海阳市农村留守儿童心理健康状况调查

目的系统评价农村留守儿童的心理健康状况,为提高留守儿童心理健康水平提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样法,抽取海阳市农村地区3所小学及3所初级中学7~17岁学生共1416名,其中留守儿童649名,非留守儿童767名。采用儿童青少年心理健康量表(MHS-C)和Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)对649名留守儿童和767名非留守儿童的心理健康状况进行调查。结果留守儿童的MHS-C总分、情绪、意志行为、个性特征、PHCSS总分、焦虑和合群的得分均低于非留守儿童(t=-17.900~-2.954,P0.05)。留守儿童在认知、思维与语言、情绪、行为、合群、智力与学校情况、焦虑因子的得分存在性别和年级差异(t=-5.877~4.667,P0.05)。留守儿童的情绪和焦虑呈正相关(r=0.289,P0.05);意志行为和行为呈正相关(r=0.296,P0.05);个性特征和合群呈正相关(r=0.215,P0.05)。结论留守儿童更容易存在情绪和行为问题,"留守"对男童较为不利,应采取针对性措施,展开对农村留守儿童的心理健康教育工作。     

镇江市6～16岁儿童青少年行为问题检出率及社会能力调查

目的了解江苏省镇江市6~16岁儿童青少年的行为问题检出率及社会能力,为制定相关卫生政策、提高儿童青少年心理健康水平提供参考。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取镇江市12所中小学的8 998名儿童青少年为研究对象,使用Achenhach儿童行为量表(CBCL)评定其行为问题和社会能力。结果在完成调查的6 576名儿童青少年中,检出有行为问题者1 392名,检出率为21.17%。农村地区儿童青少年行为问题检出率高于城市(χ2=9.22,P=0.002),女生高于男生(χ2=15.04,P=0.001);城市儿童青少年CBCL社会能力各项评分均高于农村儿童青少年,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01);6~11岁女生的社会能力各项评分均高于男生,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。结论江苏镇江市6~16岁儿童青少年有相当一部分存在行为问题,农村地区儿童青少年的行为问题更突出,且在活动、社交、学习等社会能力方面均较弱。     

3～5 岁农村留守儿童情绪和行为异常 发生率及相关因素

目的 探讨农村 3～5 岁留守儿童情绪和行为问题发生率及相关因素。方法 2016 年 11 月至 2017 年 1 月，采用横断面调查全国 12 个省 27 个县内农村地区家庭 5 050 名 3～5 岁儿童情绪和行 为异常发生情况，主要应用长处与困难问卷（SDQ）进行评估，比较留守与非留守儿童的情绪与行为异常 情况。结果 留守儿童情绪和行为问题发生率为 13.3%（140/1 046），非留守儿童为 14.7%（590/4 005），两 组差异无统计学意义（χ2 =1.237，P=0.266）。留守儿童组的同伴交往异常发生率（5.0%，52/1 046）低于非 留守组（7.2%，287/4 005），且差异有统计学意义（χ2 =6.732，P=0.012）。Logistic 回归分析表明，主要 监护人赞同体罚会增加留守儿童发生情绪和行为问题的风险（OR=1.655，95%CI=1.121～2.444）。 结论 3～5岁留守儿童与非留守儿童行为问题检出率不存在差异。赞同体罚会增加留守儿童发生情绪 和行为问题的风险。     

南充某地农村留守儿童的个性心理情绪特征及行为干预对策探讨

目的分析农村留守儿童的个性心理和行为特征并探讨相应的护理对策。方法选取我医院所在辖区附近的2所农村小学,抽取1000名儿童接受调查,根据儿童是否为留守儿童分为留守组(n=310)和对照组(n=690),使用艾克森个性问卷儿童版(EPQ)、流调用儿童抑郁量表(CESDC)、儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)、Rutter儿童行为教师问卷对这1000名儿童进行调查,比较两组儿童的调查结果。结果 EPQ调查结果显示,留守组儿童的P分和N分均显著高于对照组儿童(P0.05);CES-DC调查结果显示,留守组儿童的评分显著高于对照组儿童(P0.05),留守组儿童的抑郁症状检出率显著高于对照组儿童(P0.05);Rutter调查结果显示,留守组儿童A评分显著低于对照组(P0.05);PHCSS量表调查结果显示,留守组儿童躯体外貌和幸福与满足的得分显著低于对照组儿童(P0.05)。结论农村留守儿童的心理卫生状况要比同龄非留守儿童要差,要动员学校、家庭和社会共同参与农村留守儿童的教育和监护,促进农村留守儿童的心理健康状况良好。     

留守儿童人格特征与一般自我效能感的关系

目的 探讨留守儿童人格特征和一般自我效能感的特点及二者之问的关系.方法 使用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和一般自我效能感问卷(GSES)对585例留守儿童和320例非留守儿童进行测查.结果 (1)留守儿童与非留守儿童一般自我效能感总分差异上有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(2)留守儿童的EPQP量表男生的T分显著高于女生,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在EPQN量表上女生的T分显著高于男生,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；城镇的留守儿童的得分明显高于农村的留守儿童,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);独生子女在EPQP量表得分上明显高于非独生子女,差异上有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；(3)留守儿童一般自我效能感与E人格呈正相关,与N人格呈负相关.结论 留守儿童的人格特征和自我效能感关系密切.     

四川省某地区农村留守妇女的心理健康状况与归因方式的关系

目的探讨四川省某地农村留守妇女的心理健康与归因方式的特点及关系,为提升农村留守妇女心理健康水平提供参考和指导。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取四川省某地区农村留守妇女220人,使用心理症状自评量表(SCL-90)和归因方式问卷分别调查留守妇女的心理健康和归因方式的状况。结果留守妇女的心理健康总体情况低于常模水平(P0.01);不同学历水平的留守妇女心理健康水平差异有统计学意义(F=8.080,P0.01),不同年龄的留守妇女在归因方式上的差异有统计学意义(F=4.230,P0.01;F=3.524,P0.01);对正性事件进行归因时,留守妇女的心理健康与归因方式呈负相关(P0.05),对负性事件进行归因时,留守妇女的心理健康与归因方式呈正相关(P0.01)。结论四川某地区农村留守妇女的心理健康总体水平较低,归因方式是影响其心理健康的一个重要因素。     

农村特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识及家庭环境状况

目的 了解农村特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识和家庭环境状况及其关系.方法 采用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(CSCS)、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)对用分层随机抽样方法抽取的南充市阆中金城中心小学校四到六年级的203名在校学生的自我意识水平和家庭环境状况进行调查.结果 ①特殊家庭留守儿童(A组)49人,一般家庭留守儿童(B组)79人,非留守儿童(C组)75人;②A组儿童的行为、合群、幸福满足感因子得分均低于非留守儿童(P＜0.05);③方差分析显示,除焦虑因子分外,六年级特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识总分、身体、幸福因子分均高于四、五年级(P＜0.05);A组儿童的亲密度、情感表达、独立性、娱乐性、文化性、道德宗教因子分均低于C组,而矛盾因子分高于B、C两组(P＜0.01);④相关分析显示,家庭环境亲密度、情感表达、文化性、娱乐性、道德宗教和组织性6个因子分与CSCS总分、行为、智力、躯体、焦虑、合群和幸福因子分呈正相关(r=0.11～0.40,P＜0.05),矛盾性因子分与CSCS所有因子得分呈负相关(r=-0.31～-0.18,P＜0.05),家庭环境独立性和控制性因子分与CSCS中的智力因子分呈正相关(r=0.09～0.11,P＜0.05).结论 特殊家庭留守儿童的心理健康状况及家庭环境状况均较差,家庭环境状况可能是其心理健康水平的重要影响因素之一.     

留守对儿童行为问题影响的Meta分析

目的探讨中国留守儿童行为问题状况,为留守儿童的心理干预及心理健康教育提供参考。方法计算机检索CNKI、万方、维普、Cochrane Library及PubMed,收集公开发表的关于我国留守儿童行为问题的病例对照研究,由两位研究者独立进行文献筛选、资料提取和方法学质量评价后,采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行数据分析。结果共纳入病例对照研究9篇,NOS文献质量评价7~9分,均为高质量文献。Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)荟萃分析:6~11岁男童体诉因子得分留守组高于非留守组(MD=0.99,95%CI:0.20~1.77,P=0.01);6~11岁女童分裂强迫因子得分留守组高于非留守组(MD=1.52,95%CI:1.44~1.60,P0.01)。儿童长处与困难问卷(SDQ)荟萃分析:留守组的情绪症状、品行问题、多动/注意不能、同伴交往及困难总分得分均高于非留守组(P均0.01),而亲社会行为得分低于非留守组(P0.01)。Rutter儿童行为问卷(Rutter)荟萃分析:留守组行为问题的发生率高于非留守组(OR=3.94,95%CI:2.30~8.43,P0.01)。结论留守可增加儿童行为问题的发生;留守可能是通过影响儿童的情绪、行为方式及人格特征,从而导致留守儿童行为问题的发生,且留守对低龄儿童的影响可能更大。     

济南市学龄期儿童Rutter行为问题自身因素的研究

目的探讨济南市学龄期儿童Rutter行为问题的自身因素。方法应用自编基本情况调查表、Rutter儿童行为问题父母问卷,以整群抽样的方法,抽取济南市某小学在校儿童634人进行调查。按照Rutter父母问卷的判断有无行为问题的标准,共91人存在行为问题,将其自身影响因素与正常儿童进行对照。结果济南市学龄期儿童Rutter行为问题的阳性检出率为14.35%,男生(18.71%)显著高于女生(9.74%)(χ2=10.37,P<0.05);有行为问题的儿童与健康状况、生活自理能力、适应能力、自信心、自尊心、体育运动、作息规律程度、睡眠情况等自身因素显著有关(χ2=8.09～19.81,P<0.05);行为问题的类型与儿童的适应能力有关。结论学龄期儿童的行为问题的发生与自身诸多因素有关,应给予及时干预。     

留守儿童的自杀意念及相关因素调查

目的:探讨留守儿童的自杀意念及相关影响因素。方法:应用自杀意念自评量表、友谊质量量表、家庭亲密度与适应性量表对南京的4所中小学4～6年级及初1～初3的1 087名中小学生进行测查,比较留守儿童与非留守儿童自杀意念出现率,分析留守儿童在自杀意念、家庭亲密度与适应性、友谊质量间关系及留守儿童自杀意念的影响因素。结果:回收有效问卷954份。自杀意念出现率留守儿童(10.3%)与非留守儿童(10.7%)相比差异无统计学意义。留守儿童中,自杀意念组(54名)与无自杀意念组(468名)间,年级(即年龄)、离异家庭及父母在外工作时间项目相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);留守儿童的自杀意念与友谊质量总分及家庭亲密度和适应性各维度呈负相关(P0.05或P0.01);Logistic回归分析显示,家庭亲密度不满意度及友谊质量评对自杀意念有显著的预测作用(P均0.001)。结论:留守儿童自杀意念的出现率与非留守儿童相似;家庭亲密度与适应性及与同伴的友谊质量是其自杀意念及其强度的重要影响因素。     

Psychological Capital Status of Left-Behind Rural Children in China and Its Relationship with Mental Health

Background: The mental health of left-behind rural children of China has become a prominent social problem. At the same time, psychological capital has become a positive psychological resource to promote personal growth. However, the relationship between psychological capital and mental health of left-behind rural children has not been explored. Method: A total of 332 left-behind rural children were investigated using a questionnaire of psychological capital and mental health scale. The psychological capital status of left-behind rural children and its impact on mental health were analyzed. Results: (1) Left-behind rural children were found to have a psychological capital score of was 3.16 ± 0.56; Gender, age, grade, and school style had no significant effect on psychological capital. (2) Left-behind rural children obtained a mental health score of 2.21 ± 0.5 G and gender, age, grade, and school style had no significant effect on mental health. (3) A significant negative correlation is found between psychological capital and mental health scores of left-behind rural children. Regression analysis shows that psychological capital is negatively correlated with mental health scores. Conclusion: The psychological capital of left-behind rural children can positively predict their mental health, and thus developing the former can promote the latter.     

Teachers' beliefs about mental health needs in inner city elementary schools

OBJECTIVE: To survey teachers' beliefs about mental health service needs in inner city elementary schools. METHOD: A total of 119 teachers from six elementary schools in a major city in the midwestern United States were surveyed to assess their beliefs about the major mental health problems facing their schools, the major barriers to surmounting those problems, their preferences for mental health topics for in-service education, and their education, experience, knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy pertaining to mental health issues. RESULTS: Disruptive behavior was endorsed by approximately 50% of teachers as the largest mental health problem facing their schools, and lack of information/training was endorsed as the greatest barrier to surmounting mental health problems. The highest-rated topics for in-service education were disruptive behavior disorders and implementing behavior plans. Although most teachers had taught students with mental health problems, most had had little education in mental health and little consultation with mental health professionals. Correspondingly, teachers' knowledge about mental health issues was limited, and they did not feel confident about their ability to manage mental health problems in their classrooms. CONCLUSIONS: Teachers would benefit from education, training, and consultation from mental health professionals if they serve as effective gatekeepers to mental health services.     

Longer-term effects of school-based counselling in UK primary schools

Children’s mental health is deteriorating while access to child and adolescent mental health services is decreasing. Recent UK policy has focused on schools as a setting for the provision of mental health services, and counselling is the most common type of school-based mental health provision. This study examined the longer-term effectiveness of one-to-one school-based counselling delivered to children in UK primary schools. Data were drawn from a sample of children who received school-based counselling in the UK in the 2015/16 academic year, delivered by a national charitable organisation. Mental health was assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and approximately 1 year post-intervention, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) completed by teachers and parents. Paired t tests compared post-intervention and follow-up SDQ total difficulties scores with baseline values. Propensity score matching was then used to identify a comparator group of children from a national population survey, and linear mixed effects models compared trajectories of SDQ scores in the two groups. In the intervention group, teacher and parent SDQ total difficulties scores were lower at post-intervention and longer-term follow-up compared to baseline (teacher: baseline 14.42 (SD 7.18); post-intervention 11.09 (6.93), t(739) = 13.78, p < 0.001; follow-up 11.27 (7.27), t(739) = 11.92, p < 0.001; parent: baseline 15.64 (6.49); post-intervention 11.90 (6.78), t(361 = 11.29, p < 0.001); follow-up 11.32 (7.19), t(361) = 11.29, p < 0.001). The reduction in SDQ scores was greater in the intervention compared to the comparator group (likelihood ratio test comparing models with time only versus time plus group-by-time interaction: χ² (3) = 24.09, p < 0.001), and model-predicted SDQ scores were lower in the intervention than comparator group for 2 years post-baseline. A one-to-one counselling intervention delivered to children in UK primary schools predicted improvements in mental health that were maintained over a 2 year follow-up period.

     

温州留守小学生自我意识与家庭环境状况调查

目的了解温州地区留守小学生的心理特点以及存在的问题。方法对温州地区二所小学共160例小学生的心理状况进行评定,其中留守小学生91例,非留守小学生69例。评定工具采用儿童自我意识量表(CSCS)和家庭环境量表(FES-CV)。结果留守儿童与非留守儿童相比,CSCS焦虑因子分较高(P<0.01)、合群因子分较低(P<0.05)。FES-CV控制性、矛盾性、娱乐性和成功性因子分均明显高于对照组(P<0.05),情感表达因子相对低于对照组(P=0.07)。结论留守儿童的心理状况不容乐观,他们更倾向焦虑、不合群、情感交流相对困难,可能潜在较多的愤怒与内心冲突。     

影响小学生心理健康的多因素分析

为探讨儿童心理健康问题的影响因素。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,应用心理诊断测验手册调查了四川省绵阳市城乡４－６年级小学生１６８０名。结果 表明３２．４４％的儿童有心理健康问题,０．５４％的儿童疑有重性精神病。结论儿童心理健康问题的主要危险因素为父母离异,寄养,父亲职业及农村儿童。并且随年级增高心理健康问题亦逐级增多。     

Mental health problems in early adolescents in the Netherlands

OBJECTIVE: A large representative sample of early adolescents in the Netherlands was investigated to assess mental health problems in a school survey. These results were compared to results from former household surveys. In addition, several socio-demographic determinants were analysed. METHOD: A random sample of schools in the Netherlands was approached for participation in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey study (response rate at school level, 60% in primary education and 45% in secondary education). Within schools, a random selection of classes from the schools participated in the study (response rate within schools >95%). We analysed the percentage of children scoring in the problem range on each of the syndromes of the Youth Self Report and compared these to the percentages found in a former population study. The impact of several socio-demographic background variables was assessed. RESULTS: Approximately 20% of the boys and 23% of the girls have total problem scores in the problem range. These percentages are much higher than those found in population studies in the Netherlands so far, particularly in girls. In multivariate analyses, gender, socio-economic status and family composition were found to be of influence. Migrant status does not appear to be of importance once other background variables are taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: In school surveys on mental health problems, higher problem rates may be found than in population surveys conducted in household settings. This effect has seldom been discussed. It is suggested that this survey context has to be taken into account more explicitly when comparing results of surveys.     

A package of interventions to reduce school dropout in public schools in a developing country

OBJECTIVE: School dropout rates are staggeringly high in developing countries, even for elementary school children. This study aims to assess the feasibility and initial efficacy of a package of interventions tailored to reduce school dropout in public schools in an urban city in Brazil. METHOD: Two public schools with similar high rates of dropout in elementary grades were selected. In one of them, a package of universal preventive interventions was implemented during a school year, including two workshops with teachers, five informative letters to parents, three meetings with parents at school, a telephone helpline at school, and a 1-day cognitive intervention. For children who stayed ten consecutive days out of school without reason, mental health assessment and referral to mental health services in the community were offered. In the second school, no intervention was implemented. RESULTS: After this 1-year intervention, there were significant differences between the two schools in rates of both dropout (P < 0.001) and absenteeism in the last trimester (P < 0.05; effect size = 0.64). In the intervention school, 18 (45%) youths returned to school after intervention among the 40 at-risk students. Moderate engagement of school staff was the main logistic problem. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that programs combining universal primary preventive strategies and interventions focused on at-risk students can be implemented and useful in developing countries to reduce school dropout.     

温州留守中学生自我意识、应对方式与家庭环境状况调查

目的了解温州地区留守中学生的心理特点。方法对温州地区二所中学共196例初中学生的心理状况进行评定，其中留守中学生91例，非留守中学生105例。评定工具采用儿童自我意识量表（CSCS）、应付方式问卷（CPQ）和家庭环境量表（FES-CV）。结果留守中学生与非留守中学生相比，CSCS焦虑因子分较高（P〈0．01）、躯体外貌因子分较低（P〈0．01）。CPQ留守中学生的成熟应付方式因子分如解决问题、求助高于非留守中学生（P〈o．01），不成熟应付方式因子如退避也显著高于非留守中学生（P〈0．01），幻想因子分也较高（P〈0．05）。留守组中学生在FES-CV独立性因子评分显著低于非留守中学生（P〈0．01），控制性因子评分留守儿童组也较低（P〈0．05）。结论留守中学生更倾向焦虑、自信心不足，应付方式矛盾，家庭中可能会表现依赖与任性。     

Primary-school-based art therapy: A mixed methods comparison study on children’s classroom learning

ABSTRACT

Background: In the UK an estimated one in ten primary school pupils have diagnosable mental health problems which may impact their education.

Aims/context: This study examined a primary-school-based art therapy service for children experiencing social, emotional and mental health difficulties to assess the intervention’s acceptability and possible changes in classroom learning.

Methods: A mixed methods before-and-after study was conducted with 25 children in art therapy and a comparison group of 25 children per subject for reading, writing and maths attainment. A focus group with 10 teachers and interviews with 37 children were used to examine perceptions of art therapy and classroom learning.

Results: Academic attainment was similar between the art therapy and comparison children. Both groups’ learning rate resembled that of national minimum expectations. Children and teachers perceived art therapy to be helpful for engagement with classroom learning, relationships with teachers and peers, and learning time.

Conclusions: Further research is needed to develop this primary-school-based art therapy programme, assess transferability, and examine wider educational outcomes.

Implications for practice: Primary-school-based art therapy may be particularly helpful when it is perceived as: a safe place, sessions being social and fun, facilitates coping strategies, expressing, thinking and talking, as well as making artwork.

Plain-language summary

In the UK an estimated one in ten primary school pupils suffer from mental health problems, and this can affect their educational attainment. Thus, it is important that therapies help children to gain positive outcomes both in mental health and educationally.

We looked at one art therapy service, which specifically focuses on helping children to understand their own and others’ minds (metallization), within one primary school in London. Thirty-seven children referred to art therapy with social, emotional and mental health difficulties were included. Ten class teachers participated. The aims were to see if the children, and their teachers, found the approach acceptable and if there were any indications of changes in classroom learning.

There were no differences in reading, writing and maths scores between children attending art therapy and comparison children receiving usual education support. However, all the children learned at the same rate as the national minimum expectation. Art therapy may have prevented the increasing educational attainment gap that social, emotional and mental health difficulties can bring.

We held a focus group with the class teachers and interviewed the children and both reported experiencing art therapy as helpful for engagement with classroom learning, relationships with teachers and peers, and learning time. Specific aspects of art therapy which they considered helpful were: art therapy being a safe place; learning coping strategies; expressing, thinking and talking in art therapy; making artwork; and sessions being social and fun. The teachers also appreciated: advocating and sharing information; psychoeducation and collaborative work; reflecting on actions; encouraging independence; framing school as a positive place with trusted adults; working with transitions and endings.

We recommend further research, including more art therapists, schools, teachers, parents and children, to further develop and assess this approach to art therapy in primary schools.