右美托咪定对ARDS机械通气患者炎症因子及肺损伤的影响

目的观察右美托咪定对急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS)机械通气患者炎症因子及肺损伤的影响。方法选择40例ARDS机械通气患者,根据患者使用和未使用右美托咪定,将患者分成右美托咪定组(右美托咪定组,n=20)和对照组(n=20)。前者静脉泵注右美托咪定负荷量1μg/kg 15 min,再以0.2~0.7μg/kg·h速率持续输注48 h;对照组患者静脉泵注丙泊酚3~5 mg/(kg·h)为48 h,两组均复合舒芬太尼0.1~0.2μg/(kg·h)。分别于插管前(T0)、插管后6 h(T1)、12 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)各时间点抽取静脉血检测IL-6、IL-8、IL-10的浓度,同时记录Pa O2/Fi O2。结果与T0时比较,T1~T4时两组的IL-6、IL-8、IL-10的浓度显著升高(P0.05),D组Pa O2/Fi O2T2~T4时显著增高(P0.05)、C组T1~T4时显著降低(P0.05),HR在T1~T4时D组降低,C组增高(P0.05)。与C组比较,T2~T4时D组IL-6、IL-8显著降低、IL-10显著升高(P0.05);T2~T4时Pa O2/Fi O2升高(P0.05);T1~T4时D组HR降低,T2~T4时MAP升高(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定用于ARDS机械通气治疗患者,可以平衡炎症因子的释放,有利于减轻肺损伤。     

右美托咪定和咪达唑仑用于机械通气患者镇静效果的比较

目的 比较右美托咪定和咪达唑仑用于机械通气患者镇静的效果.方法 拟在镇静下行机械通气治疗24 h的重症监护室(ICU)患者60例,年龄20 ～ 64岁,体重指数21 ～ 25 kg/m2,急性生理与慢性健康Ⅱ评分10 ～ 25分,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=30):咪达唑仑组(M组)和右美托咪定组(D组).M组:静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg负荷量后,以0.03～0.20mg· kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注;D组:静脉注射右美托咪定1 μg/kg负荷量后,以0.2～0.7μg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注,维持2组Ramsay镇静评分2～4分.记录镇静期间ICU医生对镇静效果的满意度、低血压和心动过缓的发生情况.记录开始镇静至停止镇静后2h谵妄的发生情况、苏醒时间和苏醒后2h内再入睡的发生情况.结果 与M组比较,D组ICU医生对镇静效果的满意度升高,苏醒时间缩短,苏醒后2h内再入睡率和谵妄发生率降低(P＜0.05或0.01),低血压和心动过缓的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪定用于机械通气患者镇静的效果优于咪达唑仑.     

右美托咪定和咪达唑仑用于妇科手术患者镇静效果比较

目的比较右美托咪定和咪达唑仑在腰-硬联合麻醉中的镇静效果。方法腰-硬联合麻醉下择期行妇科子宫全切术和(或)卵巢囊肿切除术患者80例,随机分为Y组和M组,各40例。分别于麻醉平面固定后静脉输注右美托咪定0.6μg/kg和咪达唑仑0.06 mg/kg,观察给药前(T0)、切皮前即给药后10 min(T1)、手术开始5 min(T2)、15 min(T3)、30 min(T4)、45 min(T5)、术毕(T6)、术后1 h(T7)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、Narcotrend趋势指数(Narcotrend Index,NI)、Ramsay镇静评分,比较2组患者的镇静效果和不良反应。结果 NI在T2～5P<0.05;Ramsay评分在T1～4,P<0.05;HR在T1～4差异有统计学意义,MAP在T1～3差异有统计学意义;呼吸抑制、嗜睡差异有统计学意义。结论 0.6μg/kg右美托咪定应用于腰-硬联合麻醉下妇科手术,镇静作用更好,不良反应更少,无呼吸抑制,安全可行。     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在局部麻醉下眼部美容术中镇静效果的比较

目的 通过观察右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在局部麻醉下眼部美容手术中的镇静效果,评价其在整形美容术中应用的可行性与安全性.方法 将120例眼部美容者随机分成4组(n =30).在术前10min,A组静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg;B组静脉泵注咪达唑仑0.02mg/kg;C组静脉泵注咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg;D组空白对照.注药后对动脉血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼吸频率(RR)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、镇静水平(Ramsay镇静分级)进行监测与评定至术终.结果 自给药结束即刻起30min内,与B组相比,A组、C组镇静效果显著(P ＜0.05),其两组镇静效果的差异,无显著的统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05);手术结束即刻,A组的镇静效果优于C组(P ＜0.05);给药即刻起至术终,C 组呼吸抑制的发生率明显高于A、B、D 3组,其差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);各组心动过缓和低血压的发生率差异,无显著的统计学意义(P ＞0.05).结论 与高剂量咪达唑仑(0.05mg/kg)相比,术前静脉泵注小剂量右美托咪定(0.5μg/kg)可在局部麻醉下眼部美容术中达到相似的镇静效果,且镇静效果更加持久,同时对呼吸系统无明显的抑制作用,安全有效,值得临床推广应用.     

右美托咪定在老年患者髋关节置换术中的应用

目的观察右美托咪定在老年患者髋关节置换术中的应用。方法选择65～82岁实施全麻的髋关节置换术患者40例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组)。D组患者诱导前10min泵注0.5μg/kg右美托咪定,C组患者给予相同剂量生理盐水,两组均常规诱导插管。术中D组持续静脉泵注右美托咪定0.4μg·kg-1·h-1。记录诱导前10min(T0)、诱导后5min(T1)、10min(T2)、插管即刻(T3)、插管后1min(T4)、3min(T5),手术30min(T6)、1h(T7)、2h(T8)的HR、MAP和SpO2,并记录两组维持相同麻醉深度的丙泊酚用量。结果 C组患者T1、T2时HR快于、MAP高于T0时(P<0.05或P<0.01),D组T1～T8时HR慢于、MAP低于C组(P<0.05);T3时两组HR均快于T0时,MAP高于T0时(P<0.05),但T3～T5时D组明显慢于和低于C组(P<0.05);T6～T8时D组HR慢于C组、MAP低于C组(P<0.05)。手术过程中,在维持相同的麻醉深度下,D组患者丙泊酚用量明显少于C组(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定可减轻老年患者全麻气管插管时的心血管反应,减少术中丙泊酚用量。     

麻醉前使用右美托咪定或咪达唑仑临床效果的比较

目的探讨右美托咪定与咪达唑仑作为麻醉前用药的镇静效果及对患者记忆功能的影响。方法选择择期手术患者40例,年龄20～60岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为右美托咪定组(A组)和咪达唑仑组(B组)。麻醉前20minA组静脉泵注右美托咪定0.7μg/kg,持续10min;B组静注咪达唑仑0.07mg/kg,所有患者在用药前、用药后10min均观看了内容不同的两张水果图片。记录用药前5min、用药后10min患者OAA/S评分,焦虑视觉模拟/焦虑状态问卷(AVA/SAI)评分和BIS,记录MAP、HR和SpO2,术后24h随访患者对用药前后水果图片的记忆情况。结果用药后10min两组MAP明显低于、HR明显慢于用药前5min(P<0.05或P<0.01),A组HR明显慢于B组(P<0.05)。用药后10min两组OAA/S、AVA/SAI评分和BIS明显低于用药前5min(P<0.05),A组OAA/S评分明显低于B组(P<0.05)。术后24h随访,两组患者对给药前图片西瓜记忆率均为100%,A组对给药后图片香蕉记忆率为95%,明显高于B组的0%(P<0.01)。两组患者未出现寒战和躁动。结论作为麻醉前用药,右美托咪定和咪达唑仑具有良好的镇静作用。右美托咪定对记忆功能几乎无影响,但对HR的干扰更明显。     

右美托咪定在甲状腺手术中的应用

目的 观察右美托咪定在甲状腺手术中的有效性.方法 选择择期颈丛麻醉下甲状腺手术40例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为右美托咪定组（A组）和生理盐水对照组（B组）.记录麻醉前、诱导后、气管插管后、拔管后即刻收缩压、舒张压、心率变化.结果 两组年龄、体重手术、时间均无统计学意义.两组患者麻醉诱导后心率、血压均明显下降（P ＜0.05或P ＜0.01）,其中心率、收缩压A组明显低于B组（P ＜0.05）;气管插管后、拔除气管导管后即刻,心率、收缩压、舒张压A组明显低于B组（P ＜0.05）.结论 颈丛神经阻滞常引起血压升高,心率加快,右美托咪定具有镇静、镇痛和抗交感作用,在颈丛麻醉的甲状腺手术中使血压和心率平稳,并减少麻醉镇痛和药用量.     

右美托咪定复合丙泊酚在小儿磁共振检查镇静中的应用观察

目的:观察经鼻给予右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine, Dex）复合小剂量丙泊酚静脉推注应用于小儿两部位MRI检查的安全性和有效性。方法:60例ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级择期行两个部位（中途需搬动患儿1次,时间>45 min）MRI检查的儿童,按照随机数字表法分为两组（每组30例）：右美托咪定2 μg/kg组（D2组）...     

右美托咪定在小儿患者的临床应用进展

背景 盐酸右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine hydrochloride,DH)是一种新型α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂,具有镇痛镇静和抗焦虑抑制交感神经的作用.它以起效迅速,清除率快且几乎对呼吸无影响的优点被国内外医学工作者广泛地应用于小儿患者.目的 了解DH在小儿患者的应用进展,可为临床用药提供参考.内容 概括DH的小儿药代学特点及对呼吸循环的影响,重点论述小儿临床常见领域如影像学检查,临床麻醉和重症监护室(ICU)的应用情况,它不仅在小儿非创伤性操作时的镇静具有独特的优势,而且对预防和治疗术后苏醒期激动和烦躁的患儿有肯定的疗效.趋向 DH在小儿临床麻醉辅助性应用和镇静镇痛抗焦虑等方面具有一定作用.     

重症患者右美托咪啶和咪达唑仑镇静效果的比较:Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析比较右美托咪啶和咪达唑仑用于重症患者镇静的效果.方法 检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane图书馆、万方数据库、CNKI、VIP等数据库,收集右美托咪啶和咪达唑仑用于重症患者镇静的临床随机对照研究.采用Cochrane协作网系统评价纳入文献的质量,采用Rev-Man 5.0软件对收集的患者资料进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入6项研究,包括613例患者,其中右美托咪啶组385例,咪达唑仑组228例.与咪达唑仑组比较,右美托咪啶组ICU住院时间缩短,机械通气时间、心动过缓、低血压和谵妄的发生率、病死率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与咪达唑仑相比,右美托咪啶可缩短ICU住院时间,提示右美托咪啶有利于重症患者的转归.     

Dexmedetomidine use and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients with severe burns: A cohort study using a national inpatient database in Japan

BackgroundDexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Apart from its sedative effects, dexmedetomidine can potentially reduce mortality through its anti-inflammatory effect. However, the impact of dexmedetomidine on in-hospital outcomes of patients with severe burns remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the association between dexmedetomidine use and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients with severe burns, using a Japanese nationwide database of in-hospital patients.MethodsWe included adults with severe burns (burn index ≥ 10) who were registered in the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination national inpatient database from 2010 to 2018, started mechanical ventilation within 3 days of admission, and received any sedative drug (dexmedetomidine, midazolam, or propofol). One-to-one propensity score matching was performed between patients who received dexmedetomidine on the day of mechanical ventilation initiation (dexmedetomidine group) and those who did not receive dexmedetomidine (control group). The primary outcome was all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay and duration of mechanical ventilation in patients and survivors.ResultsEligible patients (n = 1888) were classified into the dexmedetomidine group (n = 371) or the control group (n = 1517). After one-to-one propensity score matching, we compared 329 patients from both groups. No significant difference was observed in the 30-day mortality between patients in the dexmedetomidine and control groups (22.8% vs. 22.5%, respectively; odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.71–1.46). Moreover, there were no significant differences between patients in the dexmedetomidine and control groups in terms of the length of hospital stay or the duration of mechanical ventilation.ConclusionsWe found no significant association between dexmedetomidine use and in-hospital outcomes (mortality, length of hospital stay, and length of mechanical ventilation) in mechanically ventilated patients with severe burns. Dexmedetomidine use may not improve the aforementioned outcomes; therefore, its selection should be based on the patient’s general condition and the target level of sedation.     

Remifentanil versus fentanyl for short-term analgesia-based sedation in mechanically ventilated postoperative children

BACKGROUND: Analgesia-based sedation techniques are becoming more established in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The aim of this study was to compare remifentanil and fentanyl infusions for postoperative analgesia in pediatric ICU patients. METHODS: After receiving ethical committee approval, a prospective randomized, double-blind study was performed. Twenty-two postoperative orthopedic surgery patients received either remifentanil 0.1 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) or fentanyl 0.025 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) infusions diluted to the same volume. Analgesic infusion was titrated to predefined levels of analgesia [behavioral pain scale (BPS) score of 3]. Propofol was added if sedation was unsatisfactory after BPS score 3 had been achieved. RESULTS: There were no differences in groups regarding demographics, tracheal extubation times, and pain scores of the patients. After cessation of the opioid infusion, the sedation scores and the heart rates were always higher in the remifentanil group compared with the fentanyl group. The incidences of nausea, vomiting, apnea, desaturation, reintubation within 24 h and constipation were also similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a remifentanil infusion provides clinically comparable analgesia with a fentanyl infusion in mechanically ventilated postoperative pediatric patients. These two drugs are suitable for short-term analgesia-based sedation in pediatric postoperative ICU patients.     

异丙酚和咪达唑仑用于颅脑创伤患者机械通气镇静对垂体前叶激素影响的比较

目的 比较异丙酚和咪达唑仑用于颅脑损伤患者机械通气镇静对垂体前叶激素的影响.方法 ICU颅脑创伤成年患者84例,拟在镇静下行机械通气治疗,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=42):异丙酚组(P组)和咪达唑仑组(M组).P组静脉输注异丙酚1.5～6.0mg· kg-1·h-1,加深镇静时静脉注射异丙酚50 mg;M组静脉输注咪达唑仑0.10～0.35 mg·kg-1·h-1,加深镇静时静脉注射咪达唑仑7.5 mg.维持Ramsay镇静评分2～4分,行机械通气72～120 h.记录镇静前格拉斯哥昏迷评分、入ICU后4周格拉斯哥预后评分,于镇静24、72 h时和入ICU后4周采集静脉血样,采用ELISA法测定血清皮质醇(COR)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、泌乳素(PRL)和生长激素(GH)水平.结果 与M组比较,P组镇静24、72 h时血清COR和GH水平降低,TSH水平升高(P＜0.05或0.01),而以上指标水平均维持于正常范围.2组PRL水平及预后良好率之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 异丙酚与咪达唑仑用于颅脑创伤患者机械通气镇静对垂体前叶内分泌功能的影响无显著差异.     

Quantitative tracheal lavage versus bronchoscopic protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients

Background

No gold standard method exists for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia despite the availability of multiple techniques.

Methods

A prospective, crossover study was performed on mechanically ventilated patients meeting with suspected pneumonia. Eighteen paired samples were obtained on 15 patients, comparing the results of quantitative tracheal lavage (QTL) to bronchoscopic protected brush specimen (PSB) by quantitative culture and gram stain examination.

Results

The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy are affected by the growth density threshold selected, and whether the same organisms are expected by both methods. There is a significant relationship between QTL and PSB (P = 0.0048; R = 0.632), gram stain and PSB (P <0.001; R = 0.791), and gram stain and QTL (P = 0.0125; R = 0.575), by Spearman rank order correlation.

Conclusions

QTL may have a role for diagnosing and directing treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia, allowing reservation of bronchoscopic PSB for secondary, high risk and refractory cases.     

比较右美托咪定和咪唑安定对焦虑患者记忆功能的影响

【摘要】〓目的〓比较右美托咪定和咪唑安定对焦虑患者记忆功能的影响。 方法〓60例择期在腰硬联合麻醉下行下腹部或下肢手术且焦虑评分>30 mm的患者,随机等分为4组(n=15):右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine, DXM)0.5 µg·Kg^-1组(D0.5组)、右美托咪定1 µg·Kg-1组(D1组)、咪唑安定组(M组)和对照组(C组)。各组分别在L2/3间隙穿刺麻醉,麻醉平面固定后,分别于10 min内泵注DXM 0.5 µg·Kg^-1、DXM 1 µg·Kg^-1、咪唑安定0.07 mg·Kg^-1和生理盐水10 mL。评估各组患者术前及用药前、用药后30 min的焦虑、镇静程度及记忆情况以及手术结束后4小时的记忆情况。记录并比较4组患者术中的平均压(MBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO₂)、呼吸次数(RR)等。 结果〓D_0.5、D₁及M组用药后均有一定程度的镇静作用,焦虑程度均较术前明显减轻(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,D_0.5、D₁、M组均有顺行性遗忘作用(P<0.05),D1组顺行性遗忘程度明显高于D_0.5组(P<0.05),与M组相当(P>0.05)。用药后D_0.5、D₁组MBP和HR低于M、C组(P<0.05)。各组RR无明显差异(P>0.05),而M组有2人SpO2下降至94%以下。 结论〓右美托咪定对焦虑患者有明显的镇静、抗焦虑作用,对记忆的影响与剂量有关。1 µg·Kg^-1右美托咪定的顺行性遗忘作用与咪唑安定0.07 mg·Kg-1相当。     

早期目标导向型镇静用于ICU机械通气患者的效果评价

目的评价早期目标导向型镇静(EGDS)策略在ICU机械通气患者的应用效果。方法将2015年1~10月收治ICU符合纳入及排除标准的76例机械通气患者按随机数字法分为干预组和对照组,干预组42例采用EGDS策略;对照组34例采用标准化镇静策略。比较两组48h内浅镇静达标率、谵妄发生率及ICU住院日。结果干预组48h内浅镇静达标率显著高于对照组(P0.01),谵妄发生率及ICU住院日显著低于/短于对照组(均P0.05)。结论 EGDS策略相对安全、可行,较标准化镇静策略能更有效使ICU机械通气患者达到早期浅镇静目标。     

Sequential use of midazolam and propofol for long-term sedation in postoperative mechanically ventilated patients

Acute withdrawal syndromes, including agitation and a long weaning time, are common adverse effects after long-term sedation with midazolam. We performed this study to determine whether the sequential use of midazolam and propofol could reduce adverse effects as compared with midazolam alone. We studied 26 patients receiving mechanical ventilation for three or more days after surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In Group M, patients were sedated with midazolam alone. In Group M-P, midazolam was switched to propofol approximately 24 h before the expected stopping of sedation. The level of sedation was maintained at 4 or 5 on the Ramsay sedation scale. The sedation agitation scale was evaluated for 24 h after extubation. The recovery time from stopping of sedation to extubation was significantly shorter in Group M-P (1.3 +/- 0.4 h) compared with Group M (4.0 +/- 2.4 h). The incidence of agitation in Group M-P (8%) was significantly less frequent than that in Group M (54%). The results indicate that sequential use of midazolam and propofol for long-term sedation could reduce the incidence of agitation compared with midazolam alone. IMPLICATIONS: Our study indicates that sequential use of midazolam and propofol could reduce the incidence of agitation compared with midazolam alone.     

右美托咪定对单肺通气患者动脉血气和炎性因子的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对单肺通气(OLV)患者动脉血气和炎性因子的影响。方法选择择期肺癌根治术患者62例,性别不限,年龄34~69岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。按照收治先后顺序分成观察组和对照组,每组31例。所有患者静脉注射舒芬太尼0.3~0.5μg/kg、丙泊酚1.5~2.5mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.5 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg行麻醉诱导;静脉输注丙泊酚6~8 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)、瑞芬太尼0.1~0.5μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),间断静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵进行麻醉维持。观察组患者于麻醉诱导前10min静脉输注右美托咪定1.0g/kg,10min输注完,之后维持0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)速率输注至手术结束前30min。对照组则输注等量的生理盐水。分别于OLV前即刻(T0)、OLV 1h后(T1)、OLV结束时(T2)采集桡动脉血,检测血气(pH、PaO_2、PaCO_2)和炎性因子(TNF-α和IL-6)。记录两组手术结束后丙泊酚用量。结果与T0时比较,T1、T2时两组pH、PaO_2明显降低,PaCO_2明显升高,TNF-α和IL-6含量明显升高(P0.05);T1、T2时观察组PaO_2明显高于对照组(P0.05),PaCO_2明显低于对照组(P0.05),TNF-α和IL-6含量明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组围术期顺式阿曲库铵用量和瑞芬太尼用量差异无统计学意义,观察组丙泊酚用量明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定有助于维持单肺通气患者术中血气稳定,减轻单肺通气引起的炎症反应。