于密集区(去除稀疏区以外的所有组合的集合)的比例(57.8%,37/64),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=29.61,P<0.001)。结论在下肢力线正常、关节线不变的条件下,膝关节内侧固定平台单髁假体放置位置为股骨组件、胫骨组件内翻、外翻角度不宜超过3°。     

不同内固定在舟大小多角骨融合术中稳定性的比较研究

目的 比较舟骨和大、小多角骨(scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid,STT)融合器与克氏针在STT融合术中内固定强度的差异.方法 12侧新鲜冷冻尸体前臂标本,随机分为融合器组(使用STT融合器)和克氏针组(使用克氏针)2组,模拟进行STT融合术,术后以夹具固定于腕动力测试仪上模拟腕关节主要活动.活动前后均拍摄腕关节标准正侧位X线片,测量桡舟角、桡舟间距、舟骨长度及STT融合体稳定角.结果 融合器组:当腕关节运动范围增加到屈曲45°、背伸40°、尺偏30°、桡偏15°时,客观指标与初始状态相比较变化差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).克氏针组:当腕关节运动范围增加到屈曲35°、背伸30°、桡偏10°时,客观指标与初始状态相比较变化差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).尺偏30°运动后融合体稳定角与初始状态相比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 STT融合器在舟骨和大、小多角骨融合术中内固定强度大于传统内固定物中的克氏针.     

斜位投照DSA对肝癌超选择插管TACE的指导意义

目的探讨肝癌TACE术中增加DSA斜位投照的意义。方法回顾性分析接受TACE术的肝癌患者127例,分别记录正位和右前斜30°~40°投照DSA图像中肝动脉分支重叠的轻、重程度以及两种投照位成功显示肿瘤供血动脉起源位置例数,评价两种方法的差异。结果正位投照时,肝动脉分支轻度重叠52例(52/127,40.94%),重度重叠75例(75/127,59.06%);右前斜位投照时,肝动脉分支轻度重叠108例(108/127,85.04%),重度重叠19例(19/127,14.96%)。在对肿瘤供血动脉分支起源位置的观察中,单一正位可显示24例(24/127,18.90%),单一右前斜位可显示74例(74/127,58.27%),包括18例(18/127,14.17%)在正位和斜位均能分辨肿瘤供血动脉起源者。127例中,6例(6/127,4.72%)仅能在正位、56例(56/127,44.09%)仅能在右前斜位分辨肿瘤供血动脉起源位置,47例(47/127,37.01%)在两种位置均无法显示其起源。两种投照方法比较,显示上述肝动脉信息能力的差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论肝癌TACE术中增加右前斜30°~40°的投照体位,有助于减少正位投照时肝叶、肝段动脉分支影像重叠现象,更好显示肿瘤供血动脉起源;作为重要的补充投照体位,其有利于完成肝癌超选择插管TACE治疗。     

头抬高后仰位联合60°气管拔管对患者拔管期应激反应的影响

目的观察头抬高后仰位联合60°气管拔管对患者拔管期应激反应的影响。方法选择全麻下行大隐静脉高位结扎手术的患者90例,男33例,女57例,年龄18~40岁,体重45~75kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。按照随机数字表法均分为三组,每组30例。A组患者平卧位,气管导管拔管角度为90°(拔管方向与地面夹角呈90°),B组患者平卧位,拔管角度为60°(拔管方向与地面夹角呈60°),C组患者头抬高后仰位,拔管角度为60°。记录手术结束时(T_0)、拔管前1 min(T_1)、拔管后1 min(T_2)、5min(T_3)的SBP、DBP及HR,记录拔管的力度,观察呛咳、咽痛、声音嘶哑发生情况。结果与T_0时比较,T_2时三组SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05),T_3时A、B组SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05);T_2、T_3时B、C组SBP、DBP明显低于,HR明显慢于,拔管力度明显小于A组(P0.05);T_2、T_3时C组SBP、DBP明显低于,HR明显慢于,拔管力度明显小于B组(P0.05)。B、C组呛咳发生率[3例(10.0%),2例(6.6%)]明显低于A组的[12例(40.0%)](P0.05)。结论头抬高后仰位联合60°拔除气管导管能明显减轻患者拔管期应激反应。     

Is it More Difficult to Cannulate the Right Internal Jugular Vein in Morbidly Obese Patients than in Nonobese Patients?

BACKGROUND: The placement of an internal jugular vein (IJV) catheter is considered to be more difficult in morbidly obese patients. The objective of this study was to compare the success of simulated IJV puncture between morbidly obese patients and a nonobese control group. METHODS: Thirty-four morbidly obese patients with body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) >/=40 were compared with 36 patients with BMI < 30. Right IJV puncture was simulated using an ultrasound probe directed towards the sternal notch at the midpoint between the sternal notch and the mastoid process. The investigator placing the probe was blinded as to the image being created on the ultrasound machine. Success rate was assessed at three different head rotation angles from midline; 0 degrees , 30 degrees , and 60 degrees . RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in successful simulated IJV puncture between two groups for any of the head positions. However, there was a higher incidence of the carotid artery (CA) puncture in the morbidly obese patient group when the head rotation was advanced from neutral position to 60 degrees (p < 0.05). In addition, the ultrasound showed significantly more overlapping of the IJV over the CA in morbidly obese patients at 0 degrees (p < 0.05) and 30 degrees (p < 0.05). Our results show no statistically significant difference in success rate of IJV puncture between morbidly obese patients and nonobese patients. Keeping the head in a neutral position in morbidly obese patients minimizes the overlapping of the IJV over the CA and the risk of CA puncture. CONCLUSION: However, due to the fact that even in the neutral position there is a significant increase in overlap between IJV and CA, we recommend the use of ultrasound guidance for IJV cannulation in obese patients.     

Influence of the position of the fibular head after implantation of a total knee prosthesis on femorotibial rotation

A gold standard for the correct rotation of the tibial component has not been established in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The target parameter of correct rotation is the facilitation of femorotibial rotation over the entire range of motion with no implant overhang. Although the origin of the lateral collateral ligament is a recognized landmark for determining the rotation of the femoral component (epicondylar axis), the attachment of the lateral collateral ligament has not been taken into consideration for adjusting tibial rotation until now. The objective of the current investigation was to examine whether the position of the fibular head, as the attachment of the lateral collateral ligament, influences femorotibial rotation. Seventy patients who underwent TKA were enrolled in this retrospective study. Computed tomography (CT) of the operated knee was performed 6 months postoperatively in all cases and the position of the lateral facet of the fibular head and the tibial tuberosity, and the geometric center of the tibia and the femoral epicondyles were determined. The angle between the lateral facet of the fibular head, the geometric center of the tibia, and the tibial tuberosity was 45.7°±6.9°. The angle between the surgical epicondylar axis and the line from tibial tuberosity to tibial center was 69°±8.3°. This close correlation (R=.73; P<.001) shows that the position of the fibular head determines femorotibial rotation. The fibular head may become a helpful landmark for establishing the rotation of the tibial component; it could be useful in interpretation of postoperative CT scans in knees suspected of tibial malrotation.     

The skin-traction method increases the cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein by increasing its anteroposterior diameter

Purpose We developed a novel “skin-traction method” in which the puncture point of the skin over the internal jugular vein (IJV) is stretched upward with several pieces of surgical tape in the cephalad and caudad directions to facilitate cannulation of the IJV. We investigated whether this method increases the cross-sectional area of the IJV. Methods In 11 healthy volunteers, the cross-sectional area, anteroposterior diameter, and transverse diameter of the right IJV (RIJV) were recorded by ultrasound echo at head tilts of +10°, +5°, 0°, −5°, and −10° with and without the skin-traction method. Results The skin-traction method significantly increased the cross-sectional areas of the RIJV at head tilts of +10°, +5°, and 0°. In the flat position, the skin-traction method increased the cross-sectional area of the RIJV from 1.21 ± 0.44 cm² to 1.75 ± 0.60 cm² (44.6% increase), which is almost the same as that in the Trendelenburg position without this method (1.60 ± 0.54 cm² at −5° and 1.83 ± 0.56 cm² at −10°). The anteroposterior diameter of the RIJV was significantly increased in all positions with this method, although the transverse diameter was not. Conclusion This method significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the RIJV by increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the RIJV. Even in the flat position, this method was almost as efficacious as the Trendelenburg position. This method thus appears to facilitate IJV cannulation.     

Internal jugular vein diameter in pediatric patients: are the J‐shaped guidewire diameters bigger than internal jugular vein? An evaluation with ultrasound

Aim:  This study investigates whether the diameters of right internal jugular vein (RIJV) are suitable for the use of 'big radius curved J-tip' Seldinger wires in pediatric patients.
Methods:  One-hundred and thirty-five children, 1 month to 15 years of age, scheduled for pediatric surgery were divided into four subgroups according to their age (0–12 months, 1–2 years, 2–6 years old, and >6 years). Patients in the 0–12 months group were further divided into two groups as 0–6 months and 7–12 months of age to evaluate RIJV characteristics in detail. Following anesthesia induction, depth, diameter, and area of RIJV were measured with ultrasound at the level of cricoid cartilage and sterno-clavicular junction in supine and Trendelenburg position.
Results:  Infants in the 0–6 months of age group had the least mean diameter of RIJV at both the cricoid cartilage and the sternoclavicular junction level (0.484 ± 0.132 and 0.499 ± 0.136 cm). The aforementioned diameter was significantly lower than the values of other age groups ( P  < 0.05). Trendelenburg position did not increase RIJV diameter in children below 6 and cross-sectional area below 2 years old. Correlations between age, height, weight, head circumference and RIJV diameter, cross-sectional area, depth from the skin were weak.
Conclusion:  The diameter of the IJV in pediatric patients, especially infants, is often smaller than the diameter of the J-tip guidewire curve. We speculate that this may lead to impeded guidewires and failed cannulation. It must also be kept in mind that the Trendelenberg position might not facilitate IJV cannulation in children <2 years of age.     

Rotation of the head might not be recommended for internal jugular puncture in infants and children

Background:  Traditionally, we have been puncturing the internal jugular vein (IJV) with the head rotated. However, in adults it has been suggested that rotation of the head increases the magnitude of an overlapping of the IJV to the carotid artery (CA). Therefore, in infants and children, we have examined anatomic relationship between the IJV and the CA under the head in midline and head in rotated position.
Method:  Eleven infants and 51 children were included. Under general anesthesia, the patient was positioned in the Trendelenburg position with a shoulder roll to allow extension of the neck. At first, the head was placed in the midline position. The ultrasound probe was placed perpendicular to the skin, and images of the right IJV and CA were collected at the level of the cricoid cartilage. Then, the head was rotated to the left at 45°. The images were collected in the same way. The position of the right IJV relative to the CA was defined as anterior (A), anterolateral (AL), or lateral (L).
Results:  Rotation of the head increased the magnitude of an overlapping because of more changes from L → AL, L → A, or AL → A ( P  < 0.05, Wilcoxon t -test).
Conclusion:  We conclude that the rotation of the head increases the magnitude of an overlapping of the IJV to the CA in infants and children.     

对Garden指数作为股骨颈骨折复位质量评价标准的再认识

目的探讨Garden指数能否判断股骨颈骨折的旋转移位。方法取5具10侧健康股骨近端尸体标本,男3具,女2具;死亡年龄为45~70岁。于股骨头中心置入1枚直径为2.0 mm的克氏针,垂直于股骨颈中部截骨,在截骨处远端骨面标明旋转角度。在每侧标本上依次进行旋前及旋后0°、10°、20°、30°、40°、50°、70°、90°操作,并摄标本正、侧位X线片,利用影像归档和通信系统测量Garden指数,比较不同旋转角度下的正位、侧位Garden指数。同时观察在不同旋转角度下股骨头小凹面积的变化规律。结果从0°至旋前30°或旋后30°的过程中,正位、侧位Garden指数无明显变化,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),且数值均>155°。从旋前40°至旋前90°的过程中,正位Garden指数分别为152.36°±1.41°、146.04°±1.64°、143.95°±0.60°、141.73°±0.60°,侧位Garden指数分别为172.54°±0.86°、168.57°±0.98°、157.18°±1.17°、156.47°±1.63°,不同旋转角度之间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。从旋后40°至旋后90°的过程中,正位Garden指数分别为151.67°±1.06°、147.32°±1.82°、142.77°±0.75°、139.88°±1.48°,侧位Garden指数分别为172.28°±0.79°、166.76°±1.02°、155.67°±1.74°、154.16°±1.27°,不同旋转角度之间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着旋前角度的增大,股骨头小凹面积逐渐减少;随着旋后角度的增大,股骨头小凹面积逐渐增大。结论在0°~30°的旋前或旋后范围内,Garden指数无法准确判断股骨颈骨折复位时的旋转移位。股骨头小凹面积的变化可以辅助判断股骨颈骨折的旋转移位。     

Relationship between the Right Internal Jugular Vein and Carotid Artery at Ipsilateral Head Rotation

Ultrasound-guided right internal jugular vein catheterization (RIJV) should be the first choice to decrease the catheter-related complications in high-risk hemodialysis patients. For this procedure, clinicians should identify the optimum positions of the RIJV, including its lower overlap with the carotid artery (CA) and high cross-sectional area of the vein. The aim of this prospective randomized study to evaluate the effects of mild ipsilateral head rotation combined with Trendelenburg position on RIJV cross-sectional area and its relation to the CA in adult patients. Forty ASA I–II patients who were undergoing elective surgery were enrolled for this study. The subjects were asked to remain supine in the 15–20° Trendelenburg position. Two-dimensional ultrasound was then used to measure the degree of overlap between the RIJV and CA, the cross-sectional area of the RIJV. These measurements were compared between head rotation to the >30° left, <30° left, neutral, and <30° right positions. When the head was in the >30° left position, overlap was seen in 38 of 40 patients (95%). As the head was rotated from >30° left to <30° right, the CA-RIJV overlap (from 95% to 57.5%), and the cross-sectional area (from 14.2 mm to 8.7 mm) significantly decreased. In conclusion, when the head was turned to <30° right, the CA-RIJV overlap significantly decreased, and the cross-sectional area also decreased. When clinicians determine the optimal head position before RIJV cannulation, it is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the different head positions from >30° left to <30° right.     

体位变化对脑室引流术患者颅内压和平均动脉压及脑灌注压的影响

目的 探讨脑室引流患者的体位变化对平均动脉压、颅内压和脑灌注压的影响.方法 对60例接受过脑室穿刺术并留置脑室引流管患者,监测其抬高床头0°、15°、30°、45°时的颅内压(ICP)和平均动脉压(MAP),再计算出脑灌注压(CPP),比较不同体位状态下患者的MAP、ICP和CPP.结果 ICP随着床头的抬高而显著降低...