女性失眠症患者心理健康状况及相关因素分析

目的探讨女性失眠症患者心理健康状况及其影响因素,为改善其心理健康提供参考。方法选取2012年1月-6月在中山大学附属第三医院就诊的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的女性失眠症患者42例,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)评定患者睡眠质量、心理健康状况、人格特征,并分别对SCL-90和PSQI、EPQ评分进行相关分析。结果除人际关系敏感因子外,42例患者的SCL-90总评分及其他8个因子评分均高于常模,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01);PSQI总评分及7个因子评分、SAS、SDS评分均高于常模,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01);PSQI的睡眠质量因子评分与SCL-90总评分及其9个因子评分均呈正相关(r=0.605～0.934,P均0.01);EPQ的精神质因子评分与SCL-90总评分及其8个因子评分(除恐怖因子外)均呈正相关(r=0.413～0.725,P0.05或0.01),神经质因子评分与SCL-90总评分及其9个因子评分均呈正相关(r=0.642～0.868,P均0.01)。结论女性失眠症患者的心理健康状况较差且常伴有焦虑、抑郁症状,其心理健康状况与睡眠质量和个性特征相关。     

失眠症患者心理社会因素分析

目的:探讨失眠症患者的应付方式,心理健康状况和社会支持状况.方法:采用应付方式问卷(CSQ)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和社会支持量表(SSS)对失眠症患者和正常对照者各88例进行测评.结果:失眠症组自责、幻想和退避分量表的得分显著高于对照组,求助分量表的得分显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);失眠症组SCL-90总分及躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、睡眠障碍各因子分与对照组比较,有显著差异(P＜0.01).失眠症组社会支持总分、客观支持和对社会支持的利用度评分显著低于正常对照组(P＜0.05).失眠症组自责与躯体化症状、焦虑、抑郁等因子及总分呈显著正相关,而求助与焦虑、抑郁、偏执和总分呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).结论:失眠症患者多采用不成熟的应付方式,且有较多的心身症状,应付方式和身心健康有相关性.失眠症患者缺乏社会支持.     

恶劣心境患者述情障碍与自主神经功能的相关研究

目的:探讨恶劣心境患者的人格特质、述情障碍与自主神经功能心理生理反应的相关机制。方法:采用多伦多述情障碍量表中文版(TAS-20-C)及心理健康测查表(PHI)对42例恶劣心境患者组(DD组)、33例重性抑郁症患者组(MD组)及30例健康对照组(NC组)进行述情障碍和心理健康水平和人格特质测定,并分析短时(5min)心率变异性(HRV),评定自主神经功能。结果:DD组TAS-20-C各因子得分及总分显著高于NC组(P<0.01),因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅱ及总分均明显高于MD组(P<0.01或P<0.05);DD组PHI量表躯体化、焦虑、病态人格及疑心因子分明显高于MD组(P<0.01或P<0.05);DD组HRV频谱指标中SDNN、PNN50及HF较MD及NC组均显著下降(P<0.01或P<0.05),LF∕HF较MD及NC组均明显升高(P<0.05);TAS-20-C总分及因子Ⅰ与躯体化、焦虑、病态人格、疑心均相关(︱r︱=0.25～0.38,0.40～0.44,0.47～0.59,0.43～0.42,P<0.01或P<0.05),因子Ⅱ与焦虑及变态人格相关(︱r︱=0.31,0.31,P<0.05);躯体化及焦虑与SDNN、VLF及LF均相关(︱r︱=0.26～0.27,0.39～0.27;︱r︱=0.36～0.28,P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:恶劣心境患者存在明显的述情障碍,其人格特质可能导致患者焦虑程度更高,伴自主神经功能紊乱。     

心率变异性对原发性震颤和早期震颤型帕金森病的诊断价值

目的研究心率变异性(HRV)对原发性震颤(ET)和早期震颤型帕金森病(PD)的诊断价值。方法对26例ET患者(ET组)、30例早期震颤型PD患者(早期震颤型PD组)和23例健康对照者(健康对照组)进行24 h ECG检查,比较HRV指标的差异。结果与健康对照组比较,早期震颤型PD组全程NN间期的标准差(SDNN)、相邻NN之差的均方根(RMSSD)、低频功率(LF)和高频功率(HF)显著降低(均P0.01),LF/HF差异无统计学意义(P0.05);ET组RMSSD显著降低(P0.05),SDNN、LF、HF和LF/HF差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。与早期震颤型PD组比较,ET组SDNN、LF和HF均显著升高(均P0.01),RMSSD、LF/HF差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论震颤型PD患者存在交感和迷走神经的双重损害,早期几乎所有的HRV参数均显著降低。HRV可能有助于区分震颤型PD及ET。     

军人失眠症患者的心理健康状况及影响因素调查

目的:探讨军人失眠症患者的心理健康状况与人格特征、社会支持和应对方式的关系.方法:采用一般情况调查表、90项症状清单(SCL-90)、艾森克个性测验(EPQ)、社会支持量表(SSRS)和简易应对方式问卷对48名军人失眠症患者进行问卷调查. 结果:①军人失眠症患者SCL-90总分及各因子均显著高于军人常模,其中以躯体化、人际敏感和焦虑尤为突出(P＜0.01);②军人失眠症患者的EPQ-N、消极应对与SCL-90各因子呈显著正相关,EPQ-E、主观支持、客观支持、支持利用度和社会支持总分与SCL-90各因子呈显著负相关(P＜0.05或0.01).③回归分析显示,军人失眠症患者SCL-90总分有显著性影响的因素由大到小依次为EPQ-N、自责、主观支持、社会支持利用度和婚恋. 结论:军人失眠症患者心理健康状况可能受个性、对应方式、社会支持及婚恋等的综合影响.     

抑郁症与失眠症患者睡眠个人信念和态度的调查

目的:比较抑郁症与失眠症患者的睡眠个人信念和态度。方法:采用睡眠个人信念与态度量表简化版(DBAS-16)和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)对56例抑郁症患者和49例失眠症患者、42名正常对照者进行测评。结果:正常组PQSI总分及因子分均低于抑郁组和失眠组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);抑郁组PQSI日间功能因子分(2.59±0.78)高于失眠组(2.08±1.02),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),PQSI总分及其他因子分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);正常组的DBAS总分及因子分均高于抑郁组,且正常组DBAS总分及成分因子"对失眠后果的估计"、"对睡眠的担忧"和"对药物的认知"3个因子分高于失眠组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01);抑郁组与失眠组,DBAS总分及各因子分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);抑郁组和失眠组的DBAS总分及因子分与PQSI总分及因子分分别存在不同的相关性。结论:与正常组相比,失眠组与抑郁组均存在不良的睡眠信念与态度成分,但未发现抑郁症与失眠症患者的不合理睡眠认知之间有差异。     

原发性失眠患者认知功能损害及心理状况的临床分析

目的分析原发性失眠症患者的认知功能损害及心理状况。方法选择2015年5月~2016年5月我院收治原发性失眠(PI)患者50例为PI组,选取健康者45例为对照组,分析其临床认知功能损害及心理状况。结果 PI组患者在90项症状清单(SCL-90)评分中8个因子(除强迫症状分外)均高于对照组(P0.05)。PI组在韦氏记忆测验的各项成绩(除正确应答数外)均差于对照组(P0.05)。PI组的匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)与病程等四个临床因素相关分析表明SDS与PSQI、SAS评分成正相关(P0.05)。结论 PI患者存在明显的认知功能损害,PSQI、SAS与SDS级别为中度和重度,病程的长短及焦虑抑郁情绪均能够损害患者认知功能与心理状态。     

慢性失眠症患者无意识与有意识信息加工特点

目的:探讨慢性失眠症患者大脑无意识与有意识信息加工特点。方法:对慢性失眠症患者(失眠组,36例)以及年龄、性别、教育年限相匹配健康志愿者(正常组,36例)进行失配性负波(MMN)和事件相关电位P300检测;应用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)对失眠组患者进行评估。结果:与正常组比较,失眠组MMN及P300波幅明显降低,P300潜伏期延迟(P0.01或P0.05)。线性回归分析显示PSQI评分与P300潜伏期、波幅显著相关(P0.01或P0.05)。结论:慢性失眠症患者无意识信息加工过程中的干扰信息过滤能力、有意识信息加工过程中的注意力集中与资源调动能力均减弱;有意识信息加工异常反映疾病严重程度。     

应激相关失眠症的易患性与心率变异度及血浆皮质醇水平的关系

目的：探讨应激性失眠易患个体交感神经系统（ SNS）与肾上腺皮质系统（ HPA）的觉醒水平状况,以及生理觉醒水平变化指标是否是个体易患失眠症的病前预警标识。方法：345名睡眠良好的健康志愿者根据福特应激失眠反应量表（ FIRST）评分分为高分组（>17分）172人和低分组（≤17分）173人;采用动态心电图分析仪收集并分析心率变异度（ HRV）的低频（ LF）、高频（ HF）、以及LF/HF比值等频域指标;同时检测血浆皮质醇浓度（ COR）;对两组上述指标进行比较。结果：与低分组比较,高分组年龄偏小（ t=-3.59,P=0.000）、女性比率较高（χ2=11.62,P=0.000）。将两组对象匹配后（高分组74人,低分组76人）比较,高分组HRV的HF、LF偏低（ t=13.26,t=68.86）,LF/HF及血浆COR浓度偏高（t=-13.46,t=-2.21）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001或P<0.05）。线性回归方程分析显示,性别、LF/HF、COR浓度与FIRST评分呈正相关（ t=3.523,t=4.826,t=2.534;P<0.01或P<0.05）。结论：应激性失眠易患者HPA和SNS的觉醒水平升高,LF/HF和血浆COR浓度可能是失眠易患性的预警指标。     

原发性失眠症患者认知功能的研究

目的:探讨原发性失眠症患者认知功能损害的特点。方法:采用神经心理测验包括韦氏记忆(数字累加、视觉再认、视觉再生、联想学习)、数字广度、数字划消、连线测验和威斯康辛卡片分类测验(WCST)分别对35例原发性失眠症患者(失眠组)和30名健康对照者(正常对照组)进行注意力、记忆力、执行功能等方面的测评;同时应用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)分别评定失眠及伴随的焦虑、抑郁症状的严重程度。结果:失眠组在数字累加、视觉再认、视觉再生、联想学习、数字广度测验的数字倒背、数字划消测验中的注意力失误率、连线测验B及BA完成时间和WCST测验的各项成绩(除正确应答数外)均明显差于正常对照组(F=4.646~28.224,P0.05或P0.01)。失眠组数字累加分与病程呈负相关(r=-0.558,P=0.001);联想学习分与PSQI评分呈负相关(r=-0.405,P=0.019);连线测验B-A时间与病程呈正相关(r=0.405,P=0.019);WCST持续错误百分比与SDS分呈正相关(r=0.309,P=0.045)。结论:原发性失眠症患者存在广泛认知功能损害,其病程、失眠程度以及伴随的焦虑抑郁情绪是导致认知功能损害的影响因素。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.